Chapter 1 Radiographic Positioning and Anatomy Part 2 Flashcards
Define Supine
- lying on back
- facing upwards
define Prone
- lying on the abdomen
- facing downwards
define Erect
- upright position
- standing or sitting
define Recumbent
- lying down in any position
- prone, supine, or on the side
define Dorsal Recumbent
- lying on back
- supine
define Ventral Recumbent
- lying face down
- prone
define lateral recumbent
- lying on the side
- right or left lateral
define Trendelenburg
- recumbent position
- tilted
- head lower than the feet
define Fowler’s/Reverse Trendelenburg
- recumbent position
- tilted
- head higher than the feet
define Sims position
- recumbent oblique
- lying on the left anterior side
- right knee and thigh flexed
- left arm extended down behind the back
define Lithotomy
- a recumbent (supine)
- hip flexed
- knees and thigh abducted
- rotated externally
- supported by ankle supports
when are lithotomy positions used?
the lithotomy position is used in surgical sites when dealing with urinary studies
define position
refer to a specific body position described by the body part closest to the IR (imaging radiation) or by the surface on which the patient is lying (decubitus)
define lateral position
- refers to the side of or a side view
define right lateral
- the right side of the body closest to the IR
- erect position
define an oblique position
- an angled position
define specific lateral position
- the body that is closest to the IR
- body part from which the CR exists
what factors make a true lateral position?
- always 90 degrees
- perpendicular
- right angle
- true AP or PA
define LPO
- left posteriori oblique
- can be both erect or recumbent
define RPO
- right posterior oblique
- can be both erect or recumbent
define LAO
- left anterior oblique
define RAO
- right anterior oblique
define decubitus
- to lie down
- always performed with a CR horizontal
- dorsal
- ventral
- lateral
what is the decubitus position used for?
- detecting air fluid
- free air in the body cavity
- detected in the abdomen or chest
- usually performed if the patient cannot be erect
define left lateral decubitus
- laying on your left side
- the beam is shot horizontally (stomach or back)
define right lateral decubitus
- laying down on your right side
- the beam is shot horizontally
define dorsal decubitus
- laying down, face up (supine)
- the beam is shot horizontally (hip/side)
define ventral decubitus
- laying down, face down (prone)
- the beam is shot horizontally (hip/side)
define projections
- positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the X-ray beam as it passes through the patient
- how the procedure is performed
define PA projection
- also known as posteroanterior
- posterior to anterior
- the CR enters the posterior surface
- exists in the anterior surface
define a true PA projection
- the CR is perpendicular to the coronal plane
- the CR is parallel to the saggital plane
- no rotation, unless it’s an oblique projection
define AP projection
- anteroposterior
- anterior to posterior
- the CR enters the anterior surface
- exists the posterior surface
define a true AP projection
- no rotation, unless it’s described as an oblique projection
define AP oblique projection
- not a true AP projection
- it must include the positioning (medial or lateral rotation)
- CR enters the anterior surface
- CR exits the posterior surface
- Ex.) on the foot, it enters through the dorsum of the foot (top of the foot), and exits through the plantar
define PA oblique projection
- not a true PA projection
- must include the positioning (medial or lateral rotation)
- CR enters the posterior surface
- CR exits the anterior surface
- Ex.) in the hand, it enters in the dorsum (behind the palm) and exits through the palmar
define mediolateral projection
- determined in anatomical position
- CR enters in the medial surface
- CR exits the lateral surface
define lateromedial projection
- determined in anatomical position
- CR enters the lateral surface
- CR exits the medial surface
define Axial projection
- directed to, or parallel to, the long axis of the body or part
- angled
define inferosuperior axial projection
- performed for the shoulder or hip
- CR enters through the inferior surface
- CR exits through the superior surface
define superoinferior axial projection
- performed for the nasal bone
- CR enters the superior surface
- CR exits the inferior surface
define tangential projection
- touching a curve or surface at only one point
- CR skims the body part
- avoids the bigger picture, looks only for the little details
- Ex.) zygomatic bone or patella
define AP lordotic position
- AP axial chest projection
- the long axis of the body is angled
- curvature of the cervical and lumbar spine
- torso is curved forward
define transthoracic lateral projection
- lateral projection through the thorax
- requires a positioning (right or left lateral)
- examines the shoulder
- right or left transthoracic lateral shoulder
- CR passes through the thorax
define dorsoplantar
- also known as DP
- CR from the dorsal (anterior) surface to the plantar (posterior) surface of the foot
define plantodorsal
- also known as PD
- CR enters the plantar (posterior) surface to the dorsal (anterior) surface
define the parietocanthial projection
- CR enters the cranial parietal bone
- CR exits the acanthion (between the nose and upper lip)
- also known as PA waters
define acanthioparietal projection
- CR enters the acanthion (between the nose and the upper lip)
- CR exists the cranial parietal bone
- also known as AP waters
What is another name for parietocanthial projection?
- PA waters
- used to visualize the facial bones
what is another name for acanthioparietal projection?
- AP waters
- used to visualize the facial bones
define submentovertical
- also known as SMV
- CR enters the below the chin/mentum
- CR exits at the vertex or top of the skull
define verticosubmental
- also known as VSM
- CR enters at the top of the skull/vertex
- CR exits below the chin/mentum
what are submentovertical and verticosubmental used for?
