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BDS1 > Skin and mucous membranes > Flashcards

Skin and mucous membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Protection (pathogens, UV, injury), thermoregulation (blood vessels, hair, sweat), water regulation, sensation, absorption, storage and synthesis (vit D)

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2
Q

Layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutis/ subcutaneous layer

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3
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Found in hair follicles, secrete sebum

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4
Q

Basic structure of the epidermis

A

Keratinised stratified, squamous epithelium. No capillaries and no nerve endings.

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5
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum in thick skin, stratum corneum.

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6
Q

What is stratum basale?

A

Basal cell layer. One cell remains and acts as a stem cell that divides to form epithelial cells.

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7
Q

What is stratum spinosum?

A

Prickle cell layer. Cells have desmosomes

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8
Q

Desmosomes function

A

attach epithelial cells to each other

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9
Q

What is stratum granulosum?

A

Granular cell layer. Cells become smaller and fatter and accumulate keratohyaline granules. The nucleus degenerates and disappears.

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10
Q

What is stratum corneum?

A

Keratin

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11
Q

Which epidermis cell layer is only visible in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum (clear cell layer). Between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Pale waxy appearance with no nucleus.

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12
Q

Name of cells that produce keratin

A

Keratinocytes (95% of epidermal cells)

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13
Q

Name and features of antigen presenting cells found in the epidermis

A

Langerhans cells. Have dendritic cell projections from cell body

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14
Q

Name and location of sensory receptors

A

Merkel cells found underneath basal cell layer

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15
Q

Function and location of melanocytes

A

produce melanin and found in stratum basale

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16
Q

How to identify melanocytes in specimen

A

Tend to be paler in colour. No desmosomes. Shrinking of cells gives appearance of clear space around melanocytes

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17
Q

Difference between thick and thin skin

A

Thick skin has stratum lucidum, thicker stratum corneum, more prominent stratum granulosum (more keratin granules).

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18
Q

Location of thick skin

A

Palms of hands and soles of feet. Areas of fingers (e.g. where pen is held)

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19
Q

Dermis description

A

strong flexible connective tissue layer rich in collagen (mostly) and elastic fibres

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20
Q

location of dermis

A

beneath epithelium/epidermis

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21
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Thin spindle shaped cells that produce collagen. Found in dermis

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22
Q

Contents of dermis

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, nerve endings, blood vessels, smooth muscle, lymphatic vessels, glands, hair follicles

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23
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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24
Q

What are rete / epidermal ridges?

A

Papillary layer has upward projections while epithelial layers of epidermis have downward projections. Hold epidermis and dermis tightly together.

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25
Q

Description of papillary layer

A

Has rete ridges. Richly supplied with capillaries and nerve endings

26
Q

Description of reticular layer

A

Dense connective tissue containing blood vessels and lots of fibres

27
Q

Causes of acne

A

overproduction of sebum from sebaceous glands, infections from bacteria on skin, hormones, diet (fat), smoking

28
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Autoimmune condition that primarily affects skin

29
Q

Feature of psoriasis in oral cavity

A

lesion on tongue

30
Q

cause of psoriasis

A

rapid turnover of epidermis cells (7 instead of 28 days) which causes a thicker epidermis. Blood in underlying capillaries due to inflammation

31
Q

Signs of psoriasis

A

Red, scaly patches typically on scalp ad areas of friction (knees and elbows)

32
Q

What is Pemphigus vulgaris?

A

Autoimmune condition that affects skin and mucous membranes

33
Q

Sign of pemphigus vulgaris

A

Blisters on skin and oral cavity. May look like raw, painful areas of mouth due to blisters rupturing very quickly.

34
Q

How do blisters form in Pemphigus vulgaris?

A

Autoantibodies attack desmoglein (protein that forms desmosomes) which breaks up attachment of epithelial cells. Spaces form between epithelial cells which become filled with fluid - blisters.

35
Q

How do lesions impact the water regulating ability of the skin?

A

Loss of fluid can occur from lesions -> dehydrations

36
Q

What drug can be used to bring pemphigus vulgaris into reemission

A

corticosteroids

37
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Autoimmune condition that causes loss of skin pigment - autoantibodies formed against melanocytes or melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

38
Q

two commonest skin cancers

A

squamous cell carcinoma (malignancy of epithelial cells), basal cell carcinoma

39
Q

What is skin cancer?

A

Uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells that creates lump that breaks down to create a crusty, scaly area of skin with a red, inflamed base

40
Q

One of most dangerous skin malignancy

A

Malignant melanomas

41
Q

risk factors for malignant melanomas

A

UV radiation, moles (collection of melanocytes), fair skin with freckles, sunburn, family history

42
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A

specialised epithelial lining which produced a lubricant fluid (mucous) containing mucin (sticky protein)

43
Q

Function of mucous membranes

A

defence mechanism, protective, secretory (stomach can produce gastric enzymes and acid), absorptive (small intestine), sensation

44
Q

Structure of mucous membranes

A

Contains 2 layers - epithelial and lamina propria (mucosae) separated by basement membrane

45
Q

What cell type makes up the epithelial layer in mucous membranes?

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

46
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

A supportive areolar layer (loose fibrous CT) beneath the mucosal epithelium and its basement membrane.

47
Q

What makes up the lamina propria mucosae?

A

Cells (fibroblasts, immune cells, lymph nodules), extracellular matrix (ground substance, collagen, elastin fibres)

48
Q

Example: cells that make up the trachea

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells. Lamina propria under epithelium

49
Q

Example: composition of small intestine

A

absorptive epithelium with a brush border, goblet cells that produce mucin, villi containing lots of lymphatics

50
Q

Functions of the oral mucosa

A

Protection, sensation (touch, pain, taste), secretion (salivary glands), permeability and absorption (rapid drug delivery)

51
Q

Composition of oral mucosa

A

stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria

52
Q

3 types of mucous membrane in mouth

A

lining, masticatory, gustatory

53
Q

Structure and location of lining mucous membrane

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. red tissue. Buccal, floor of mouth, soft palate

54
Q

Structure and location of masticatory mucous membrane lining

A

thick layer of keratin. present in areas of trauma from food - gingiva, hard palate and tongue

55
Q

Composition and location of gustatory mucous membrane

A

taste buds. tongue

56
Q

How can keratinised tissue be divided microscopically?

A

orthokeratosis (pure keratin, no nuclei) or parakeratosis (remains of nuclei - little dark dots)

57
Q

Congenital meaning

A

present from birth

58
Q

What is lichen planus?

A

A rash that can affect skin and mucous membranes. Painless or stinging/burning sensation

59
Q

Cause of cystic fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive condition causes a mutation in CFTCR gene (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductive regulator gene)

60
Q

Effects of cystic fibrosis

A

thick and stagnated mucous affects the epithelial lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts, and salivary glands (prone to calcification and inflammation). Site for invasion of pathogens (respiratory tract infections)

BDS1 (24 decks)

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