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chapter 1 practice Flashcards

1
Q

define acute radiodermatitis

A

radiation burns

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2
Q

define cathode ray tube

A

a partial vacuum tube that produces an electron stream

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3
Q

define derived quantities

A

velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, work and power

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4
Q

define fluoroscope

A

a device that allows dynamic x-ray examination using x-rays and a fluorescent screen

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5
Q

define fundamental quantities

A

mass, length, and time

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6
Q

define ionizing radiation

A

radiation with sufficient energy to ionize atoms

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7
Q

define mobile equipment

A

a unit on wheels that can be taken to the patient’s bedside, emergency department, or wherever it may be needed

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8
Q

define permanently installed equipment

A

units that are fixed in place in a particular room specifically designed for the purpose and are not intended to be mobile

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9
Q

define special radiologic quantities

A

dose, dose equivalent, exposure, and radioactivity

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10
Q

when was Dr. Roentgen born?

A

March 27, 1845

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11
Q

what did the x in “x-light” represent?

A

x represented the unknown

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12
Q

which of the following is the discovery of x-rays?
a. November 5, 1885
b. November 5, 1895
c. November 8, 1885
d. November 8, 1895

A

d. November 8, 1895

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13
Q

what body part did Roentgen photograph of his wife using the new x-light? What’s the time period of the photograph?

A

He photographed his wife’s hand. The photograph was made on December 22, 1895

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14
Q

During Roentgen’s experiment, what chemical was the cardboard painted with?

A

barium platinocyanide

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15
Q

What did Roentgen write after he completed his investigation?

A

the first three communications (informal papers)

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16
Q

Why did a lot of people suffer from acute radiodermatitis?

A

At the time, photographs had an exposure time of 20-30 minutes to several hours. This led to a large exposure of radiation to the person capturing a photograph.

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17
Q

Why did a lot of people suffer from electrocution?

A

Because the equipment was not grounded, enclosed, or shieled, electrocution would occur to the operator

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18
Q

Instead of medicine, what were x-rays used for?

A

X-rays were used for entertainment and marketing purposes such as skincare, shoe fitting, golf balls, etc.

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19
Q

Why did Thomas Edison discontinued his investigation in x-rays?

A

He suffered radiation burns to his face and an injury to his left eye.

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20
Q

Who was Clarence Dally and how did x-rays impact him?

A

Clarence Dally was Edison’s assistant.

Since he decided to continue with the investigation on x-rays, he suffered severe radiation burns and amputations. From all the agonizing pain, he died in 1904.

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21
Q

How were technologist identified?

A

amputations and gloves hands

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22
Q

define mass

A

quantity of matter contained in an object. it is anything that occupies space, has shape or form, and has mass

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23
Q

define pound

A

measure of gravitational force exerted on a body, also known as weight

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24
Q

define velocity

A

distance traveled. measure of speed

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25
Q

what is the formula for velocity?

A

v = d / t

d = distance
t = time
units = meters per second (m/s)

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26
Q

what is the formula for acceleration?

A

a = (Vf - Vo) / t

Vf = final velocity
Vo = original velocity
t = time
units = meters per second (m/s2)

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27
Q

define acceleration

A

changes in velocity

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28
Q

define force

A

push, pull or any motion that requires a motion of an object

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29
Q

what’s the formula for Force?

A

F = m (a)

m = mass
a = acceleration
units = Newton (N)

30
Q

what is the formula for momentum?

A

p = m (v)

p = momentum
m = mass
v = velocity
units = kilograms-meters per second (kg-m/s)

31
Q

define work

A

an expression of force applied to an object

32
Q

what is the formula for work?

A

Work = F (d)

F = force
d = distance
units = Joule (J)

33
Q

what is the formula for power?

A

P = work / t

units = Watts (W)

34
Q

define inertia

A

the property of an object with mass that resists a change in its state of motion

35
Q

define energy

A

the ability to do work

36
Q

what are the different types energy?

A

potential and kinetic energy

37
Q

what type of energy do technologist focus on?

A

electromagnetic energy

38
Q

define electromagnetic energy

A

a form of energy that exists as an electric and magnetic disturbance in space

39
Q

what are the SI units?

A
  • Coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)
  • Gray (Gy)
  • Sievert (Sv)
  • Becquerel (Bq)
40
Q

what are the standard units?

A
  • Roentgen (R)
  • Rad
  • Rem
  • Curie (Ci)
41
Q

what does RAD stand for?

A

Radiation absorbed dose

42
Q

what does Rem stand for?

A

Radiation equivalent man

43
Q

define Coulomb/Kilogram

A
  • a measure of the number of electrons liberated by ionization per kilogram of air
  • output intensity of x-ray equipment or intensity in air
44
Q

define roentgen

A

used to quantify radiation intensity

45
Q

define Gray

A

the unit for absorbed dose. it’s an expression of the quantity of radiation energy absorbed by tissues being irradiated

46
Q

define Sievert

A

used to quantify occupational exposure or dose equivalent

different biologic effects of different types of ionizing radiation to which a radiation worker may be exposed

47
Q

define Becquerel

A

used to identify quantify radioactivity. Expresses the quantity if radioactive material not the effect of the radiation emitted

48
Q

define Curie

A

the standard unit for radioactivity

49
Q

define effective dose

A

an expression of the relative risk to humans of exposure to ionizing radiation

50
Q

define Kerma

A

used to describe the quantity of radiation energy delivered to a given point

51
Q

what’s the difference between Kerma and dose?

A

Kerma releases energy. Dose absorbs energy.

52
Q

what are some examples of Permanently installed equipment?

A

tube, collimator table, control console, tube stand, and wall unit.

53
Q

define x-ray tube

A

special diode (two electrodes) tube that converts electrical energy into x-rays (produces heat as a by product)

54
Q

what is the negative electrode called?

A

cathode

55
Q

what is the positive electrode called?

A

anode

56
Q

define the collimator

A

serves to restrict the x-ray beam to the area of interest of the body and to help localize the beam to that area.

57
Q

define radiation field/light field

A

is conducted to check the mirror in the collimator to make sure it is not out of place

58
Q

define tube stand / tube mount

A

portion that gives mobility to the x-ray tube. This allows the radiographer to get different angles while inspecting the patient

59
Q

define the Trendelenburg position

A

head down

60
Q

define the ALARA Principle

A
  • “As low As Reasonably Achievable”
  • the responsibility to minimize radiation dose to the patient, oneself and others
61
Q

define shielding

A

the use of radiopaque materials to greatly reduce radiation exposure

62
Q

what are some examples of shielding?

A

Lead/rubber sheets, lead apron, and thyroid shields

63
Q

define time

A

the duration and number of times the patient is exposed to radiation

64
Q

what is the main goal when dealing with time?

A

to minimize as much time as you can. Avoid long time frames.

65
Q

define distance

A

the space between oneself and the source of ionizing radiation

66
Q

why is distance very important

A

the greater the distance, the lesser the radiation intensity

67
Q

define beam restriction

A

the smaller the x-ray exposure, the lower the total dose to the patient

68
Q

define KVp

A

controls the penetrating power of the x-ray beam produced

69
Q

define mAs

A

control the quantity of x-ray photons produced

70
Q

true or false: the idea that excessive mAs can be used to avoid repeating the examination because of exposure factors

A

false. Increasing the mAs can be against radiation dose. This is also a violation of the ARRT/ASRT Code of Ethics

71
Q

define avoidance of duplication of examinations

A

preventing the patient from having the same examination twice because of an error

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