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BDS1 > Innate immunity 1 > Flashcards

Innate immunity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of inciting causes

A

invading microorganisms, particulate materials (allergens, prostheses), altered self cells (growth disorders/cell injury), transformed malignant cells (neoplasia)

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2
Q

What is inflammation?

A

an immune response aimed at eliminating the inciting cause

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3
Q

4 stages of inflammation

A

initiation (response to harmful agents), progression (containment of agent), amplification (modulation of immune response), resolution (healing or failure to resolve)

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4
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Inflamed tissue that can heal itself (e.g. gingivitis)

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5
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

inflammation that cannot be resolved - e.g. periodontitis (alveolar recession)

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6
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

an effective, first line of non-specific immunological defence against an inciting cause

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7
Q

Which cells are involved in innate immunity?

A

Innate immune cells (leucocytes), and non-professional immune cells

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8
Q

Mechanisms of action of innate immune cells

A

phagocytosis, degranulation, antigen presentation, mediator release

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9
Q

what are the 4 types of epithelium in the oral cavity?

A

lining/buccal mucosa, masticatory epithelia, gustatory mucosa, crevicular/junctional epithelia

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10
Q

Function of the epithelium

A

structural, mechanical and immunological support

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11
Q

What are the compounds produced by epithelial barriers?

A

Antimicrobial peptides, secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme, cystatins

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12
Q

Where are the compounds produced by epithelial barriers found?

A

In oral secretions (saliva, gingival crevicular fluid - GCF)

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13
Q

Which of the 5 types of antibodies are produced by the epithelium?

A

Secretory IgA (produced by B cells)

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14
Q

What is the main type of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) produced by the epithelium?

A

Cathelicidins (e.g. LL-37)

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15
Q

Function of cathelicidins

A

attach and disrupt microbial membranes causing lysis

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16
Q

What is the structure of IgA?

A

double headed with 4 antibody binding sites

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17
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

an enzyme found in saliva that targets components of bacterial cells walls (e.g. peptidoglycan) causing lysis

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18
Q

Name of peptide cell wall components/virulence factors that immune cell receptors bind to

A

antigens

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19
Q

Main receptors for microbial recognition

A

toll-like receptors

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20
Q

Where can toll-like receptors be located?

A

on plasma membrane to recognise external microorganism, on organelles to recognise intracellular/invading pathogens (e.g. viruses)

21
Q

How many toll-like receptors have been identified in humans?

A

10

22
Q

What are the types of receptors on immune cells?

A

toll-like receptors, dectin and glucan receptors (fungal pathogens), NOD-like receptors (intracellular pathogens - viruses), protease-activated receptors (PARs)

23
Q

What do dectin and glucan receptors recognise?

A

Fungal pathogens

24
Q

What do NOD-like receptors recognise?

A

intracellular pathogens (viruses)

25
Q

What do protease-activated receptors (PARs) detect?

A

allergens (non-microbial)

26
Q

What are the receptors that recognise unique components of microbes (PAMP) collectively known as?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

27
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns are unique components of microbes e.g. lipopolysaccharide

28
Q

What happens when a receptor detects a PAMP (microbial recognition)?

A

Microbial recognition -> cell activation -> effector response

29
Q

Examples of cellular responses (depends on cell type)

A

production of soluble mediators (protein/chemical release e.g. cytokines), phagocytosis, antigen presentation, degranulation

30
Q

Examples of soluble mediators produced by immune cells

A

antimicrobial peptides, enzymes (e.g. lysozyme, granzyme), cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins (B cells)

31
Q

What are cytokines?

A

small proteins that are soluble mediators produced by immune cells in response to microbial recognition.

32
Q

Function of cytokines

A

signalling molecules that coordinate immune responses. Either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory (dampen/drive inflammation)

33
Q

How are cytokines grouped?

A

Grouped into families by structure (e.g. interleukin family, TNF family, Interferons)

34
Q

3 types of cytokines (depending on target cell)

A

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

35
Q

What are autocrine cytokines?

A

Cytokines that alter behaviour of the cell they are secreted from e.g. self-regulating

36
Q

What are paracrine cytokines?

A

Cytokines that alter behaviour of neighbouring cells

37
Q

What are endocrine cytokines?

A

Cytokines that enter the circulation and alter behaviour of distant cells

38
Q

How are cytokines detected by target cells?

A

Via cytokine receptors (not microbial / PRRs receptors)

39
Q

What happens when cytokines bind to target immune cells?

A

Signal transduction occurs resulting in effector responses similar to microbial recognition responses

40
Q

What are the potential cellular responses as a result of cytokines binding?

A

Increased production of cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, growth factors, receptors and degranulation

41
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Chemotactic cytokines (proteins) that are involved in immune cell recruitment/trafficking

42
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The movement of a cell in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing concentration of a substance (e.g. immune cell moving towards an increasing concentration of chemokines).

43
Q

How are chemokines detected by target cells?

A

Via chemokine receptors on immune cells

44
Q

Out of all the different classes of chemokines, which is the main example?

A

IL-8 (CXCL8)

45
Q

Function of chemokines and cytokines

A

tissue homeostasis - promote balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory

46
Q

Consequences of an immune over-reaction

A

autoimmune problem (internal threat), allergic reaction (external threat)

47
Q

Consequences of an immune under-reaction

A

cancer, infection

48
Q
A

BDS1 (56 decks)

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