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Tim's Cards > Musculoskeletal - 521 - Test 2 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal - 521 - Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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2
Q

In the cervical region spinal nerves are above or below their corresponding numbered vertebrae?

A

Above

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3
Q

Which spinal nerve is a naming exception?

A

8

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4
Q

Which vertebrae is spinal nerve eight found between?

A

C7 and T1

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5
Q

In the thoracic region the spinal nerve is found above or below their corresponding numbered vertebrae?

A

Below

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6
Q

The T3 spinal nerve is above / below the T3 vertebrae?

A

Below

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7
Q

What is a non-smooth visceral muscle?

A

Heart

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8
Q

T/F

Ganglion are found ONLY in the PNS.

A

True

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9
Q

What are two main branches of spinal nerves?

A

Dorsal Ramus

Ventral Ramus

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10
Q

Where does the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve go?

A

Innervates the deep muscles and skin of the back.

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11
Q

Describe a sensory neuron in the PNS?

Where is cell body?

A

Unipolar
Dorsal Root Ganglia
Afferent

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12
Q

What are the two types of Ganglia in the PNS?

A

Sensory and Autonomic

so if it’s motor, it’s autonomic

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13
Q

Where is the Trigeminal Ganglion?

A

In the head - innervates the faceWhat

this must be an exception?

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14
Q

Where is a 1st order sensory neuron?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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15
Q

What are neural nuclei and where are they found?

A

Cell bodies where synapses occur.

Found only in the CNS

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16
Q

Where is a 2nd order sensory neuron found?

A

Thalamus

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17
Q

On what spinal ramus do the white/grey rami and the sympathetic chain reside?

A

Ventral

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18
Q

What nerves bypass the sympathetic chain pathways?

A

Splanchnic nerves

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19
Q

What are generally the two neurotransmitters (pre/post ganglionic) used in the parasympathetic system?

A

ACh and ACh

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20
Q

What are generally the two neurotransmitters (pre/post ganglionic) used in the sympathetic system?

A

ACh and norepinepherine

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21
Q

What parasympathetic nerve completely skips using a ganglion and happens to be the biggest?

A

Vagus

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22
Q

Name the 7 parasympathetic spinal nerves.

A

III, VII, IX, X

S2, S3, S4

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23
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33

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24
Q

What are the 5 sections of vertebrae and how many in each section

A 
Cervical  7
Thoracic  12
Lumbar  5
Sacrum  5
Coccyx  4
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25
Q

Where is the cervicolthoracic junction?

A

C7

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26
Q

Describe the four curves of the spine

A

Cervical - lordotic
Thoracic - Kyphotic
Lumbar - Lordotic
Sacral - Kyphotic

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27
Q

What structure on the vertebrae typically obstructs movement?

A

Articulating process

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28
Q

What makes up the vertebral arch?

A

Pedicle and Lamina

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29
Q

Name four major anatomical parts of vertebrae and three processes

A

Body, vertebral arch, pedicle, lamina

Articular Spinous, Transverse

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30
Q

What processes facilitate movement?

What process inhibits movement?

A

Spinous, transverse (they are bigger)

Articulating (smaller, junctional, and therefore inhibitory)

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31
Q

What are some anatomical characteristics of the Atlas?

A

C1

No body or spinous process (but has a Posterior Tubercle)

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32
Q

Where is the Fovea Dentis?

A

Anterior (ventral) surface of the interior C1 Atlas

Point of articulation

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33
Q

Where is the groove for the vertebral artery?

A

C1 Atlas posterior lateral part of arch

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34
Q

Describe characteristics of the Axis?

A

C2

Has spinous process. Anterior articular facet called Dens/Odontoid Process (articulates with fovea dentis)

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35
Q

Where spatially is the Dens as it relates to the Fovea Dentis?

A

Medial

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36
Q

What two vertebrae lack discs?

A

C1 and C2

Atlas and Axis

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37
Q

What are some characteristics of C3-C7?

A

Small bodies, Bifid Processes, Large triangular foramen, Uncinate processes

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38
Q

At what angle are the articular facets in the cervical spine?

A

45 Degrees

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39
Q

Where is the transverse foramen found in cervical vertebrae?

A

Lateral to the small body

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40
Q

What process in the cervical spine prevents posterior sliding movements and limits lateral flexion?

A

Uncinate processes

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41
Q

What three motions are allowed by the cervical vertebrae?

A

Flexion/Extension
Lateral Flexion
Rotation

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42
Q

Describe characteristics of thoracic vertebrae.

A

Long spinous processes angled downward

Circular vertebral foramen (smaller than found in other vertebrae)

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43
Q

What type of joint articulates thoracic vertebrae with ribs?

