Clinical Pathology I Flashcards
What are the 5 microscopic hallmarks of Anaplasia?
Cellular pleomorphism (variation size/shape)
Irregular/Hyperchromatic nuclei
High N/C ratio (1:1 instead of 1:4 or 6)
Large nucleoli
Large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures
What is the name for a Glandular Malignant Tumor?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the name for a Glandular Benign Tumor?
Adenoma
CT - Benign
Fat:
Vascular:
Bone:
Cartilage:
Smooth muscle:
Skeletal muscle:
Lipoma
Angioma
Osteoma
Chondroma
Lyomyoma
Rhabdomyoma
CT - Malignant
Bone:
Cartilage:
Smooth muscle:
Vascular:
Skeletal muscle:
Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Lyomyosarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant Glandular or Epithelial tissue:
Adenocarcinoma
A benign Glandular or Epithelial tissue:
Adenoma
Malignant CT:
Sarcoma
Benign CT:
…oma
What does EBV cause?
3 diseases, 1 cancer
Infectious Mononucleosis
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Burkitt Lymphoma
***Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Asbestos causes what 2 cancers?
Mesotheliomas
Squamous cell cancers (in smokers)
What is an adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment?
Metaplasia
What is the best example of Metaplasia?
Bronchial - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
to
Stratified Squamous
***Squamous Cell Carcinoma
***caused by smoking
What is the best example of Atrophy?
Alzheimer’s
An example of Physiologic Hypertrophy?
Skeletal muscles from working out
Best example of Pathologic Hypertrophy?
Hypertensive Heart
What is the best example of Dysplasia?
Cervical
What is the definition of Dysplasia?
Disordered tissue growth from irritation/infection
Malignant tumors are defined by what 2 hallmark characteristics?
*Additionally they are… (2 things)
Necrosis
Hemorrhage
- unencapsulated
- invasive
Benign tumors are defined by what 5 characteristics?
Compression
Expansile
Resemble origin tissue
Encapsulated with CT
Localized
What are the 4 tumors that have ….oma suffix that are malignant?
(normally they would be benign CT with that suffix)
Astrocytoma
Seminoma
Melanoma
Lymphoma
What are the 4 mechanisms that can activate an Oncogene?
Point mutation
Amplification
Chromosome rearrangement
Viral gene insertion
T/F
A normal protein will not activate an Oncogene.
True
What are the 2 best known Tumor Suppressor Genes?
Retinoblastoma gene (Rb-1)
p53 (colon/breast carcinoma)
What 2 cancers are associated with high levels of Erythropoietin (resulting in polycythemia) found in both the tumor and the serum of pts?
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinomas
What defines the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?
Nucleus intact, energy source restored = cell reverts to normal
What are 2 signs of irreversible cell damage?
Damage to nucleus
Rupture of cell membrane (loss of integrity)
What are 3 examples of nuclear cell damage that are irreversible?
Pyknosis (chromatin condensation)
Karyorrhexis (fragmentation)
Karyolysis (nuclear dissolution/lysis of chromatin)
What 4 viruses cause cancer?
HPV
Hep B
EBV
HHV8 (herpes)
What is the major difference between autolysis and necrosis?
Necrosis: living (with inflammation)
Autolysis: tissues after death
What are the 4 types of Necrosis?
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
What is the best example of Fat Necrosis?
Pancreatic rupture
What are the best 2 examples of Caseous necrosis?
Tuberculosis
Histoplasmosis (fungal)
What are 3 (and best example) of a Metastatic Calcification?
as opposed to dystrophic
Hyperparathyroidism
Vita D toxicity
Chronic Renal Failure
- all form stones in gallbladder, kidney, or bladder
- precipitates from solution
What do we call a benign tumor of Epithelial Origin that is glandular?
Adenoma
What do we call a benign tumor of Squamous Origin?
Papilloma
Define Teratoma?
Where usually found?
Tumor derived from 3 germ cell layers
Testes/Ovaries
Nitrosamines have been implicated in causing what types of cancers?
GI tract
*esp. Esophageal and Stomach
3,4 Benzypyrene causes what cancer?
Where is this chemical often found?
Lung
Cigarette smoke
Azo dyes cause what cancer?
Bladder
UV radiation results in creating what intermediate that causes damage?
Pyrimidine dimers in DNA
Adenoma is benign. If it is malignant, then what is it called?
Adenocarcinoma
The cancers of the Urinary tract and Bladder are what type?
Transitional Cell Carcinomas
Aflotoxin B1 causes what cancer?
Liver
What cancer does Nickel cause?
Nasal
Who grades a Cancer?
How many grades are there?
Pathologist
3
What are the 3 Grades of Cancer?
Grade I - Well-differentiated (grow slower)
Grade II - Moderately differentiated
Grade III - Poorly/Undifferentiated (grow faster - worst kind)
What are the 3 routes of cancer Metastasis?
Lymphatics (Breast)
Blood
Direct Extension (seeding/surface/adjacent)
Which cancer metastasizes within the Lymphatics the most?
Breast
Who has the highest rates of Gastric Cancer?
Who has the highest rates of Colon Cancer?
Japan (10x US)
US (3-4x more common than rest of world)
The highest incidence of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma exist where?
China
and Hong Kong, Singapore - HBV associated
Match virus to cancer
HTLV-1:
HPV:
HepB:
T-cell leukemias
Cervical
Hepatocellular
What 2 cancers are linked to EBV?
Burkitt Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
*B-cell lymphomas
When Uranium is decayed into Radon, what carcinogenic particle is emitted?
Alpha particle
What is the association of HHV8 and HIV?
HPV and HIV?
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Cervical (and related)
What Paraneoplastic Syndrome is related to Venous Thrombosis?
Pancreatic Cancer
What hormone is secreted as a Paraneoplastic Syndrome with Renal Cell Carcinomas?
Erythropoietin
HPV cancers are always of what type?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
What is a malignant tumor of Smooth Muscle Called?
Lyomyosarcoma
Hypertrophy:
Hyperplasia:
Increase in cell size
Increase in cell number
What is the best example of Pathologic Hypertrophy?
Hypertensive heart
By what criteria is staging assessed?
T - Tumor size
N - Lymph node status
M - Metastasis
Exposure in the production of _______ produces Angiosarcoma of the Liver.
Vinyl Chloride (plastics)
*making records
