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Tim's Cards > Immunology I > Flashcards

Immunology I Flashcards

1
Q

In blood, what suspends the free cells?

A

Plasma

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2
Q

What is Plasma minus the clotting factors?

A

Serum

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3
Q

What is the relative volume of Plasma/Cells?

A

Cells - 45% (this is called the hematocrit)

Plasma - 55%

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4
Q

What is the Leukocyte composition of the hematocrit?

A

1% (or so)

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5
Q

What does Plasma contain?

A

inorganic salts
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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6
Q

What is the most abundant protein in Plasma that prevents edema?

A

Albumin

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7
Q

What is the function of Albumin?

A

they are Transport Proteins

Prevents edema

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8
Q

What Plasma protein serves to transport hormones, metals, and lipids, a subclass of which make up the antibodies?

A

Globulins

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9
Q

What subclass of globulins make up the circulating antibodies?

A

Gamma Globulins

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10
Q

What is the circulating clotting factor?

A

Fibrinogen

> Fibrin

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11
Q

What are the 3 main cell types of the hematocrit?

A

Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Leukocytes

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12
Q

What 2 categories of Leukocytes are there?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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13
Q

What are the 3 Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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14
Q

What are the 3 Agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Macrophage

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15
Q

What does the bone marrow do to form blood cells?

A

Hemopoiesis

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16
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur early in fetal development?

Later in fetal development?

A

Yolk sac (mesenchyme)

Liver, spleen, lymph

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17
Q

If hematopoietic bone marrow is destroyed, where might hematopoiesis resume?

A

Liver and spleen

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18
Q

Where are lymphocytes made after puberty?

A

Lymphocytes

*after involution of thymus

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19
Q

What are the 2 major cell lineages from the Hematopoietic Stem Cell?

A

Lymphoid (B and T cells)

Erthromyeloid
RBCs, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and megakaryocytes

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20
Q

How many heme groups in hemoglobin?

A

4

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21
Q

What determines the Hemoglobin type?

A

the chain subtypes making up the tetramer

*HbA, HbA2, HbF

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22
Q

What type of chains make up HbA?

A

2 alpha

2 beta

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23
Q

What type of chains make up HbA2?

A

2 alpha

2 delta

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24
Q

What type of chains make up HbF?

A

2 alpha

2 gamma

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25
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

Gene defect in beta chain

*so abnormal HbA

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26
Q

What are 4 requirements of hemoglobin synthesis?

A

Iron
Vitamin B12 (cobalmin)
Vitamin B6 (pyroxidine)
Folic Acid

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27
Q

How long to RBC’s live and where are they broken down?

A

120 days

spleen

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28
Q

What happens to the RBC component after phagocytized in the spleen?

A

Released into circulation
reutilized (most)
excreted (bilirubin)

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29
Q

What is the destiny of the following upon RBC breakdown:
Iron?
Globin?
Heme?

A

Fe - re-used in bone marrow for new RBC’s
Globin - production AA’s
Heme - converted to Bilirubin

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30
Q

What 3 pathways can bilirubin take once in the intestine?

A
  1. re-used
  2. metabolized to urobilinogen - urine
  3. metabolized to stercobilinogen - feces
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31
Q

What is an RBC with residual RNA called?

A

Reticulocyte

  • less than 1%
  • *newly released into blood from marrow
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32
Q

What stain identifies reticulocytes?

A

Cresyl blue

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33
Q

What carries the recycled iron from RBC’s back to the bone marrow for re-use?

A

Ferritin

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34
Q

What type of Leukocytes have single or multi-lobed nuclei?

A

Granulocytes

*Poly’s and Seg’s

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35
Q

What is the most common type of leukocyte in the blood?

A

Neutrophils

*multi-lobed nuclei

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36
Q

What type of leukocyte makes up the majority of pus and is very active in cell inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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37
Q

What 2 types of neutrophils are there?

What do they contain?

A

Specific granules - phagocytin and Lysozyme

Non-specific granules - peroxidases, hydrolases, acid phosphatase

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38
Q

How are neutrophils attracted to an infected area?

