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Neuro2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons are estimated to be in the cortical gray matter?

A

10 Billion

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2
Q

What 6 layers make up the cortical gray matter?

A 
Molecular
External Granular
External Pyramidal
Internal Granular
Internal Pyramidal
Multiform
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3
Q

Name 5 types of important cells in the 6 layers of cortical gray matter.

A 
Pyramidal
Stellate
Fusiform
Horizontal cells of Cajal
cells of Martinotti
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4
Q

What two directional categories does white matter have in relation to cortical gray matter?

A

Radial fibers - run toward the cortex

Tangential fibers - run parallel to the cortex

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5
Q

What is the smallest division of functionally-grouped activity within the cortex?

A

Vertical columns

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6
Q

Vertical columns form:

A

Functionally specialized areas

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7
Q

Functionally specialized areas of vertical columns are grouped together into anatomically distinct:

A

Lobes or Cortices

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8
Q

Lobes/cortices can be further grouped into other connected areas in:

A

Functional circuits

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9
Q

Functional circuits can be connected via what 3 pathways?

A 
Association fibers      (intra-hemisphere)
Commissural fibers      (contralateral hemisphere)
Projection fibers      (thalamocortical - fibers leave cortex and go ANYwhere other than cortex)
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10
Q

What do association fibers connect anatomically?

A

to the same hemisphere

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11
Q

What do commissural fibers connect anatomically?

A

to the opposite (contralateral) hemisphere

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12
Q

Where do projection fibers originate?

A

The Thalamus

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13
Q

Name 5 important functional areas of the cortex.

A 
Primary Sensory cortices
Sensory Association cortices 
Motor Planning cortices
Primary Motor cortices
Association cortices
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14
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Post-central gyrus

this is the sensory homunculus

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15
Q

What does a lesion on the somatosensory cortex cause?

A

Deficit in sensation from the opposite side of the body

hemi-anasthesia contralateral to lesion

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16
Q

Where is the somatosensory association complex?

A

Superior parietal lobe and supramarginal gyrus

this identifies the object you are feeling

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17
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

Cuneus and Lingual gyri

analyzes visual world without association

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18
Q

Where is the visual association cortex?

A

Medial and lateral occipital gyri

Angular gyrus

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19
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

The auditory association cortex?

A

Superior Temporal Gyrus/Transverse Temporal gyri

Superior Temporal Gyrus

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20
Q

Wernike’s area is a specialized part of what?

function?

A

The auditory association cortex in the superior temporal gyrus.

Spoken language comprehension

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21
Q

What do the uncus, piriform cortex, periamygdaloid, and part of parahippocampal gyrus make up?

A

The Primary Olfactory Cortex

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22
Q

What is Agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize an object or to interpret sensory stimuli.

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23
Q

Name 3 types of Agnosia.

A

Tactile
Visual
Auditory

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24
Q

Where does executive function reside?

