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Tim's Cards > Clinical Pathology I > Flashcards

Clinical Pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 microscopic hallmarks of Anaplasia?

A

Cellular pleomorphism (variation size/shape)

Irregular/Hyperchromatic nuclei

High N/C ratio (1:1 instead of 1:4 or 6)

Large nucleoli

Large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures

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2
Q

What is the name for a Glandular Malignant Tumor?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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3
Q

What is the name for a Glandular Benign Tumor?

A

Adenoma

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4
Q

CT - Benign

Fat:

Vascular:

Bone:

Cartilage:

Smooth muscle:

Skeletal muscle:

A

Lipoma

Angioma

Osteoma

Chondroma

Lyomyoma

Rhabdomyoma

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5
Q

CT - Malignant

Bone:

Cartilage:

Smooth muscle:

Vascular:

Skeletal muscle:

A

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Lyomyosarcoma

Angiosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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6
Q

A malignant Glandular or Epithelial tissue:

A

Adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

A benign Glandular or Epithelial tissue:

A

Adenoma

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8
Q

Malignant CT:

A

Sarcoma

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9
Q

Benign CT:

A

…oma

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10
Q

What does EBV cause?

3 diseases, 1 cancer

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Burkitt Lymphoma

***Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

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11
Q

Asbestos causes what 2 cancers?

A

Mesotheliomas

Squamous cell cancers (in smokers)

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12
Q

What is an adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment?

A

Metaplasia

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13
Q

What is the best example of Metaplasia?

A

Bronchial - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

to

Stratified Squamous

***Squamous Cell Carcinoma

***caused by smoking

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14
Q

What is the best example of Atrophy?

A

Alzheimer’s

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15
Q

An example of Physiologic Hypertrophy?

A

Skeletal muscles from working out

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16
Q

Best example of Pathologic Hypertrophy?

A

Hypertensive Heart

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17
Q

What is the best example of Dysplasia?

A

Cervical

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18
Q

What is the definition of Dysplasia?

A

Disordered tissue growth from irritation/infection

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19
Q

Malignant tumors are defined by what 2 hallmark characteristics?

*Additionally they are… (2 things)

A

Necrosis

Hemorrhage

  • unencapsulated
  • invasive
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20
Q

Benign tumors are defined by what 5 characteristics?

A

Compression

Expansile

Resemble origin tissue

Encapsulated with CT

Localized

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21
Q

What are the 4 tumors that have ….oma suffix that are malignant?

(normally they would be benign CT with that suffix)

A

Astrocytoma

Seminoma

Melanoma

Lymphoma

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22
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms that can activate an Oncogene?

A

Point mutation

Amplification

Chromosome rearrangement

Viral gene insertion

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23
Q

T/F

A normal protein will not activate an Oncogene.

A

True

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24
Q

What are the 2 best known Tumor Suppressor Genes?

A

Retinoblastoma gene (Rb-1)

p53 (colon/breast carcinoma)

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25
Q

What 2 cancers are associated with high levels of Erythropoietin (resulting in polycythemia) found in both the tumor and the serum of pts?

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinomas

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26
Q

What defines the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?

A

Nucleus intact, energy source restored = cell reverts to normal

27
Q

What are 2 signs of irreversible cell damage?

A

Damage to nucleus

Rupture of cell membrane (loss of integrity)

28
Q

What are 3 examples of nuclear cell damage that are irreversible?

A

Pyknosis (chromatin condensation)

Karyorrhexis (fragmentation)

Karyolysis (nuclear dissolution/lysis of chromatin)

29
Q

What 4 viruses cause cancer?

A

HPV

Hep B

EBV

HHV8 (herpes)

30
Q

What is the major difference between autolysis and necrosis?

A

Necrosis: living (with inflammation)

Autolysis: tissues after death

31
Q

What are the 4 types of Necrosis?

A

Coagulative

Liquefactive

Caseous

Fat

32
Q

What is the best example of Fat Necrosis?

A

Pancreatic rupture

33
Q

What are the best 2 examples of Caseous necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis

Histoplasmosis (fungal)

34
Q

What are 3 (and best example) of a Metastatic Calcification?

as opposed to dystrophic

A

Hyperparathyroidism

Vita D toxicity

Chronic Renal Failure

  • all form stones in gallbladder, kidney, or bladder
  • precipitates from solution
35
Q

What do we call a benign tumor of Epithelial Origin that is glandular?

A

Adenoma

36
Q

What do we call a benign tumor of Squamous Origin?

A

Papilloma

37
Q

Define Teratoma?

Where usually found?

A

Tumor derived from 3 germ cell layers

Testes/Ovaries

38
Q

Nitrosamines have been implicated in causing what types of cancers?

A

GI tract

*esp. Esophageal and Stomach

39
Q

3,4 Benzypyrene causes what cancer?

Where is this chemical often found?

A

Lung

Cigarette smoke

40
Q

Azo dyes cause what cancer?

A

Bladder

41
Q

UV radiation results in creating what intermediate that causes damage?

A

Pyrimidine dimers in DNA

42
Q

Adenoma is benign. If it is malignant, then what is it called?

A

Adenocarcinoma

43
Q

The cancers of the Urinary tract and Bladder are what type?

A

Transitional Cell Carcinomas

44
Q

Aflotoxin B1 causes what cancer?

A

Liver

45
Q

What cancer does Nickel cause?

A

Nasal

46
Q

Who grades a Cancer?

How many grades are there?

A

Pathologist

3

47
Q

What are the 3 Grades of Cancer?

A

Grade I - Well-differentiated (grow slower)

Grade II - Moderately differentiated

Grade III - Poorly/Undifferentiated (grow faster - worst kind)

48
Q

What are the 3 routes of cancer Metastasis?

A

Lymphatics (Breast)

Blood

Direct Extension (seeding/surface/adjacent)

49
Q

Which cancer metastasizes within the Lymphatics the most?

A

Breast

50
Q

Who has the highest rates of Gastric Cancer?

Who has the highest rates of Colon Cancer?

A

Japan (10x US)

US (3-4x more common than rest of world)

51
Q

The highest incidence of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma exist where?

A

China

and Hong Kong, Singapore - HBV associated

52
Q

Match virus to cancer
HTLV-1:

HPV:

HepB:

A

T-cell leukemias

Cervical

Hepatocellular

53
Q

What 2 cancers are linked to EBV?

A

Burkitt Lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

*B-cell lymphomas

54
Q

When Uranium is decayed into Radon, what carcinogenic particle is emitted?

A

Alpha particle

55
Q

What is the association of HHV8 and HIV?

HPV and HIV?

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Cervical (and related)

56
Q

What Paraneoplastic Syndrome is related to Venous Thrombosis?

A

Pancreatic Cancer

57
Q

What hormone is secreted as a Paraneoplastic Syndrome with Renal Cell Carcinomas?

A

Erythropoietin

58
Q

HPV cancers are always of what type?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

59
Q

What is a malignant tumor of Smooth Muscle Called?

A

Lyomyosarcoma

60
Q

Hypertrophy:

Hyperplasia:

A

Increase in cell size

Increase in cell number

61
Q

What is the best example of Pathologic Hypertrophy?

A

Hypertensive heart

62
Q

By what criteria is staging assessed?

A

T - Tumor size

N - Lymph node status

M - Metastasis

63
Q

Exposure in the production of _______ produces Angiosarcoma of the Liver.

A

Vinyl Chloride (plastics)

*making records

Tim's Cards (140 decks)

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