A

Synovial

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44
Q

At what angle are articular facets of thoracic vertebrae?

What is the function?

A

60 degrees downward.

Limits movement

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45
Q

Thoracic bodies _______ in size caudally

A

Increase

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46
Q

Thoracic spinous processes _______ with lower vertebrae.

A

Overlap

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47
Q

Both cervical and Lumbar vertebrae have what shape of foramen?

A

Triangular

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48
Q

The lumbar articular facets are in what plane?

A

Saggital (vertical)

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49
Q

What process is unique to Lumbar vertebrae?

A

Mammilary

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50
Q

The mammilary process is an extension of what?

A

The superior articular process in Lumbar vertebrae.

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51
Q

Where is the majority of the motion in the Lumbar spine?

A

Saggital plane (very little rotation)

52
Q

How many vertebrae are in the sacrum?

A

5 Fused

53
Q

What major joint (articulation) is found in the sacrum?

A

Sacro - Illiac (SI)

54
Q

Name three sacral articulations:

A

SI joint
L5 with S1
Sacrum to Coccyx

55
Q

What are the sacral foramina?

A

found ant/post and carry spinal nerves

56
Q

What comprises the coccyx?

A

3 (or 4) Very small bones

site of muscle attachments

57
Q

Define Lordotic

A

Concave (from posterior pov)

58
Q

Define Kyphotic

A

Convex (from post. pov)

59
Q

What are the two bones of the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium/ischium/pubis (bilateral innominate)

60
Q

Hyperkyphosis refers to what section of the vertebrae?

A

Thoracic

61
Q

Transection of spinal cord at C1-C3 results in:

A

No function below head

Respirator required

62
Q

Transection of spinal cord at C4-C5 results in:

A

No limb function

Able to breath

63
Q

Transection of spine at C6-C8 results in:

A

Loss of hand/upper limb function

although may wheelchair functional

64
Q

T1 - T9 Transection results in:

A

Paralysis of both lower limbs

65
Q

What transection results in some thigh function in which patient may walk with braces?

A

T10 - L1

66
Q

L2 - L3 transection results in:

A

Most lower limb functional

Walking with short braces may be possible

67
Q

Where is the Atlanto-Occipital joint?

A

C1 to skull

68
Q

Where is the Atlanto-Axial joint?

A

C1-C2

69
Q

Why are Uncovertebral joints only found C3-C7?

A

They require Uncinate processes.

70
Q

What is another name for facet joints?

A

Zygapophyseal

71
Q

Name 6 main ligaments of the spine

A 
Supraspinous Ligament
Interspinous Ligament
Ligamentum Flava
InterTransverse Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
72
Q

What two ligaments are a continuation of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament in C1?
What does it prevent?

A

Atlanto-occipital
Atlanto-Axial
Prevents excessive Lordosis (it is anterior)

73
Q

What ligament is posterior in C-spine and a continuation of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament?

A

Tectorial Membrane

74
Q

What does the Tectorial Membrane cover?

A

Dens

75
Q

What ligament prevents Dens from dislocating into vertebral canal?

A

Cruciform (cruciate)

76
Q

What ligaments connect the Dens to the Foramen Magnum?

A

Alar and Apical

77
Q

What are the two vertebral body ligaments?

A

Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal ligaments

78
Q

What are the four Vertebral Arch ligaments?

A

Supraspinous
Interspinous
Intertransverse
Ligamentum Flava

79
Q

What color is the Ligamentum Flava and why?

A

yellow

made up of elastic fibers

80
Q

What is the name of the anterior longitudinal ligament between C2 and occiput?

A

Anterior atlanto-axial L.

Anterior atlanto-occipital L.

81
Q

What is the name of the posterior longitudinal ligament between C2 and occiput?

A

Tectorial membrane

82
Q

What is the name of the Ligamentum Favum between C2 and occiput?

A

posterior atlanto-axial
posterior atlanto occipital
(found btwn Lamina - just like Flava)

83
Q

The Interspinous ligament combines with ______ between C2 and Occiput.

A

Ligamentum Nuchae

84
Q

The supraspinous ligament and the interspinous ligament combine to become what in C2-occiput?

A

Ligamentum nuchae

85
Q

Name the 5 spine to pelvis ligaments

A 
Iliolumbar
Sacroiliac
Sacrospinous
Sacrotuberous
Sacrococcygeal
86
Q

Where do intervertebral discs start?

A

Below C2 (Axis)

87
Q

How are intervertebral discs numbered?

A

By the vertebrae ABOVE

88
Q

What are the two main components of a disc?