A

Frontal lobe

specifically: superior, middle frontal gyri, and medial frontal lobe

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25
What is meant by Executive Function?
refers to all planning (motor, cognitive, emotional) as well as regulate Affect with sensation
26
What can be termed a negative sign?
Loss of function (paralysis)
27
What can be termed a positive sign?
Abnormal function (hallucination)
28
What does the Limbic association cortex regulate?
Emotions, mood, affect, memory | closely tied to the sense of smell
29
What would a tumor or stroke cause if it was in the limbic system?
visual and auditory hallucinations
30
What cortex is involved in sensory integration (including interpretation), problem solving, speech, and spatial processing?
Parietotemporal Association Complex
31
What can a lesion of the non-dominant (usually right) Parietotemporal association complex cause?
Hemineglect Syndrome on the Left | this won't effect speech because in most people it is localized in the left hemisphere
32
Where is the Primary Motor Cortex?
The precentral gyrus | Motor Homunculus
33
What will a lesion in the primary motor cortex cause?
Paresis (weakness/partial paralysis) in the opposite side.
34
Where are the Premotor Cortex and the Frontal Eye Fields?
Middle Frontal Gyrus
35
Where is the Supplemental Motor Cortex?
Superior Frontal Gyrus
36
Where is Broca's area and what is its function?
Inferior Frontal Gyrus | speech planning
37
What are symptoms of Broca's Aphasia?
Normal comprehension of language, but speech expression is limited
38
Define aphasia:
language disorder
39
Define apraxia:
disorder of sensory integration causing an inability to plan and perform complex movements
40
What is the inability to carry out spontaneous movement?
Akinetic apraxia
41
What is the inability to carry out movement on command (due to inability to remember command)?
Amnestic apraxia
42
What is the inability to perform complicated motor tasks called?
Motor apraxia
43
What is the inability to demonstrate use of objects called?
Ideational apraxia
44
What is the most common Apraxia?
Facial apraxia the inability to perform facial-oral movements on command (like lick lips)
45
What one area is consistently an asymmetry in the brain?
Wernicke's speech area | upper surface temporal lobe
46
What hemisphere is usually dominant/non-dominant?
Left usually dominant
47
What are some functions of the dominant hemisphere?
Language Praxia (motor formulation) Analytical skills (in math) Sequential processing
48
What are some functions of the non-dominant hemisphere?
``` Prosody (emotion in voice) Spatial skills (analysis, math, orientation) ```
49
The cells of Martinotti tend to be:
Input
50
What is astereognosis?
tactile agnosia | inability to identify what is placed in hand without other sensory input
51
What is homonymous hemianopia?
Loss of 1/2 of the visual field usually affects both eyes at midline
52
What is visual agnosia?
inability to determine what one is seeing not a deficit in acuity
53
Are conscious location of sounds and auditory agnosia located in different areas?
Yes. Agnosia is more anterior
54
Where do (nearly) all the inputs to the cerebrum first synapse?
The Thalamus
55
VPL nucleus | Type/Input/Output/Function
Sensory relay Ascending somatosensory pathways from body Somatosensory cortex Relays somatosensation of body to cortex (the homunculus processor)
56
VPM | type/input/output/function
Sensory relay Somatosensory from face/taste (V, VII, IX) Somatosensory cortex somatosensation from face/taste to cortex (VPM island in VPL)
57
VL | type/input/output/function
Motor relay Cerebellum and basal ganglia Motor, Premotor, Supplemental motor cortices motor from basal ganglia/cerebellum to cortex
58
VA | type/input/output/function
Motor relay Cerebellum/basal ganglia Widespread to frontal lobes motor from basal ganglia/cerebellum to cortex
59
P | type/input/output/function
Association Sensory pathways from Tectum (visual colliculi) Parietotemporooccipital association cortex Behavioral orientation to visual stimulus Pulvinar - think visual association
60
LGN | type/input/output/function
Sensory relay Retina Primary visual cortex visual input to cortex little tonguelike thingy
61
MGN | type/input/output/function
Sensory relay Inferior colliculus Primary auditory cortex Auditory information to the cortex (teeny one on the bottom)
62
MD | type/input/output/function
Association Limbic structures Frontal cortex Emotional/memory input to cortex
63
AN | type/input/output/function
Association Limbic and Hippocampus Cingulate gyrus relays info from limbic system
64
What are the 3 main functions of the Limbic System?
Homeostasis - Hypothalamus Memory - hippocampus Emotions - Amygdyla
65
What regulates Homeostasis? | includes sex, behavior, autonomics, and endocrine
Hypothalamus
66
What regulates memory in the limbic system?
Hippocampus
67
What regulates emotions in the limbic system? | fear/anxiety center
Amygdala
68
What does Fornix mean?
Arch
69
What is an important pathway that converges cognitive activities, emotional experience, and expression?
Circuit of Papez | this is a Fornix circuit
70
Outline the pathway of the Circuit of Papez:
Parrahippocampal gyrus > hippocampus > fornix > mammilary bodies (part of hypothalamus) > thalamus > cingulate gyrus > parahippocampal gyrus
71
What does the Stria Terminalis connect?
Amygdala and Hypothalamus
72
What connects the Amygdala with the basal ganglia, olfactory cortex, cingulate gyrus, prefontal cortex, hypothalamus, and septal nuclei?
Ventral amygdalofugal pathway
73
What structure is a diffuse group of axons that carry info between amygdala, brainstem, and hypothalamus?
Medial forebrain bundle
74
Name 7 pathologies that arise when the limbic system is damaged:
``` Memory loss Olfactory dysfunction Emotional disturbances Autonomic and homeostatic dysfunctions Personality changes Changes in sexual behaviors and grooming Seizures ```
75
Where is the Pituitary housed?
Sella Turcica
76
What are the two divisions of the pituitary, and what structure connects it to the Hypothalamus?
Anterior/Posterior Pituitary stalk called the Infundibulum
77
What is the glandular division of the pituitary?
Anterior
78
What is the neural tissue division of the pituitary?
Posterior
79
Name the 6 hormones secreted/synthesized by the Anterior Pituitary.
``` GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL ```
80
What other structure in the brain does the Anterior Pituitary have an endocrine relationship with and how is it connected?
Hypothalamus Hypothalamic-Hypophysial portal system
81
Does the Posterior Pituitary make any hormones?
No! They just store hormones synthesized by neural tissue.
82
What are 2 hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary?
Vasopressin (aka - ADH) | Oxytocin
83
Pretty much every hormone in the Anterior Pituitary is mediated/controlled by hormones in the:
Hypothalamus
84
What is the most anterior region of the hypothalamus and what does it contain?
Preoptic region contains medial and lateral preoptic nuclei
85
What are the 6 nuclei in the Supraoptic (anterior) region of the hypothalamus?
``` Periventricular nucleus Paraventricular nuc. Anterior nuc. Suprachiasmatic nuc. Supraoptic nuc. Lateral hypothalamic nuc. ```
86
What 5 nuclei make up the middle (tuberal) region of the hypothalamus?
``` Periventricular Arcuate (infundibular) Dorsomedial Ventromedial Lateral hypothalamic ```
87
What 3 nuclei make up the Posterior (mammilary) region of the Hypothalamus?
Posterior nuc. Mammilary body Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
88
Name 3 functions of the Hypothalamus:
Regulate circadian rhythms Appetite/thirst Thermoregulation

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