Reproduction Test 1 Flashcards
Name the Homologues:
Testes
Penis
Scrotum
Spongy Urethra
Prostate
Ovaries
Clitoris
Labia majora
Labia minora
Skeens gland
Name the homologues:
Cowper’s glands
Bladder
Urethra
Bartholin’s glands
Bladder
Urethra, Lower vagina
Name the Homologues:
Ovaries
Clitoris
Labia majora
Labia minora
Skeens gland
Testes
Penis
Scrotum
Spongy Urethra
Prostate
Name the homologues:
Bartholin’s glands
Bladder
Urethra, Lower vagina
Cowper’s glands
Bladder
Urethra
Name the homologues of the Gonads:
Testes
Ovaries
Name the homologues of the Genital tubercle:
Penis
Clitoris
Name the homologues of the Urethral swellings:
Scrotum
Labia majora
Name the homologues of the Urethral folds:
Spongy urethra
Labia minora
Name the 4 homologues of the Urogenital sinus:
Prostate - Skeens glands
Cowper’s glands - Bartholin’s glands
Bladder - Bladder
Urethra - Urethra, L vagina
Name 2 glands that have lubricative function inside the labia minora?
Skeens
Bartholins
The paramesonephric ducts are called what in females?
In males?
Mullerian ducts
Wolffian ducts
What do the paramesonephric ducts develop into in females?
4 things
Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, inner 1/3 vagina
The anterior (distal) 2/3 of the Vagina develops from what?
Urogenital sinus
What developmental structure becomes the Clitoris and the Head of the Penis?
Genital tubercle
What is the sex determining region on the Y chromosome?
What part of the Y chromosome is the found on?
SRY gene
Short arm
In the absence of the _____, female development is established.
SRY (Sex determining region - Y chromo)
What is the testis-determining factor?
SRY
Where do germ cells first develop?
Where do they migrate?
Where does migration terminate?
Wall of yolk sac - near allantois
Along mesentery of hindgut
Gonadal ridges (then penetrate into the primitive gonad)
What forms the primitive sex cords?
Genital ridge epithelial proliferation
*penetrates underlying mesenchyme
What do sex cords mature into in females?
Follicles
What defines Imperforate Hymen of the neonate?
Mucocolpos
*white membrane
What is a common complication of the Mucocolpos seen in Imperforate Hymen of the neonate?
Urethral compression leads to infection/obstruction
Describe Adolescent Imperforate Hymen.
3 things
Primary Amenorrhea (no period)
Absent Secondary Sex characteristics
Cyclic pain
What are 4 consequences of Adolescent Imperforate Hymen?
Hematometrocolpos (bluish, distended)
Endometriosis
Hematosalpinx
Pyocolpos (ascending infection)
What drug can cause Vaginal Adenosis (glandular disease) in the daughters of users?
DES - Diethylstilbesterol
- exposed in utero
- *used to prevent miscarriage
At the level of the tissue, what has occurred in Vaginal Adenosis due to DES exposure?
Squamous epithelium never replaces Glandular developmental epithelium
(latter epithelium resembles that of endocervix, fallopian tube, endometrium)
*red, granular patches - usually disappear as woman ages
99% of time DES causes….
Minority of time causes…
Vaginal Adenosis
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
Malpositioning of the 2 paramesonephric ducts leads to what 3 types of Uterine Malformations?
Bicornis (septate) Uterus
(wall in middle - didn’t degenerate)
Uterus Didelphys (double uterus, double vagina)
Uterus Septae
(partial septum)
Describe normal cervical histology:
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Describe the normal Vaginal mucosa:
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Connective tissue
Transverse folds called Rugae
What type of muscle is in the Vagina?
Smooth
Why does the vaginal mucosa contain large amounts of glycogen?
Biotics metabolize and maintain low pH through creation of organic acids
Name 4 components of the Vulva:
Mons pubis - covered with pubic hair
Labia majora - adipose and sweat glands
Labia minora - no sweat, many sebaceous glands
Clitoris - erectile, exposed glans
What gland is found in the vestibule between the labia minora?
Skenes Glands - mucous secreting
*homologues to Prostate
What 2 small glands are found on either side of the vaginal orifice that produce secretions during sex?
Bartholin’s glands
*homologue to Bulbourethral/Cowpers glands
What are the 2 layers of the Endometrium?
Which is proliferative?
Which is shed?
Stratum Functionalis (shed)
Stratum Basalis (proliferative)
**Basalis regenerates the Functionalis
What is the capsule of collagenous connective tissue immediately deep to the germinal epithelia in Ovaries?
Tunica Albuginea
What type of mature ovum and its surrounding tissues secrete estrogen within the ovary?
Graafian Follicle
A Graafian follicle represents what stage of maturity within the Ovary?
Most mature
Both vulvar and vaginal cancers tend to affect what demographic?
Older women
Vulvar cancers (making up 3% of all GYN cancers) are almost always what type?
Vaginal cancers (making up 2% of GYN cancers) are 90% what type?
Squamous cell carcinomas
Squamous cel carcinomas
Carcinoma in Situ precedes invasive ________ in Vulva carcinoma
Vulval Intraepithelial Neoplasia
How does carcinoma of the Vulva usually present?
Gross inspection wart-like, slightly raised mucosal lesions/ulcers
Preneoplastic lesions of the Vulva may lead to what invasive cancer?
Leukoplakia
If vaginal tumor is confined (Stage I), what is the 5 year survival rate?
What is the 5 year survival rate if it spreads (Stage IV)?
80%
20%
What are the 4 risk factors for Cervical squamous cell carcinoma?
Sexual intercourse early
Multiple sex partners
HPV
Other STI’s - Herpes, Syphylis (environmental)
What is the most common cause of death in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix?
Renal Failure
*from Urinary tract obstruction
What is the median age of diagnosis of Cervical carcinoma?
What is the median age of CIS?
50
35
What is the location of the Skenes Glands?
Location Bartholins glands?
What are the alternative names to these glands?
Either side urethra (lesser Vetibular glands)
Either side vaginal orifice (greater Vestibular glands)
What is the abnormal growth of vulvar skin with white plaques, atrophy, and parchment consistency?
(additionally there is a contracture of the vulvar tissue)
When is this usually seen?
Lichen sclerosis
Older women
Where is milk produced within the breast?
Alveoli (grapelike clusters) within lobules within lobes
How many lobes are in each breast?
What are in the lobes?
15-20
Lobules (and alveoli)
What keeps the breast firm?
Suspensory Ligaments of Cooper
Where are the Suspensory Ligaments of Cooper?
Between Lobules within the Lobe
Connect Skin to Deep Fascia
In what outer structure close to the nipple is milk stored?
What ducts lead to the nipple?
Ampullae
Lactiferous ducts
Where does milk flow after produced by the Alveoli?
Mammary ducts
Trace the ducts through the breast:
Mammary > Ampullae > Lactiferous
What are the 3 layers of the Uterus?
Serosa - outer layer (mesothelial derivation)
Myometrium - middle smooth muscle
Endometrium - Functionalis and Basalis
What does the Uterine Serosa become laterally?
Broad ligament
Why is the Cervical Transformation Zone of concern?
Cells change - most common place for abnormal cells to develop
*abrupt change from Stratified Squamous Epithelium to Columnar from Ecto to Endo-cervix