A

Chemotactically

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39
Q

What comprises 1-6% of circulating leukocytes, has a bi-lobed nucleus, and are attracted by substances released by basophils (mast cells)?

A

Eosinophils

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40
Q

What substance, when present, will cause eosinophils to have a direct destructive effect?

A

IgE

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41
Q

What is the least common leukocyte (less than 1%)?

A

Basophils

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42
Q

Basophils in circulation are equivalent to?

A

Mast cells in the connective tissue

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43
Q

What substance allows Basophils to migrate out of the vasculature during an inflammatory response?

A

Histamine

Heparin, the anticoagulant, is also involved but role is unclear

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44
Q

Another name for a monocyte?

Why is it agranular?

A

Macrophage

Nothing on the outside with specific lysing functions like neutro, eosino, baso-phils

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45
Q

T/F

Monocytes have pseudopodia?

A

True

*they are immature macrophages

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46
Q

T/F

Monocytes, macrophage, phagocytes, histiocytes, Kupffer cells, Dust cells, Microglial cells are all the same thing.

A

True

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47
Q 
Where are the following located:
Monocytes
Macrophages
Phagocytes/histiocytes
Kupffer cells
Dust cells
Microglial cells
A 
Bood
Connective tissue
Tissue
Liver
Lung
Brain
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48
Q

What 2 cells participate in Phagocytosis?

A

neutrophils and macrophage

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49
Q

What is Opsonin?

A

To make tasty

bacteria is coated to enhance phagocytic efficiency

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50
Q

What cell has antigenic properties on its membrane receptors?

A

Lymphocytes

*also the “quarterback” of the immune system

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51
Q

Long-lived lymphocytes are thought to be…

A

Memory cells

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52
Q

What are the 2 main types of Lymphocyte?

A

T-cells (cell-mediated)

B-cells (humeral)

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53
Q

What are the 3 types of T-cells?

A

Helper (CD-4)
Cytotoxic (CD-8)
Memory Cells

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54
Q

What protein antibodies do B-cells secrete?

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
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55
Q

What are antibodies?

A

immuniglobulins composed of glycoproteins

*Y-shaped (mostly)

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56
Q

What antibody is pentagonal?

A

IgM

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57
Q

What are the inside (Fc), crystallized segments of the immunoglobulin (antibody)?

A

Heavy chains

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58
Q

What Antibody makes up 80% of immunoglobulins and crosses the Placenta?

A

IgG

59
Q

What immunoglobulin crosses the placenta and is secreted in milk?

A

IgG

60
Q

What antibody activates the compliment cascade and functions as an Opsonin?

A

IgG

61
Q

What 2 antibodies are secreted in milk?

A

IgG

IgA

62
Q

Which antibody is known as the secretory antibody?

tears, saliva, nasal cavity

A

IgA

63
Q

Which antibody makes up 15% of immunoglobulins?

What is it shaped like

A

IgA

two Y’s

64
Q

What 2 antibodies activate compliment?

A

IgG (need two?)

IgM

65
Q

What antibody makes up 5-10% of immunoglobulins, activates compliment, and is first to form in immune response?

A

IgM

*also Pentameric

66
Q

What antibody helps release histamine, attaches to Basophils (mast cells), and signals eosinophils to kill?

A

IgE

67
Q

What antibody is found on B-cell surface and helps recognize antigens?

A

IgD

68
Q

T/F

Both T-cells and B-cells have memory components.

A

True

69
Q

What is located in the bone marrow and makes platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes

70
Q

What do platelet granules contain?

A

Serotonin

vasoconstrictor

71
Q

What clotting substances do platelets release when they degranulate?

A

Thromboplastin and Plasmin (a contractile protein)

72
Q

What is the function of Thromboplastin?

A

Prothrombin > Thrombin
then Thrombin

Fibrinogen > Fibrin

73
Q

Where are Prothrombin and Fibrinogen made?

A

Liver

74
Q

What are the 3 types of immunity?

