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Tim's Cards > Neuro1 > Flashcards

Neuro1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the spinal cord in the CNS?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What system is the ANS a part of?

A

PNS

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3
Q

What are the 2 main types of glial cells?

A

Astrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

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4
Q

What makes up the telencephalon?

A

cerebral cortex
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus

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5
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the cortex primarily made out of?

A

Cell bodies

this is gray matter

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7
Q

What 8 things make up the limbic system?

A 
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Cingulate gyrus
Thalamus
Hypocampus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Olfactory system
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8
Q

What is the caudal end of the spinal cord?

A

Filum terminale

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9
Q

What is an axon collateral?

A

branches enabling neuron to activate more than one effector cell

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10
Q

Hyperpolarization =

A

Inhibition

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11
Q

What charged ion will produce hyperpolarization?

A

Negatively charged

Cl-

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12
Q

What ions wil produce depolarization?

A

Positively charged

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13
Q

Name 4 types of neurons:

A

unipolar
pseudounipolar (sensory)
bipolar (special sensory)
multipolar

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14
Q

What are the 3 functional classes of neurons?

A

afferent
efferent
interneurons

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15
Q

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies can be either/or

A

nuclei

ganglion

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16
Q

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia are all:

A

Glial cells of the CNS

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17
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

produce some csf. Line ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, and central canal of the spinal cord.

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18
Q

Microglia function:

A

macrophages

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19
Q

What are the supportive cells of the PNS?

A 
Schwnn cells (myelinating and non-myelinating)
Satellite cells
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20
Q

What is a glioblastoma multiforme?

A

astrocytoma - usually lethal

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21
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70 to -90 mV

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22
Q

Na+ is greater:

A

outside the cell

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23
Q

K+ is greater:

A

inside the cell

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24
Q

EPSP vs. IPSP

A

EPSP - depolarize a small amount

IPSP - hyperpolarize a small amount

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25
Q

graded potential:

A

decays

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26
Q

temporal vs spatial summation:

A

temporal - single synapse

spatial - multiple synapse

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27
Q

What is the cell’s threshold for firing an action potential?

A

-55mV

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28
Q

What helps remove some excess K+ ions in the CNS?

A

astrocytes

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29
Q

What causes plateau potentials?

A

Ca+ entry into neuron - spasticity and cramps

30
Q

What is conduction in the “normal” direction called?

A

orthodromic conduction

31
Q

What is conduction in the opposite direction called?

A

antidromic conduction

32
Q

Process of passing signal from one neuron to another:

A

synaptic transmission

33
Q

What channels open in an axon terminal?

A

Ca+

34
Q

What does Ca+ do in an axon terminal?

A

Cause the release of synaptic vesicles

35
Q

What are 3 ways neurotransmitter is removed from a synapse?

A

Diffusion
Inactivation by enzyme
Re-uptake

36
Q

Where does an IPSP never occur?

A

skeletal m. cell (post-synaptic always excitatory)

Excitation-Contraction coupling

37
Q

Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?

A

by neurons

38
Q

What are 5 broad classes of neurotransmitter?

A 
Monoamines
Cholinergic
AA
Neuropeptides
Nontraditional (NO and CO2)
39
Q

What are 2 types of Monoamines?

A

Catecholamines (including norepinepherine, epinepherine, and dopamine)

Serotonin

40
Q

What are 3 types of AA neurotransmitter?

A

GABA
glycine
glutamate

41
Q

Endorphins are in what neurotransmitter class?

A

neuropeptides

42
Q

What are the 2 broad classes of receptors?

A

Ionotropic (neurotransmitter opens up channel)

Metabotropic (range of changes)

43
Q

What is the general action pathway for metabotropic receptors?

A 
bind receptor and change its shape
activate G-protein
then,
1. open ion channels
2. activate genes
3. modulate intracellular Ca+ conc.
44
Q

What determines whether the neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory?

A

the Receptor

45
Q

What is in the CNS, PNS, NMJ, and is muscarinic and nicotinic?

A

Ach

46
Q

What is a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter that is primarily autonomic in nature?

A

norepinepherine

47
Q

What is a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter that is involved in cognition and motivation?

A

Dopamine

48
Q

What is a monoaminergic neurotransmitter that is implicated in emotional control?

A

Serotonin

49
Q

What is an AA neurotransmitter that is considered excitatory?

A

Glutamate

50
Q

What is an AA neurotransmitter that is considered inhibitory?

A

GABA

51
Q

2 cell stage:

4 cell stage:

A

30 hrs

40 hrs

52
Q

Morula appears:

Blastocyst appears:

A

3 days

5 days

53
Q

Implantation occurs:

A

day 6

54
Q

Endoderm/ectoderm form:

A

end of 2nd week

55
Q

When do mesodermal cells form?

A

3rd week

56
Q

When is the trilamminar state?

A

16 days

57
Q

When does the rostral portion of the neural tube close?

Caudal portion?

A

day 27

day 30

58
Q

What are 3 types of spina bifida

A

Oculta (tuft of hair/pad of fat)
Meningocele (dura protrudes)
Myelomeningocele (spinal cord + dura)

59
Q

What malformation called when part of the cerebellum and caudal brainstem protrude through the foramen magnum?

A

Arnold-Chiari

60
Q

What is the innermost functional layer consisting of pleuripotent cells?

A

Germinal zone

ventricular zone

61
Q

What are the 3 functional layers (zones) of the neural plate and neural tube?

A

Germinal
Intermediate
Marginal (cortical plate)

62
Q

How do neuroblasts migrate out of the germinal zone?

A

they use radial glial cells and their own axons

Radial Migration

63
Q

What are the 3 structures important in the formation of the spinal cord?

A 
Sulcus limitans (separates dorsal/ventral neurons)
Alar plate (dorsal, sensory and association neurons)
Basla plate (ventral, motor neurons)
64
Q

How does the axon elongate?

A

Via growth cone and filapodia and lamellipodia that act like extensions and crawl.

65
Q

What are the 4 pathfinding techniques for axons?

A

Contact/Chemo Repulsion/Attraction

Ligand/receptor mediated at growth cone

66
Q

We have more than or less than the number of synapses needed at birth?

A

More than

pruning later

67
Q

What 3 places exhibit neuroplasticity?

A

Synapse (everything you can think of)
Axon (either regenerative of collateral sprouting)
Soma (altered gene expression)

68
Q

What is Hebb’s Law?

A

Cells that fire together wire together

69
Q

In the brain, the newest cells are found where?

A

The outside.

Leapfrogging action

70
Q

Where is the Dorsal/Ventral divide in migration in the spinal cord?

A

Sulcus Limitans

71
Q

Where does regenerative sprouting occur?

A

PNS

not normally seen in CNS

72
Q

What are the 5 stages of Nervous system develpment?

A 
Neurulation
Cell proliferation
neuronal migration
cytodifferentiation/axonal elongation
Maturation of synaptic contacts and refinement

Tim's Cards (140 decks)

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