chapter 1 practice Flashcards
define acute radiodermatitis
radiation burns
define cathode ray tube
a partial vacuum tube that produces an electron stream
define derived quantities
velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, work and power
define fluoroscope
a device that allows dynamic x-ray examination using x-rays and a fluorescent screen
define fundamental quantities
mass, length, and time
define ionizing radiation
radiation with sufficient energy to ionize atoms
define mobile equipment
a unit on wheels that can be taken to the patient’s bedside, emergency department, or wherever it may be needed
define permanently installed equipment
units that are fixed in place in a particular room specifically designed for the purpose and are not intended to be mobile
define special radiologic quantities
dose, dose equivalent, exposure, and radioactivity
when was Dr. Roentgen born?
March 27, 1845
what did the x in “x-light” represent?
x represented the unknown
which of the following is the discovery of x-rays?
a. November 5, 1885
b. November 5, 1895
c. November 8, 1885
d. November 8, 1895
d. November 8, 1895
what body part did Roentgen photograph of his wife using the new x-light? What’s the time period of the photograph?
He photographed his wife’s hand. The photograph was made on December 22, 1895
During Roentgen’s experiment, what chemical was the cardboard painted with?
barium platinocyanide
What did Roentgen write after he completed his investigation?
the first three communications (informal papers)
Why did a lot of people suffer from acute radiodermatitis?
At the time, photographs had an exposure time of 20-30 minutes to several hours. This led to a large exposure of radiation to the person capturing a photograph.
Why did a lot of people suffer from electrocution?
Because the equipment was not grounded, enclosed, or shieled, electrocution would occur to the operator
Instead of medicine, what were x-rays used for?
X-rays were used for entertainment and marketing purposes such as skincare, shoe fitting, golf balls, etc.
Why did Thomas Edison discontinued his investigation in x-rays?
He suffered radiation burns to his face and an injury to his left eye.
Who was Clarence Dally and how did x-rays impact him?
Clarence Dally was Edison’s assistant.
Since he decided to continue with the investigation on x-rays, he suffered severe radiation burns and amputations. From all the agonizing pain, he died in 1904.
How were technologist identified?
amputations and gloves hands
define mass
quantity of matter contained in an object. it is anything that occupies space, has shape or form, and has mass
define pound
measure of gravitational force exerted on a body, also known as weight
define velocity
distance traveled. measure of speed
what is the formula for velocity?
v = d / t
d = distance
t = time
units = meters per second (m/s)
what is the formula for acceleration?
a = (Vf - Vo) / t
Vf = final velocity
Vo = original velocity
t = time
units = meters per second (m/s2)
define acceleration
changes in velocity
define force
push, pull or any motion that requires a motion of an object
what’s the formula for Force?
F = m (a)
m = mass
a = acceleration
units = Newton (N)
what is the formula for momentum?
p = m (v)
p = momentum
m = mass
v = velocity
units = kilograms-meters per second (kg-m/s)
define work
an expression of force applied to an object
what is the formula for work?
Work = F (d)
F = force
d = distance
units = Joule (J)
what is the formula for power?
P = work / t
units = Watts (W)
define inertia
the property of an object with mass that resists a change in its state of motion
define energy
the ability to do work
what are the different types energy?
potential and kinetic energy
what type of energy do technologist focus on?
electromagnetic energy
define electromagnetic energy
a form of energy that exists as an electric and magnetic disturbance in space
what are the SI units?
- Coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)
- Gray (Gy)
- Sievert (Sv)
- Becquerel (Bq)
what are the standard units?
- Roentgen (R)
- Rad
- Rem
- Curie (Ci)
what does RAD stand for?
Radiation absorbed dose
what does Rem stand for?
Radiation equivalent man
define Coulomb/Kilogram
- a measure of the number of electrons liberated by ionization per kilogram of air
- output intensity of x-ray equipment or intensity in air
define roentgen
used to quantify radiation intensity
define Gray
the unit for absorbed dose. it’s an expression of the quantity of radiation energy absorbed by tissues being irradiated
define Sievert
used to quantify occupational exposure or dose equivalent
different biologic effects of different types of ionizing radiation to which a radiation worker may be exposed
define Becquerel
used to identify quantify radioactivity. Expresses the quantity if radioactive material not the effect of the radiation emitted
define Curie
the standard unit for radioactivity
define effective dose
an expression of the relative risk to humans of exposure to ionizing radiation
define Kerma
used to describe the quantity of radiation energy delivered to a given point
what’s the difference between Kerma and dose?
Kerma releases energy. Dose absorbs energy.
what are some examples of Permanently installed equipment?
tube, collimator table, control console, tube stand, and wall unit.
define x-ray tube
special diode (two electrodes) tube that converts electrical energy into x-rays (produces heat as a by product)
what is the negative electrode called?
cathode
what is the positive electrode called?
anode
define the collimator
serves to restrict the x-ray beam to the area of interest of the body and to help localize the beam to that area.
define radiation field/light field
is conducted to check the mirror in the collimator to make sure it is not out of place
define tube stand / tube mount
portion that gives mobility to the x-ray tube. This allows the radiographer to get different angles while inspecting the patient
define the Trendelenburg position
head down
define the ALARA Principle
- “As low As Reasonably Achievable”
- the responsibility to minimize radiation dose to the patient, oneself and others
define shielding
the use of radiopaque materials to greatly reduce radiation exposure
what are some examples of shielding?
Lead/rubber sheets, lead apron, and thyroid shields
define time
the duration and number of times the patient is exposed to radiation
what is the main goal when dealing with time?
to minimize as much time as you can. Avoid long time frames.
define distance
the space between oneself and the source of ionizing radiation
why is distance very important
the greater the distance, the lesser the radiation intensity
define beam restriction
the smaller the x-ray exposure, the lower the total dose to the patient
define KVp
controls the penetrating power of the x-ray beam produced
define mAs
control the quantity of x-ray photons produced
true or false: the idea that excessive mAs can be used to avoid repeating the examination because of exposure factors
false. Increasing the mAs can be against radiation dose. This is also a violation of the ARRT/ASRT Code of Ethics
define avoidance of duplication of examinations
preventing the patient from having the same examination twice because of an error