A

Cell-mediated (T-cells)
Humoral (antibody)
Complement

75
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A

Active: after contact with foreign antigens
(long memory)

Passive: Preformed antibodies in another host
(short duration)

76
Q

What cells are seen in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages (monocytes)

*neutrophils too short-lived

77
Q

What cells are important for the immuno-surveillance of viruses?
What receptors do they have?

A

Natural Killer cells
IgG receptors

(innate immune system)

78
Q

How does degranulation occur in Mast Cells/Basophils?

A

IgE binds

releases Cytokines, which attract neutrophils and eosinophils

79
Q

What cell acts as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and are Antigen Presenting Cells?

they are found in Langerhans in skin and interdigitating cells of lymph

A

Dendritic Cells

80
Q

What do Dendritic Cells “present” to?

A

T-Helper cells (CD4)

81
Q

What cells are central to allergic reactions and fight off parasitic infections?

A

Eosinophils

82
Q

What are 3 major molecules that work with the innate immune system?

A

Complement
Acute phase proteins
Interferon

83
Q

How many plasma proteins are involved in the Complement system?
What secretes these?

A

20

Hepatocytes/Monocytes

84
Q

What are the 2 pathways of the Complement system?

A

Classical: Activated by IgG and IgM
(antibody dependent)

Alternate: substance or microorganism itself activates

85
Q

What 3 main steps are there to Complement?

A

Recognition unit
Activation unit
Membrane Attack Unit

86
Q

What comprises the Recognition unit in the Complement system?

A

C1 (trimolecular complex)

C1q, C1r, C1s

87
Q

Where does the Recognition Unit bind?

A

C1q binds Fc portion of immunoglobulin

*the heavy chain

88
Q

The Fc portion of the Recognition Unit must be either…

A

IgG or IgM

89
Q

How many IgG Fc fragments does it take to activate C1q?

How many IgM?

A

2

1

90
Q

What is the progression in the Activation Unit cascade?

A 
C1q
C1r
C1s
C4
C2
C3
91
Q

When does the C4-C2 bimolecular complex become active?

A

When C1s allows them to fuse

92
Q

What is the bimolecular complex of C4-C2 called?

A

C3 Convertase

93
Q

What are the 2 components of the Complement System that act as an Anaphylactoxin?

A

C3a and C5a

94
Q

What enzyme converts C3b into a complex with C4 and C2?

A

C3 Convertase

95
Q

What is another name for the C4,C2,C3b complex?

A

C5 Convertase

96
Q

What are the 2 roles of C3b?

A

Join with C4-C2 to make C5 Convertase

Land on target cell surface for immune adherence

97
Q

What does the C5b fragment do?

A

Activates the MAC

Membrane Attack Unit

98
Q

What does the fully assembled membrane attach unit consist of?

A

poly C9 with C5b,C6,C7,C8 attached

99
Q

What is the roto-rootering component of the MAC?

A

C9

*drills into cell and lyses

100
Q

What are the Acute Phase Reactants?

What is their function?

A

Cytokines that increase in response to inflammation
(IL-6/TNF-a)

opsonize, recruitment, etc.

101
Q

What blocks the translation of Viral Proteins?

A

Interferons

102
Q

What binds the heavy and light chains in immunoglobulins?

What is the stem of the Y composed of?

A

Disulfide bonds

Stem: only heavies

103
Q

The arms of immunoglobulins are composed of…

A

Heavy and light chains

Fc and Fab

104
Q

How long is the lag period in a primary response before we see antigens?

A

7-10 days

105
Q

What are the first antibodies to appear and then go away in a primary response?
What next?

A

IgM

*followed by IgG or IgA

106
Q

What is the lag period for antibodies to appear in a secondary response?

A

3-5 days

107
Q

What are the differences in antibody expression between primary and secondary responses?

A

IgM comes on quicker in secondary

IgG is amplified in secondary and persists longer

108
Q

What type of mechanism can’t be autoimmune?

