Neuro1 Flashcards
Is the spinal cord in the CNS?
Yes
What system is the ANS a part of?
PNS
What are the 2 main types of glial cells?
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
What makes up the telencephalon?
cerebral cortex
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
What makes up the diencephalon?
thalamus
hypothalamus
What is the cortex primarily made out of?
Cell bodies
this is gray matter
What 8 things make up the limbic system?
Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Cingulate gyrus Thalamus Hypocampus Hippocampus Amygdala Olfactory system
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord?
Filum terminale
What is an axon collateral?
branches enabling neuron to activate more than one effector cell
Hyperpolarization =
Inhibition
What charged ion will produce hyperpolarization?
Negatively charged
Cl-
What ions wil produce depolarization?
Positively charged
Name 4 types of neurons:
unipolar
pseudounipolar (sensory)
bipolar (special sensory)
multipolar
What are the 3 functional classes of neurons?
afferent
efferent
interneurons
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies can be either/or
nuclei
ganglion
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia are all:
Glial cells of the CNS
What is the function of ependymal cells?
produce some csf. Line ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, and central canal of the spinal cord.
Microglia function:
macrophages
What are the supportive cells of the PNS?
Schwnn cells (myelinating and non-myelinating) Satellite cells
What is a glioblastoma multiforme?
astrocytoma - usually lethal
What is the resting membrane potential?
-70 to -90 mV
Na+ is greater:
outside the cell
K+ is greater:
inside the cell
EPSP vs. IPSP
EPSP - depolarize a small amount
IPSP - hyperpolarize a small amount
graded potential:
decays
temporal vs spatial summation:
temporal - single synapse
spatial - multiple synapse
What is the cell’s threshold for firing an action potential?
-55mV
What helps remove some excess K+ ions in the CNS?
astrocytes
What causes plateau potentials?
Ca+ entry into neuron - spasticity and cramps
What is conduction in the “normal” direction called?
orthodromic conduction
What is conduction in the opposite direction called?
antidromic conduction
Process of passing signal from one neuron to another:
synaptic transmission
What channels open in an axon terminal?
Ca+
What does Ca+ do in an axon terminal?
Cause the release of synaptic vesicles
What are 3 ways neurotransmitter is removed from a synapse?
Diffusion
Inactivation by enzyme
Re-uptake
Where does an IPSP never occur?
skeletal m. cell (post-synaptic always excitatory)
Excitation-Contraction coupling
Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?
by neurons
What are 5 broad classes of neurotransmitter?
Monoamines Cholinergic AA Neuropeptides Nontraditional (NO and CO2)
What are 2 types of Monoamines?
Catecholamines (including norepinepherine, epinepherine, and dopamine)
Serotonin
What are 3 types of AA neurotransmitter?
GABA
glycine
glutamate
Endorphins are in what neurotransmitter class?
neuropeptides
What are the 2 broad classes of receptors?
Ionotropic (neurotransmitter opens up channel)
Metabotropic (range of changes)
What is the general action pathway for metabotropic receptors?
bind receptor and change its shape activate G-protein then, 1. open ion channels 2. activate genes 3. modulate intracellular Ca+ conc.
What determines whether the neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory?
the Receptor
What is in the CNS, PNS, NMJ, and is muscarinic and nicotinic?
Ach
What is a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter that is primarily autonomic in nature?
norepinepherine
What is a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter that is involved in cognition and motivation?
Dopamine
What is a monoaminergic neurotransmitter that is implicated in emotional control?
Serotonin
What is an AA neurotransmitter that is considered excitatory?
Glutamate
What is an AA neurotransmitter that is considered inhibitory?
GABA
2 cell stage:
4 cell stage:
30 hrs
40 hrs
Morula appears:
Blastocyst appears:
3 days
5 days
Implantation occurs:
day 6
Endoderm/ectoderm form:
end of 2nd week
When do mesodermal cells form?
3rd week
When is the trilamminar state?
16 days
When does the rostral portion of the neural tube close?
Caudal portion?
day 27
day 30
What are 3 types of spina bifida
Oculta (tuft of hair/pad of fat)
Meningocele (dura protrudes)
Myelomeningocele (spinal cord + dura)
What malformation called when part of the cerebellum and caudal brainstem protrude through the foramen magnum?
Arnold-Chiari
What is the innermost functional layer consisting of pleuripotent cells?
Germinal zone
ventricular zone
What are the 3 functional layers (zones) of the neural plate and neural tube?
Germinal
Intermediate
Marginal (cortical plate)
How do neuroblasts migrate out of the germinal zone?
they use radial glial cells and their own axons
Radial Migration
What are the 3 structures important in the formation of the spinal cord?
Sulcus limitans (separates dorsal/ventral neurons) Alar plate (dorsal, sensory and association neurons) Basla plate (ventral, motor neurons)
How does the axon elongate?
Via growth cone and filapodia and lamellipodia that act like extensions and crawl.
What are the 4 pathfinding techniques for axons?
Contact/Chemo Repulsion/Attraction
Ligand/receptor mediated at growth cone
We have more than or less than the number of synapses needed at birth?
More than
pruning later
What 3 places exhibit neuroplasticity?
Synapse (everything you can think of)
Axon (either regenerative of collateral sprouting)
Soma (altered gene expression)
What is Hebb’s Law?
Cells that fire together wire together
In the brain, the newest cells are found where?
The outside.
Leapfrogging action
Where is the Dorsal/Ventral divide in migration in the spinal cord?
Sulcus Limitans
Where does regenerative sprouting occur?
PNS
not normally seen in CNS
What are the 5 stages of Nervous system develpment?
Neurulation Cell proliferation neuronal migration cytodifferentiation/axonal elongation Maturation of synaptic contacts and refinement