A

Annulus Fibrosis

Nucleus Pulposis

89
Q

Where does the nucleus of a disc reside?

A

Somewhat posterior

90
Q

Where do nerve roots exit the spinal column?

A

Posterior / Lateral

91
Q

What side rupture of a disc will most disturb spinal nerve roots?

A

Posterior ruptures

92
Q

What is the general term for narrowing of any nerve canal, including the spinal canal?

A

Stenosis

93
Q

Review:

What are the three meninges?

A

Dura, Arachnoid, Pia

94
Q

What are the denticulate ligaments, how many are there, and from what mater are they formed?

A

Innermost covering spinal cord
20-22 ligaments
Pia mater

95
Q

The structure immediately superior to the spinal cord is…

A

Medulla Oblongata

96
Q

What two sections of the spine have larger spinal cord in diameter?

A

Cervical and Lumbar

97
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 and L2

98
Q

Where does the Filum Terminale end?

A

Extends through conus medularis, caud equina, and ends at inferior coccyx

99
Q

Where do the three spinal cord arteries run?

A

Anterior (1)

Posterior (2)

100
Q

What nerves innervate the back?

A

Dorsal ramii

both deep muscle and cutaneous

101
Q

The C1 Spinal nerve is ______ the C1 vertebrae, while the T1 Spinal nerve is _______ the T1 vertebrae.

A

Above

Below

102
Q

Name four superficial (extrinsic) muscles of the back.

A

levator scapulae
trapezius
rhomboids
latissimus dorsi

103
Q

What muscle runs from ligamentum nuchae to mastoid process on the skull?

A

Splenius Capitus

104
Q

What muscle runs from the spinous processes on the T3-T6 to the transverse processes on C2-C4?

A

Splenius Cervicis

105
Q

The splenius capitus and splenius cervicis make up what group of muscles?

A

Splenius group

106
Q

What are the three muscles of the Erector Spinae Group?

A

I - Iliocostalis
Like - Longissimus
Standing - Spinalus

107
Q

Name the Erector Spinae Group from Medial to Lateral.

A

Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis

108
Q

What nerve innervates the Erector Spinae Group?

A

Posterior (Dorsal) Rami

109
Q

Describe actions of the Erector Spinae Group

A 
Lateral flexion (unilateral)
Extension (bilateral)
110
Q

What 3 muscles make up the transversospinal group?

A

Semispinalis
Multifidi
Rotators

111
Q

What nerve innervates the transversospinal group?

A

dorsal rami

112
Q

What are the actions of the semispinalis, multifidi, and rotators (transversospinal group)?

A

Lateral flexion (same side)
Rotation (to opposite side)
Extension (bilateral)

113
Q

Name the 4 muscles, 2 nerves, and 1 artery that make up the suboccipital triangle.

A 
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Obliquus Capitus Superior
Obliquus Capitus Inferior
Suboccipital n.
Greater occipital n.
Vertebral artery
114
Q

Name the 2 muscles that go from the Cervical spine to the skull.

A

Rectus Capitis Anterior

Rectus Capitis Lateralis

115
Q

Name 2 muscles that have origin and insertion on the anterior c-spine.

A

Longus Colli

Longus Capitus

116
Q

Name 4 muscles of the Lateral c-spine.

A

Scalenus Ant.
Scalenus Medius
Scalenus Post.
Sternomastoid

117
Q

What innervates the three scalene muscles?

A

Ventral Rami of c-spinal nerves

118
Q

Origin/Insertion Ant. Scalene:

A

Origin: superior 1st rib
Insertion: Transverse processes C3-C6

119
Q

Origin/Insertion Mid. Scalene:

A

Origin: Superior 1st rib
Insertion: Transverse processes C4-C6

120
Q

Origin/Insertion Post. Scalene:

A

Origin: 2nd rib
Insertion: Transverse processes C4-C6

121
Q

Describe the actions of the Scalene muscles

A

Lateral flexion
contralateral rotation
rib elevation
Flexion

122
Q

From whence does the brachial plexus emerge?

A

Between anterior and middle Scalene

123
Q

Describe the boundaries of the Abdominal Cavity.

A 
Diaphragm
Abdominal muscles
Inferior rib cage
Posterior abdominal wall muscles
Pelvic line
124
Q

What are the abs?

A

Rectus Abdominus

125
Q

From superficial to deep, name the muscular abdominal walls.

A

Rectus abdominus
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transverse abdominus

126
Q

Name 3 muscles making up the posterior abdominal wall.

A

Quadratus lumborum
Psoas major
Iliacus

Tim's Cards (140 decks)

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