Molecular basis of health, disease and therapeutics Flashcards
Alternative term for ‘cause’ of disease
aetiology
Alternative term for ‘progression’ of disease
pathogenesis
Example of oral health having consequences on other body systems
Full mouth debridement in CVD patients can increase the risk of a heart attack
Function of cell signalling pathways
enable cells to detect and respond to changes in the environment
Name of the chemical signals involved in cell signalling
ligands
What are the 4 categories of chemical signalling?
Paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, contact-dependent signalling (depends on distance ligand needs to travel)
What does paracrine chemical signalling involve?
A localised response in which a cell targets a different cell nearby.
What does endocrine chemical signalling involve?
A cell targeting a distance cell through the bloodstream.
What does autocrine chemical signalling involve?
A cell targets itself / same type of cell.
What does contact-dependent chemical signalling involve?
A cell targeting a cell connected by gap junctions.
How do cells recognise signals?
The target cells will have complementary receptors to the ligands.
2 possible locations for receptors on the target cell
cell-surface receptors or intracellular receptors
Which ligands will bind to cell-surface receptors?
Large and hydrophilic ligands (majority) as plasma membrane is impermeable
Which ligands will bind to intracellular receptors?
some small, hydrophobic ligands / molecules
What are the 3 distinct stages of cell communication?
- receptor ligation
- signal transduction
- cell response
What does receptor ligation involve?
ligand binds to the complementary receptor causing the intracellular domain to change shape. This sets off a chain of biochemical reactions.
What does signal transduction involve?
A chain of biochemical reactions / signal transduction cascades delivers the message to the effector proteins
What does the cell response involve?
Effector proteins carry out a response
What is meant by receptor ligation being highly specific?
one ligand binds to one (or a few) receptors. one receptor binds to one (or a few) ligands.
Example of high specificity of receptors
adrenergic receptors will only bind adrenaline or noradrenaline
What are the 3 classes of membrane receptors?
G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, ion channel receptors
Which is the largest and most diverse group of membrane receptors?
GPCRs (G-protein coupled receptors) - up to 1000 different GPCRs
Mode of action of G-protein coupled receptors
Interact with G-proteins (GDP - guanosine diphosphate) and activate them (GTP). Active G-proteins (GTP) activate cell membrane proteins (e.g. adenyl cyclase -> cAMP)
Example of a drug that target GPCRs
Beta blockers switch off the GPCR pathway