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BDS1 > Introduction to endocrine systems > Flashcards

Introduction to endocrine systems Flashcards

1
Q

At what concentration is a hormone secreted?

A

low concentration

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2
Q

Where is a hormone secreted from?

A

cell or group of cells

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3
Q

How does is a hormone transported?

A

via bloodstream (circulatory system)

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4
Q

Why does a hormone only act on specific cells?

A

Only acts on target cells because they have the correct, complementary membrane protein receptor (that is functional)

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5
Q

Example of a disease where the receptors to a hormone are damaged?

A

type 2 diabetes

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6
Q

significance of diastema

A

no contact points so interproximal caries is approached differently. Masticatory mucosa between teeth is non-keratinised so it will become keratinised.

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7
Q

What determines how long a hormone persists?

A

clearance, half-life of hormone, absence of carrier, enzymes that breakdown hormone (e.g. in blood, liver)

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8
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone

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8
Q

What are steroid hormones based on?

A

cholesterol ring structure

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8
Q

How can non-steroid hormones be divided?

A

amino acid derivatives, peptides, glycoproteins

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8
Q

Examples of non-steroid hormones that are amines

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline, melatonin

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8
Q

List of endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas (islets), adrenal (supra-renal), GIT endocrine cells, gonads, placenta, pineal gland, thymus

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9
Q

How can hormones be classified?

A

Steroid or non-steroid

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9
Q

What are gonads?

A

ovaries and testes

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9
Q

Two types of amino acid derivatives of non-steroid hormones

A

amines and iodinated amino acids

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10
Q

Why is adrenaline considered both a neurotransmitter and hormone?

A

released into the bloodstream as well as in synapses

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11
Q

Examples of iodinated amino acids that are non-steroid hormones

A

triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine)

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12
Q

Examples of non-steroid peptide short chain hormones

A

antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, melanocyte stimulating hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropin releasing hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, atrial natriuretic hormone

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13
Q

Examples of non-steroid peptide long chain hormones

A

growth hormone, prolactin, PTH, calcitonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin, glucagon, GIT hormones (secretin, CCK, gastrin)

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14
Q

Which types of hormones need to be modified? (not produced in their final form)

A

long chain peptide (non-steroid) hormones

15
Q

Name given to inactive precursor form of many peptide hormones

A

pro-hormone

16
Q

How are active hormones produced (from pre-prohormones)

A

the pre-prohormone is converted to pro-hormone in the endoplasmic reticulum. The prohormone is packaged in Golgi apparatus and converted to active hormone that is secrete from vesicles

17
Q

Example of a pro-hormone

A

proinsulin

18
Q

Why are some peptide hormones produced in an inactive form (e.g. proinsulin)

A

damage to the pancreas will release proinsulin instead of insulin. Proinsulin is not as effective so hypoglycaemia is avoided

19
Q

Why can hypoglycaemia be fatal?

A

Can starve the brain

20
Q

Which type of diabetic patients are more at risk of hypoglycaemia?

A

Type 1 diabetes - inject insulin without eating. Need to ensure timing of appointment suits patient’s mealtimes

21
Q

Examples of glycoproteins (non-steroid) hormones

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone, chorionic gonadotrophin

22
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

A protein with carbohydrate groups attached to amino acids

23
Q

Examples of hormone-like substances that have a paracrine (local) effect

A

prostagrandins, leucotrienes, thromboxanes

24
Q

Functions of ‘local tissue’ hormones

A

blood flow regulation, homeostasis, mucosal protection (stomach), inflammation

25
Q

How do steroid hormones act?

A

Pass through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors

26
Q

How do non-steroid hormones act?

A

Via second messengers (non-steroid hormones cannot pass plasma membrane)

27
Q

Example of common second messengers

A

cAMP and Ca2+

28
Q

Overview of hormone action

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. storage
  3. released in response to stimulus
  4. transported in blood
  5. act on target cells (2nd messengers)
  6. metabolised and/or excreted
29
Q

Which organs have a role of removing hormones?

A

Kidneys (excrete), Liver (metabolise)

30
Q

How are most hormone systems regulated?

A

Negative feedback

31
Q

Example of negative feedback involving PTH

A

When there is a low plasma conc of Ca2+, PTH is secreted by the parathyroid glands. PTH acts on target cells which increases plasma Ca2+ conc

32
Q

Term used to describe excess secretion

A

hypersecretion

33
Q

Term used to describe decreased secretion

A

hyposecretion

34
Q

What feature can alter the sensitivity of target cells?

A

The number of membrane receptors

35
Q

Term used to describe a cell that has an increased number of receptors

A

upregulation

36
Q

Term used to describe a cell that has decreased number of receptors

A

downregulation

37
Q

Effect of upregulation

A

do not need much hormone to cause the same response

38
Q

effect of downregulation

A

need more hormone to cause the same response

39
Q

Effect of having a prolonged high concentration of cortisol

A

leads to downregulation of cortisol receptors therefore a higher concentration of cortisol is required to cause the same response

40
Q

Examples of medications that can cause downregulation of cortisol receptors

A

corticosteroids, corticotherapy

41
Q

3 potential causes of hyperfunction

A

excess production/secretion, upregulation of receptors, failure to metabolise hormone (clearance)

42
Q

3 potential causes of hypofunction

A

decreased production/secretion, downregulation of receptors, non-functioning receptors (e.g. type 2 diabetes which leads to hypersecretion of insulin so B cells are overloaded)

BDS1 (61 decks)

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