Musculoskeletal - 521 - Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
How many spinal nerves are there?
A
31 pairs
2
Q
In the cervical region spinal nerves are above or below their corresponding numbered vertebrae?
A
Above
3
Q
Which spinal nerve is a naming exception?
A
8
4
Q
Which vertebrae is spinal nerve eight found between?
A
C7 and T1
5
Q
In the thoracic region the spinal nerve is found above or below their corresponding numbered vertebrae?
A
Below
6
Q
The T3 spinal nerve is above / below the T3 vertebrae?
A
Below
7
Q
What is a non-smooth visceral muscle?
A
Heart
8
Q
T/F
Ganglion are found ONLY in the PNS.
A
True
9
Q
What are two main branches of spinal nerves?
A
Dorsal Ramus
Ventral Ramus
10
Q
Where does the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve go?
A
Innervates the deep muscles and skin of the back.
11
Q
Describe a sensory neuron in the PNS?
Where is cell body?
A
Unipolar
Dorsal Root Ganglia
Afferent
12
Q
What are the two types of Ganglia in the PNS?
A
Sensory and Autonomic
so if it’s motor, it’s autonomic
13
Q
Where is the Trigeminal Ganglion?
A
In the head - innervates the faceWhat
this must be an exception?
14
Q
Where is a 1st order sensory neuron?
A
dorsal root ganglion
15
Q
What are neural nuclei and where are they found?
A
Cell bodies where synapses occur.
Found only in the CNS
16
Q
Where is a 2nd order sensory neuron found?
A
Thalamus
17
Q
On what spinal ramus do the white/grey rami and the sympathetic chain reside?
A
Ventral
18
Q
What nerves bypass the sympathetic chain pathways?
A
Splanchnic nerves
19
Q
What are generally the two neurotransmitters (pre/post ganglionic) used in the parasympathetic system?
A
ACh and ACh
20
Q
What are generally the two neurotransmitters (pre/post ganglionic) used in the sympathetic system?
A
ACh and norepinepherine
21
Q
What parasympathetic nerve completely skips using a ganglion and happens to be the biggest?
A
Vagus
22
Q
Name the 7 parasympathetic spinal nerves.
A
III, VII, IX, X
S2, S3, S4
23
Q
How many vertebrae are there?
A
33
24
Q
What are the 5 sections of vertebrae and how many in each section
A
Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacrum 5 Coccyx 4
25
Where is the cervicolthoracic junction?
C7
26
Describe the four curves of the spine
Cervical - lordotic
Thoracic - Kyphotic
Lumbar - Lordotic
Sacral - Kyphotic
27
What structure on the vertebrae typically obstructs movement?
Articulating process
28
What makes up the vertebral arch?
Pedicle and Lamina
29
Name four major anatomical parts of vertebrae and three processes
Body, vertebral arch, pedicle, lamina
| Articular Spinous, Transverse
30
What processes facilitate movement?
| What process inhibits movement?
Spinous, transverse (they are bigger)
| Articulating (smaller, junctional, and therefore inhibitory)
31
What are some anatomical characteristics of the Atlas?
C1
| No body or spinous process (but has a Posterior Tubercle)
32
Where is the Fovea Dentis?
Anterior (ventral) surface of the interior C1 Atlas
| Point of articulation
33
Where is the groove for the vertebral artery?
C1 Atlas posterior lateral part of arch
34
Describe characteristics of the Axis?
C2
| Has spinous process. Anterior articular facet called Dens/Odontoid Process (articulates with fovea dentis)
35
Where spatially is the Dens as it relates to the Fovea Dentis?
Medial
36
What two vertebrae lack discs?
C1 and C2
| Atlas and Axis
37
What are some characteristics of C3-C7?
Small bodies, Bifid Processes, Large triangular foramen, Uncinate processes
38
At what angle are the articular facets in the cervical spine?
45 Degrees
39
Where is the transverse foramen found in cervical vertebrae?
Lateral to the small body
40
What process in the cervical spine prevents posterior sliding movements and limits lateral flexion?
Uncinate processes
41
What three motions are allowed by the cervical vertebrae?
Flexion/Extension
Lateral Flexion
Rotation
42
Describe characteristics of thoracic vertebrae.
