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Neuro1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the spinal cord in the CNS?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What system is the ANS a part of?

A

PNS

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3
Q

What are the 2 main types of glial cells?

A

Astrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

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4
Q

What makes up the telencephalon?

A

cerebral cortex
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus

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5
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the cortex primarily made out of?

A

Cell bodies

this is gray matter

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7
Q

What 8 things make up the limbic system?

A 
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Cingulate gyrus
Thalamus
Hypocampus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Olfactory system
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8
Q

What is the caudal end of the spinal cord?

A

Filum terminale

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9
Q

What is an axon collateral?

A

branches enabling neuron to activate more than one effector cell

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10
Q

Hyperpolarization =

A

Inhibition

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11
Q

What charged ion will produce hyperpolarization?

A

Negatively charged

Cl-

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12
Q

What ions wil produce depolarization?

A

Positively charged

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13
Q

Name 4 types of neurons:

A

unipolar
pseudounipolar (sensory)
bipolar (special sensory)
multipolar

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14
Q

What are the 3 functional classes of neurons?

A

afferent
efferent
interneurons

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15
Q

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies can be either/or

A

nuclei

ganglion

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16
Q

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia are all:

A

Glial cells of the CNS

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17
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

produce some csf. Line ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, and central canal of the spinal cord.

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18
Q

Microglia function:

A

macrophages

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19
Q

What are the supportive cells of the PNS?

A 
Schwnn cells (myelinating and non-myelinating)
Satellite cells
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20
Q

What is a glioblastoma multiforme?

A

astrocytoma - usually lethal

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21
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70 to -90 mV

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22
Q

Na+ is greater:

A

outside the cell

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23
Q

K+ is greater:

A

inside the cell

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24
Q

EPSP vs. IPSP

A

EPSP - depolarize a small amount

IPSP - hyperpolarize a small amount

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25
graded potential:
decays
26
temporal vs spatial summation:
temporal - single synapse | spatial - multiple synapse
27
What is the cell's threshold for firing an action potential?
-55mV
28
What helps remove some excess K+ ions in the CNS?
astrocytes
29
What causes plateau potentials?
Ca+ entry into neuron - spasticity and cramps
30
What is conduction in the "normal" direction called?
orthodromic conduction
31
What is conduction in the opposite direction called?
antidromic conduction
32
Process of passing signal from one neuron to another:
synaptic transmission
33
What channels open in an axon terminal?
Ca+
34
What does Ca+ do in an axon terminal?
Cause the release of synaptic vesicles
35
What are 3 ways neurotransmitter is removed from a synapse?
Diffusion Inactivation by enzyme Re-uptake
36
Where does an IPSP never occur?
skeletal m. cell (post-synaptic always excitatory) Excitation-Contraction coupling
37
Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?
by neurons
38
What are 5 broad classes of neurotransmitter?
``` Monoamines Cholinergic AA Neuropeptides Nontraditional (NO and CO2) ```
39
What are 2 types of Monoamines?
Catecholamines (including norepinepherine, epinepherine, and dopamine) Serotonin
40
What are 3 types of AA neurotransmitter?
GABA glycine glutamate
41
Endorphins are in what neurotransmitter class?
neuropeptides
42
What are the 2 broad classes of receptors?
Ionotropic (neurotransmitter opens up channel) Metabotropic (range of changes)
43
What is the general action pathway for metabotropic receptors?
``` bind receptor and change its shape activate G-protein then, 1. open ion channels 2. activate genes 3. modulate intracellular Ca+ conc. ```
44
What determines whether the neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory?
the Receptor
45
What is in the CNS, PNS, NMJ, and is muscarinic and nicotinic?
Ach
46
What is a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter that is primarily autonomic in nature?
norepinepherine
47
What is a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter that is involved in cognition and motivation?
Dopamine
48
What is a monoaminergic neurotransmitter that is implicated in emotional control?
Serotonin
49
What is an AA neurotransmitter that is considered excitatory?
Glutamate
50
What is an AA neurotransmitter that is considered inhibitory?
GABA
51
2 cell stage: | 4 cell stage:
30 hrs | 40 hrs
52
Morula appears: | Blastocyst appears:
3 days | 5 days
53
Implantation occurs:
day 6
54
Endoderm/ectoderm form:
end of 2nd week
55
When do mesodermal cells form?
3rd week
56
When is the trilamminar state?
16 days
57
When does the rostral portion of the neural tube close? | Caudal portion?
day 27 | day 30
58
What are 3 types of spina bifida
Oculta (tuft of hair/pad of fat) Meningocele (dura protrudes) Myelomeningocele (spinal cord + dura)
59
What malformation called when part of the cerebellum and caudal brainstem protrude through the foramen magnum?
Arnold-Chiari
60
What is the innermost functional layer consisting of pleuripotent cells?
Germinal zone | ventricular zone
61
What are the 3 functional layers (zones) of the neural plate and neural tube?
Germinal Intermediate Marginal (cortical plate)
62
How do neuroblasts migrate out of the germinal zone?
they use radial glial cells and their own axons Radial Migration
63
What are the 3 structures important in the formation of the spinal cord?
``` Sulcus limitans (separates dorsal/ventral neurons) Alar plate (dorsal, sensory and association neurons) Basla plate (ventral, motor neurons) ```
64
How does the axon elongate?
Via growth cone and filapodia and lamellipodia that act like extensions and crawl.
65
What are the 4 pathfinding techniques for axons?
Contact/Chemo Repulsion/Attraction Ligand/receptor mediated at growth cone
66
We have more than or less than the number of synapses needed at birth?
More than | pruning later
67
What 3 places exhibit neuroplasticity?
Synapse (everything you can think of) Axon (either regenerative of collateral sprouting) Soma (altered gene expression)
68
What is Hebb's Law?
Cells that fire together wire together
69
In the brain, the newest cells are found where?
The outside. Leapfrogging action
70
Where is the Dorsal/Ventral divide in migration in the spinal cord?
Sulcus Limitans
71
Where does regenerative sprouting occur?
PNS not normally seen in CNS
72
What are the 5 stages of Nervous system develpment?
``` Neurulation Cell proliferation neuronal migration cytodifferentiation/axonal elongation Maturation of synaptic contacts and refinement ```

Tim's Cards (140 decks)

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