LRA-226 Final Review

Question 1

what is the clinical indication for an AP Axial projection/AP Towne?

Answer 1

• skull fractures (medial and lateral displacement)
• neoplastic processes
• Paget’s disease

Question 2

what is the patient position for an AP axial projection/AP Towne?

Answer 2

• depress the chin
• align OML with the EAM
• alignment will be perpendicular to the IR

Question 3

what is the CR for an AP Axial projection/AP Towne view?

Answer 3

• 2 inches above the glabella
• tube angle of 30 degrees caudal to the OML

Question 4

if the patient cannot depress chin to align the OML with the EAM, what changes need to be made?

Answer 4

• change the tube angle to 37 degrees caudal
• change the alignment to the IOML w/ the EAM

Question 5

what anatomy is demonstrated in a AP Axial projection/AP Townes view?

Answer 5

• occipital bone
• petrous pyramids
• foramen magnum
• dorsum sellae
• posterior clinoid process
• petrous ridges should be symmmetrical

Question 6

what is the clinical indication for a Lateral skull?

Answer 6

• skull fractures
• neoplastic processes
• Paget’s disease

Question 7

what is the patient position for a Lateral skull?

Answer 7

• place head in a true lateral position
• align the IOML with the EAM
• alignment is parallel to the IR
• MSP line is parallel to the IR
• IPL is perpendicular to the IR
• IOML is perpendicular to the front edge of the IR

Question 8

what is the CR for a lateral skull?

Answer 8

2 inches above/superior to the EAM

Question 9

what anatomy is demonstrated in a Lateral skull?

Answer 9

• entire cranium is visualized
• superimposed parietal bones of the cranium
• sella turcica (profile)
• anterior and posterior clinoid process
• dorsum sellae
• clivus (profile)

Question 10

what is the clinical indication for a PA Axial Caldwell of the skull?

Answer 10

• skull fractures
• neoplastic processes
• pagets disease

Question 11

what is the patient positions for a PA Axial caldwell of the skull?

Answer 11

• rest the patients nose and forehead to the IR
• flex neck to align OML with EAM
• alignment is perpendicular to the IR
• MSP is perpendicular to the IR

Question 12

what is the CR of a PA Axial caldwell of the skull?

Answer 12

• CR tube angle of 15 degrees caudad
• exits the nasion

Question 13

what anatomy is demonstrated in a PA Axial Caldwell skull?

Answer 13

• frontal bone
• greater and lesser sphenoid wings
• superior orbital fissure
• frontal and anterior ethmoid sinus
• supraorbital margins
• crista galli
• petrous pyramids are projected into the lower one-third of the orbits

Question 14

what is a clinical indication for a PA projection Skull?

Answer 14

• skull fractures (medial and lateral displacement)
• neoplastic processes
• Pagets disease

Question 15

what is the patient position for a PA projection Skull?

Answer 15

• rest patient’s nose and forehead against IR
• align OML with the EAM
• alignment is perpendicular to the IR
• MSP is perpendicular to the IR

Question 16

what is the CR for the PA projection Skull?

Answer 16

• CR perpendicular to the IR
• exits the glabella

Question 17

what anatomy is demonstrated in the PA projection Skull?

Answer 17

• frontal bone
• crista galli
• internal auditory canals
• frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses
• petrous ridges
• greater and lesser wings of sphenoid
• dorsum sellae
• petrous ridges are at the level of the supraorbital margin

Question 18

what is the clinical indication for a SMV Skull?

Answer 18

• advanced bony pathology of the inner temporal bone
• possible basal skull fracture

Question 19

what’s the patient position for a SMV skull?

Answer 19

• hyperextend neck
• align IOML with the EAM
• alignment is parallel to the IR
• MSP is perpendicular to the IR
• rest patient’s head on vertex

Question 20

what is the CR for a SMV skull?

Answer 20

• 1.5 inch inferior to the mandibular symphysis
• CR is perpendicular to the IR

Question 21

what anatomy is demonstrated in a SMV skull?

Answer 21

• foramen ovale/spinosum
• mandible
• sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses
• mastoid process
• petrous ridges
• hard palate
• foramen magnum
• occipital bone

Question 22

what is the clinical indication for a lateral facial bone?

Answer 22

• fractures
• neoplastic processes
• inflammatory process of the facial bones, orbits, and mandible

Question 23

what is the patient position for a Lateral facial bone?

Answer 23

• place head at a true lateral
• align IOML with the EAM
• alignment is parallel to the IR
• MSP is parallel to the IR
• IPL is perpendicular to the IR
• IOML is perpendicular to the front edge of the IR

Question 24

what is the CR for a Lateral facial bone?

Answer 24

• zygoma
• between the outer canthus and EAM
• CR perpendicular to the IR

Question 25

what anatomy is demonstrated in a lateral facial bone?

Answer 25

• superimposed facial bones
• greater wings of sphenoid
• orbital plates
• sella turcica
• zygoma
• mandible

Question 26

what is the clinical indication for a waters method/parietoacanthial method?

Answer 26

• fractures (tripod and le fort)
• neoplastic or inflammatory processes
• foreign bodies in the eye

Question 27

what is the patient position for a waters view/parietoacanthial method?

Answer 27

• extend head to align the MML with the EAM
• alignment is perpendicular to the IR (forms a 37 degree)
• MSP is perpendicular to IR
• rest chin to IR

Question 28

what is the CR for a waters view/parietoacanthial method?

Answer 28

• CR is perpendicular to IR
• exits the acanthion

Question 29

what anatomy is demonstrated in a waters view/parietoacanthial view?

Answer 29

• IOMs
• maxillae
• nasal septum
• zygomatic bones
• zygomatic arches
• anterior nasal spine
• petrous ridges just inferior to the maxillary sinuses