A

Cell-Mediated Rxns

*all others can be (rely on antibodies)

109
Q

What molecule receptor is involved in Anaphylaxis or immediate hypersensitivity rxn?

A

IgE cell bound receptors

(these bind IgE upon exposure to Antigen/Allergen)

*this is Type I

110
Q

What causes hives?

A

Antigen-induced release of vasoactive mediators

111
Q

What is Angioedema?

A

Similar to Urticaria (hives), but worse

112
Q

What releases mediators in Anaphylaxis?

A

Mast cells or Basophils

113
Q

What causes Cytotoxic Antibody Reactions?

A

Absorption of Antigen
(like blood transfusion)

IgG/IgM antibodies activate Complement

**Type II

114
Q

What is the mechanism of Type III immune complex hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Circulating antigen/antibody immune complexes invade tissues and are then destroyed

(lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)

115
Q

T/F

Type IV cell-mediated reactions involve antibodies.

A

False

116
Q

What is the origin of stem cells for the lymphoid system?

A

mesenchyme derived yolk cell islands

then liver and spleen

117
Q

What are the two Primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus
Bursa of Fabricus (avian)
Bursa Equivalent (mammalian)

*really there is only one

118
Q

What does the Bursa Equivalent include?

A

GALT
(gut associated lymph tissue)

*includes tonsils, peyers patches

119
Q

What forms Immunoglobulins?

Where did they come from?

A

Plasma Cells

B-Cells

120
Q

What is the connective tissue framework in Lymphoid Tissue?

A

Reticular Fibers

121
Q

Where are the T-cells usually found in lymphoid tissue?

B-Cells?

A

Diffuse T-Cells

Dense B-Cells

122
Q

What do primary lymphoid organs lack?

What do they produce?

A

Reticular Fibers

T-cells

123
Q

What is the Thymus composed of?

A

Trabeculae and Diffuse Tissue

124
Q

What increases in the thymus with age?

A

Hassal’s Corpuscles

*implicated in T-cell death

125
Q

T/F

Macrophages are present in the Thymus medulla.

A

True

126
Q

What drives the proliferative activity of the Thymus in development?

A

Thymopoietin

127
Q

The paracortical zone of a lymph node is comprised of…

A

T-cells

128
Q

What makes up the cortex of a lymph node?

A

Nodules

B-cells

129
Q

Where are macrophage found in Lymph nodes?

A

Sinuses of the medulla

130
Q

What is the thick region of connective tissue at the efferent end of the lymph node?

A

Hilus

exit

131
Q

Where are most invaders tagged in the lymph node?

A

Cortex

humoral

132
Q

What phagocytizes antigens in the lymph?

A

Macrophage

Phagocytic Reticular Cells (aka Dendritic cells)

133
Q

What do B-cells do in the cortical regions of lymph nodes in response to an antigen?

A

turn into Plasma cells and signal neutrophils, etc.

or activate Complement

134
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ of the body?

A

Spleen

  • also blood filter
  • *traps old blood cells
135
Q

What makes up the red pulp (the majority) and the white pulp of the spleen?

A

Red - RBC’s

White - nodular lymphoid tissue (organized around arteries)

136
Q

What does PALS stand for?

Where is it?

A

Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath

Spleen White pulp

137
Q

What traps antigens in the spleen?

A

Marginal Zones

traffic cop

138
Q

The diffuse lymphoid tissue (PALS) is populated with _____, while the nodules are populated with _____.

(both are White Pulp)

A

T-cells

B-cells

139
Q

What is the function of Reticular cells in the spleen?

A

Antigen-Presentation

search and destroy antigens

140
Q

When does Hemopoiesis occur in the Spleen?

A

Second Trimester

141
Q

What are the 3 areas of the body that consist of diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue?

A

Peyer’s Patches (ileum)
Tonsils
Appendix

142
Q

What combats Parasites?

A

Eosinophils + IgE

143
Q

What 4 cells participate in phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils, Monocytes/Macrophage, Eosinophils

Tim's Cards (140 decks)

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