Long spinous processes angled downward
| Circular vertebral foramen (smaller than found in other vertebrae)
43
What type of joint articulates thoracic vertebrae with ribs?
Synovial
44
At what angle are articular facets of thoracic vertebrae?
| What is the function?
60 degrees downward.
| Limits movement
45
Thoracic bodies _______ in size caudally
Increase
46
Thoracic spinous processes _______ with lower vertebrae.
Overlap
47
Both cervical and Lumbar vertebrae have what shape of foramen?
Triangular
48
The lumbar articular facets are in what plane?
Saggital (vertical)
49
What process is unique to Lumbar vertebrae?
Mammilary
50
The mammilary process is an extension of what?
The superior articular process in Lumbar vertebrae.
51
Where is the majority of the motion in the Lumbar spine?
Saggital plane (very little rotation)
52
How many vertebrae are in the sacrum?
5 Fused
53
What major joint (articulation) is found in the sacrum?
Sacro - Illiac (SI)
54
Name three sacral articulations:
SI joint
L5 with S1
Sacrum to Coccyx
55
What are the sacral foramina?
found ant/post and carry spinal nerves
56
What comprises the coccyx?
3 (or 4) Very small bones
| site of muscle attachments
57
Define Lordotic
Concave (from posterior pov)
58
Define Kyphotic
Convex (from post. pov)
59
What are the two bones of the pelvic girdle?
Ilium/ischium/pubis (bilateral innominate)
60
Hyperkyphosis refers to what section of the vertebrae?
Thoracic
61
Transection of spinal cord at C1-C3 results in:
No function below head
| Respirator required
62
Transection of spinal cord at C4-C5 results in:
No limb function
| Able to breath
63
Transection of spine at C6-C8 results in:
Loss of hand/upper limb function
| although may wheelchair functional
64
T1 - T9 Transection results in:
Paralysis of both lower limbs
65
What transection results in some thigh function in which patient may walk with braces?
T10 - L1
66
L2 - L3 transection results in:
Most lower limb functional
| Walking with short braces may be possible
67
Where is the Atlanto-Occipital joint?
C1 to skull
68
Where is the Atlanto-Axial joint?
C1-C2
69
Why are Uncovertebral joints only found C3-C7?
They require Uncinate processes.
70
What is another name for facet joints?
Zygapophyseal
71
Name 6 main ligaments of the spine
```
Supraspinous Ligament
Interspinous Ligament
Ligamentum Flava
InterTransverse Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
```
72
What two ligaments are a continuation of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament in C1?
What does it prevent?
Atlanto-occipital
Atlanto-Axial
Prevents excessive Lordosis (it is anterior)
73
What ligament is posterior in C-spine and a continuation of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament?
Tectorial Membrane
74
What does the Tectorial Membrane cover?
Dens
75
What ligament prevents Dens from dislocating into vertebral canal?
Cruciform (cruciate)
76
What ligaments connect the Dens to the Foramen Magnum?
Alar and Apical
77
What are the two vertebral body ligaments?
Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal ligaments
78
What are the four Vertebral Arch ligaments?
Supraspinous
Interspinous
Intertransverse
Ligamentum Flava
79
What color is the Ligamentum Flava and why?
yellow
| made up of elastic fibers
80
What is the name of the anterior longitudinal ligament between C2 and occiput?
Anterior atlanto-axial L.
| Anterior atlanto-occipital L.
81
What is the name of the posterior longitudinal ligament between C2 and occiput?
Tectorial membrane
82
What is the name of the Ligamentum Favum between C2 and occiput?
posterior atlanto-axial
posterior atlanto occipital
(found btwn Lamina - just like Flava)
83
The Interspinous ligament combines with ______ between C2 and Occiput.
Ligamentum Nuchae
84
The supraspinous ligament and the interspinous ligament combine to become what in C2-occiput?
Ligamentum nuchae
85
Name the 5 spine to pelvis ligaments
```
Iliolumbar
Sacroiliac
Sacrospinous
Sacrotuberous
Sacrococcygeal
```
86
Where do intervertebral discs start?
Below C2 (Axis)
87
How are intervertebral discs numbered?
