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Clinical Pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 microscopic hallmarks of Anaplasia?

A

Cellular pleomorphism (variation size/shape)

Irregular/Hyperchromatic nuclei

High N/C ratio (1:1 instead of 1:4 or 6)

Large nucleoli

Large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures

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2
Q

What is the name for a Glandular Malignant Tumor?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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3
Q

What is the name for a Glandular Benign Tumor?

A

Adenoma

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4
Q

CT - Benign

Fat:

Vascular:

Bone:

Cartilage:

Smooth muscle:

Skeletal muscle:

A

Lipoma

Angioma

Osteoma

Chondroma

Lyomyoma

Rhabdomyoma

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5
Q

CT - Malignant

Bone:

Cartilage:

Smooth muscle:

Vascular:

Skeletal muscle:

A

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Lyomyosarcoma

Angiosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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6
Q

A malignant Glandular or Epithelial tissue:

A

Adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

A benign Glandular or Epithelial tissue:

A

Adenoma

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8
Q

Malignant CT:

A

Sarcoma

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9
Q

Benign CT:

A

…oma

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10
Q

What does EBV cause?

3 diseases, 1 cancer

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Burkitt Lymphoma

***Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

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11
Q

Asbestos causes what 2 cancers?

A

Mesotheliomas

Squamous cell cancers (in smokers)

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12
Q

What is an adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment?

A

Metaplasia

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13
Q

What is the best example of Metaplasia?

A

Bronchial - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

to

Stratified Squamous

***Squamous Cell Carcinoma

***caused by smoking

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14
Q

What is the best example of Atrophy?

A

Alzheimer’s

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15
Q

An example of Physiologic Hypertrophy?

A

Skeletal muscles from working out

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16
Q

Best example of Pathologic Hypertrophy?

A

Hypertensive Heart

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17
Q

What is the best example of Dysplasia?

A

Cervical

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18
Q

What is the definition of Dysplasia?

A

Disordered tissue growth from irritation/infection

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19
Q

Malignant tumors are defined by what 2 hallmark characteristics?

*Additionally they are… (2 things)

A

Necrosis

Hemorrhage

  • unencapsulated
  • invasive
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20
Q

Benign tumors are defined by what 5 characteristics?

A

Compression

Expansile

Resemble origin tissue

Encapsulated with CT

Localized

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21
Q

What are the 4 tumors that have ….oma suffix that are malignant?

(normally they would be benign CT with that suffix)

A

Astrocytoma

Seminoma

Melanoma

Lymphoma

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22
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms that can activate an Oncogene?

A

Point mutation

Amplification

Chromosome rearrangement

Viral gene insertion

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23
Q

T/F

A normal protein will not activate an Oncogene.

A

True

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24
Q

What are the 2 best known Tumor Suppressor Genes?

A

Retinoblastoma gene (Rb-1)

p53 (colon/breast carcinoma)

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25
What 2 cancers are associated with high levels of Erythropoietin (resulting in polycythemia) found in both the tumor and the serum of pts?
Renal Cell Carcinoma Hepatocellular carcinomas
26
What defines the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?
Nucleus intact, energy source restored = cell reverts to normal
27
What are 2 signs of irreversible cell damage?
Damage to nucleus Rupture of cell membrane (loss of integrity)
28
What are 3 examples of nuclear cell damage that are irreversible?
Pyknosis (chromatin condensation) Karyorrhexis (fragmentation) Karyolysis (nuclear dissolution/lysis of chromatin)
29
What 4 viruses cause cancer?
HPV Hep B EBV HHV8 (herpes)
30
What is the major difference between autolysis and necrosis?
Necrosis: living (with inflammation) Autolysis: tissues after death
31
What are the 4 types of Necrosis?
Coagulative Liquefactive Caseous Fat
32
What is the best example of Fat Necrosis?
Pancreatic rupture
33
What are the best 2 examples of Caseous necrosis?
Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis (fungal)
34
What are 3 (and best example) of a Metastatic Calcification? | as opposed to dystrophic
Hyperparathyroidism Vita D toxicity Chronic Renal Failure * all form stones in gallbladder, kidney, or bladder * precipitates from solution
35
What do we call a benign tumor of Epithelial Origin that is glandular?
Adenoma
36
What do we call a benign tumor of Squamous Origin?
Papilloma
37
# Define Teratoma? Where usually found?
Tumor derived from 3 germ cell layers Testes/Ovaries
38
Nitrosamines have been implicated in causing what types of cancers?
GI tract *esp. Esophageal and Stomach
39
3,4 Benzypyrene causes what cancer? Where is this chemical often found?
Lung Cigarette smoke
40
Azo dyes cause what cancer?
Bladder
41
UV radiation results in creating what intermediate that causes damage?
Pyrimidine dimers in DNA
42
Adenoma is benign. If it is malignant, then what is it called?
Adenocarcinoma
43
The cancers of the Urinary tract and Bladder are what type?
Transitional Cell Carcinomas
44
Aflotoxin B1 causes what cancer?
Liver
45
What cancer does Nickel cause?
Nasal
46
Who grades a Cancer? How many grades are there?
Pathologist 3
47
What are the 3 Grades of Cancer?
Grade I - Well-differentiated (grow slower) Grade II - Moderately differentiated Grade III - Poorly/Undifferentiated (grow faster - worst kind)
48
What are the 3 routes of cancer Metastasis?
Lymphatics (Breast) Blood Direct Extension (seeding/surface/adjacent)
49
Which cancer metastasizes within the Lymphatics the most?
Breast
50
Who has the highest rates of Gastric Cancer? Who has the highest rates of Colon Cancer?
Japan (10x US) US (3-4x more common than rest of world)
51
The highest incidence of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma exist where?
China | and Hong Kong, Singapore - HBV associated
52
Match virus to cancer HTLV-1: HPV: HepB:
T-cell leukemias Cervical Hepatocellular
53
What 2 cancers are linked to EBV?
Burkitt Lymphoma Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma *B-cell lymphomas
54
When Uranium is decayed into Radon, what carcinogenic particle is emitted?
Alpha particle
55
What is the association of HHV8 and HIV? HPV and HIV?
Kaposi's Sarcoma Cervical (and related)
56
What Paraneoplastic Syndrome is related to Venous Thrombosis?
Pancreatic Cancer
57
What hormone is secreted as a Paraneoplastic Syndrome with Renal Cell Carcinomas?
Erythropoietin
58
HPV cancers are always of what type?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
59
What is a malignant tumor of Smooth Muscle Called?
Lyomyosarcoma
60
Hypertrophy: Hyperplasia:
Increase in cell size Increase in cell number
61
What is the best example of Pathologic Hypertrophy?
Hypertensive heart
62
By what criteria is staging assessed?
T - Tumor size N - Lymph node status M - Metastasis
63
Exposure in the production of _______ produces Angiosarcoma of the Liver.
Vinyl Chloride (plastics) *making records

Tim's Cards (140 decks)

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