- used for the skull and mandible
define body habitus
- the build, and the general shape of the human body
what are the four classes of body habitus?
- Sthenic
- Hyposthenic
- Hypersthenic
- Asthenic
define sthenic
- 50% of the population falls into this category
- considered average in shape and internal organ location
define Hyposthenic
- a body style that is more slender
- 35% of the population
define hypersthenic
- a body style with a broad frame
- 5% of the population
define Asthenic
- very thin or slender with a long and narrow body
- 10% of the population
How is the IR (image receptor) adjusted when dealing with someone who is hyposthenic or asthenic?
- the IR is placed in a portrait (lengthwise) position
- this is due to the lungs being longer
How is the IR (image receptor) adjusted when dealing with someone who is hypersthenic?
- the IR is placed in a landscape (crosswise) position
- this is due to the lungs being shorter and broad
How is the IR (image receptor) adjusted when dealing with someone who is Sthenic?
- the IR can be portrait or landscape
- depends on the patient’s age, height, and pathology
define radiograph
- an image of a patient’s anatomic parts with the use of x-rays on an image receptor
define radiography
- the process and procedures of producing a radiograph
define image receptor (IR)
- the device that captures the radiographic image
define Central Ray (CR)
- the center most portion of the x-ray beam emitted from the x-ray tube
what are the examination procedure steps?
- positioning of the body part and alignment with the CR and IR
- application of radiation protection measures (shielding)
- selection of exposure factors on the control panel
- instructions to the patient
- processing the IR
define anatomic position
- reference position
- defines specific surfaces and planes of the body
- upright position
- arms are abducted slightly
- palms forward
- head and feet directed straight ahead
What are the three body planes?
- sagittal
- coronal/frontal
- transverse/ Horizontal (axial) plane
define sagittal plane
- divides the body into left and right
define coronal/frontal plane
- divides the body into front and back
define transverse/horizontal (axis) plane
- divides the body into up and down
define oblique plane
- dividing the body in a diagonal angle
define base plane of the skull
- transverse plane
- infraorbital to the base of the skull (near lamboid suture)
what is another name for the Base plane of the skull
- also known as Frankfort horizontal plane
define occlusal plane
- horizontal plane
- by the biting surface of the upper and lower teeth
define posterior/dorsal
- back half of the body
define ventral/anterior
- front half of the body
define projection
- a positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam
what are some types of projections?
- AP/PA
- AP oblique/ PA oblique
- mediolateral/lateromedial
define positions
- describes the general body position
- the specific body position
define cephalad
- also known as cephalic
- closer to the head
- superior
define caudad
- also known as the caudal
- closer to the feet or tail
- away from the head
- inferior
define proximal
- closer to the attachment/trunk
- near the source
define distal
- further from the attachment/trunk
- away form the source
define superficial
- nearer to the skin/surface
define plantar
- sole
- posterior of the foot
define dorsal (foot)
- top or anterior surface of the foot
- dorsum pedis
define dorsal (hand)
- back or posterior surface of the hand
define palmar
- palm of the hand
- anterior portion of the hand
define medial
- closest to the midline of the body
- inner portion
- closer to the body
define lateral
- away from the body
- away from the midline
define caudad angle
- any angle toward the feet
- away form the head
define cephalad angle
- any angle toward the head end of the body
define interior
- inside something
- nearer to the center
define exterior
- outside of something
- further from the center
define the prefix intra-
- within or inside
define the prefix inter-
- between things
define the prefix exo-
- outside or outward
define deep
- farther away from the surface/skin
define ipsilateral
- same side of the body or part
define contralateral
- on the opposite side of the body or part
define flexion
- decreases the angle
define extension
- increases the angle
define hyperextension
- extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position
- going backwards/ posterior
- Ex. examining a ring on your hand
define dorsiflexion
- backward or posterior flexion
- ex. lifting your toes to face your shin
define acute flexion
- flexion of the wrist
- curving inwards into the body
define ulnar deviation
- turn or bend the hand and wrist to the direction of the ulna
- pinky
- medial side
define radial deviation
- turn or bend the hand and wrist to the direction of the radius
- thumb
- lateral side
define dorsiflexion (of the foot)
- decreasing the angle
- moving the toes upward to the shin
define plantar flexion
- extending the angle joint
- moving the foot downwards to the floor
- toes facing down
define eversion
- outward stress movement
- moving laterally
define inversion
- inward stress movement
- moving medially
define medial rotation
- rotating medially
- rotating inward
- toward the midline
define lateral rotation
- rotating laterally
- rotating outwards
- away from the midline
define abduction
- lateral movement away from the body
- for fingers and toes, spreading them apart
define adduction
- movement toward the body
- towards the center
- for fingers and toes, moving them toward each other
define supination
- rotation where palms are facing up
define pronation
- rotating where palms are facing downward
define protraction
- movement forward
define retraction
- movement backward
define elevation
- lifting, raising, or moving superiorly
define depression
- letting down, lowering, moving inferiorly
define circumduction
- move around forming a circle
define rotation
- turn or rotate a body part on its axis
define tilt
- slanting or tilting movement