By the vertebrae ABOVE
88
What are the two main components of a disc?
Annulus Fibrosis
| Nucleus Pulposis
89
Where does the nucleus of a disc reside?
Somewhat posterior
90
Where do nerve roots exit the spinal column?
Posterior / Lateral
91
What side rupture of a disc will most disturb spinal nerve roots?
Posterior ruptures
92
What is the general term for narrowing of any nerve canal, including the spinal canal?
Stenosis
93
Review:
| What are the three meninges?
Dura, Arachnoid, Pia
94
What are the denticulate ligaments, how many are there, and from what mater are they formed?
Innermost covering spinal cord
20-22 ligaments
Pia mater
95
The structure immediately superior to the spinal cord is...
Medulla Oblongata
96
What two sections of the spine have larger spinal cord in diameter?
Cervical and Lumbar
97
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1 and L2
98
Where does the Filum Terminale end?
Extends through conus medularis, caud equina, and ends at inferior coccyx
99
Where do the three spinal cord arteries run?
Anterior (1)
| Posterior (2)
100
What nerves innervate the back?
Dorsal ramii
| both deep muscle and cutaneous
101
The C1 Spinal nerve is ______ the C1 vertebrae, while the T1 Spinal nerve is _______ the T1 vertebrae.
Above
| Below
102
Name four superficial (extrinsic) muscles of the back.
levator scapulae
trapezius
rhomboids
latissimus dorsi
103
What muscle runs from ligamentum nuchae to mastoid process on the skull?
Splenius Capitus
104
What muscle runs from the spinous processes on the T3-T6 to the transverse processes on C2-C4?
Splenius Cervicis
105
The splenius capitus and splenius cervicis make up what group of muscles?
Splenius group
106
What are the three muscles of the Erector Spinae Group?
I - Iliocostalis
Like - Longissimus
Standing - Spinalus
107
Name the Erector Spinae Group from Medial to Lateral.
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
108
What nerve innervates the Erector Spinae Group?
Posterior (Dorsal) Rami
109
Describe actions of the Erector Spinae Group
```
Lateral flexion (unilateral)
Extension (bilateral)
```
110
What 3 muscles make up the transversospinal group?
Semispinalis
Multifidi
Rotators
111
What nerve innervates the transversospinal group?
dorsal rami
112
What are the actions of the semispinalis, multifidi, and rotators (transversospinal group)?
Lateral flexion (same side)
Rotation (to opposite side)
Extension (bilateral)
113
Name the 4 muscles, 2 nerves, and 1 artery that make up the suboccipital triangle.
```
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Obliquus Capitus Superior
Obliquus Capitus Inferior
Suboccipital n.
Greater occipital n.
Vertebral artery
```
114
Name the 2 muscles that go from the Cervical spine to the skull.
Rectus Capitis Anterior
| Rectus Capitis Lateralis
115
Name 2 muscles that have origin and insertion on the anterior c-spine.
Longus Colli
| Longus Capitus
116
Name 4 muscles of the Lateral c-spine.
Scalenus Ant.
Scalenus Medius
Scalenus Post.
Sternomastoid
117
What innervates the three scalene muscles?
Ventral Rami of c-spinal nerves
118
Origin/Insertion Ant. Scalene:
Origin: superior 1st rib
Insertion: Transverse processes C3-C6
119
Origin/Insertion Mid. Scalene:
Origin: Superior 1st rib
Insertion: Transverse processes C4-C6
120
Origin/Insertion Post. Scalene:
Origin: 2nd rib
Insertion: Transverse processes C4-C6
121
Describe the actions of the Scalene muscles
Lateral flexion
contralateral rotation
rib elevation
Flexion
122
From whence does the brachial plexus emerge?
Between anterior and middle Scalene
123
Describe the boundaries of the Abdominal Cavity.
```
Diaphragm
Abdominal muscles
Inferior rib cage
Posterior abdominal wall muscles
Pelvic line
```
124
What are the abs?
Rectus Abdominus
125
From superficial to deep, name the muscular abdominal walls.
Rectus abdominus
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transverse abdominus
126
Name 3 muscles making up the posterior abdominal wall.
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas major
Iliacus
