Chapter 5 extras Flashcards
define bone metastases
refers to transfer of disease or cancerous lesions from one organ or part that may not be directly connected.
define Bursitis
is inflammation of the bursae or fluid-filled sacs that enclose the joints; the process generally involves the formation of calcification in associated tendons, which causes pain and limited joint movement.
define Carpaltunnel syndrome
common painful disorder of the wrist and hand that results from compression of the median nerve as it passes through the center of the wrist
define fracture
a break in the structure of bone caused by a force (direct or indirect)
what are the different types of fractures?
- barton fracture
- Bennett fracture
- boxer fracture
- colles fracture
- smith fracture
define Barton Fracture
- Fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius involving the wrist joint.
define Bennett Fracture
- Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone, extending into the carpometacarpal joint, complicated by subluxation with some posterior displacement.
define Boxer Fracture
- Transverse fracture that extends through the metacarpal neck; most commonly seen in the fifth metacarpal.
define Colles Fracture
- Transverse fracture of the distal radius in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly; an associated ulnar styloid fracture is seen in 50% to 60% of cases.
define Smith Fracture
- transverse fracture of the distal radius with the distal fragment displaced anteriorly.
define joint effusion
- refers to accumulated fluid (synovial or hemorrhagic) in the joint cavity. It is a sign of an underlying condition, such as fracture, dislocation, soft tissue damage, or inflammation.
define osteoarthritis
- known as degenerative joint disease (DJD), is a noninflammatory joint disease characterized by gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage with hypertrophic (enlarged or overgrown) bone formation.
define osteomyelitis
is a local or generalized infection of bone or bone marrow that may be caused by bacteria introduced by trauma or surgery.
define osteopetrosis
- a hereditary disease marked by abnormally dense bone
- It commonly occurs as a result of fracture of affected bone and may lead to obliteration of the marrow space.
- also known as marble bone.
define osteoporosis
refers to reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue
define Paget Disease
- a common chronic skeletal disease; it is characterized by bone destruction followed by a reparative process of overproduction of very dense yet soft bones that tend to fracture easily
- can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the pelvis, femur, tibia, skull, vertebrae, and clavicle
define Rheumatoid Arthritis
- a chronic systemic disease with inflammatory changes throughout the connective tissues
define Skier’s thumb
- a sprain or tear of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb near the MCP joint of the hyperextended thumb.
define tumors
are most often benign (noncancerous) but may be malignant (cancerous)
what are the different types of malignant tumors?
- Multiple myeloma
- Osteogenic sarcoma
- Ewing sarcoma
- Chondrosarcoma
define Multiple myeloma
- most common primary cancerous bone tumor.
- As the name implies, these tumors occur in various parts of the body, arising from bone marrow or marrow plasma cells.
- The typical radiographic appearance includes multiple “punched-out” osteolytic (loss of calcium in bone) lesions scattered throughout the affected bones
define Osteogenic sarcoma
- second most common type of primary cancerous bone tumor
- affects persons aged 10 to 20 years but can occur at any age
define Ewing sarcoma
- a common primary malignant bone tumor in children and young adults that arises from bone marrow
- Stratified new bone formation results in an “onion peel” appearance on radiographs.
define Chrondrosarcoma
- slow-growing malignant tumor of the cartilage
- dense calcifications are often seen within the cartilaginous mass.
what are the different types of Benign/Cartilaginous tumors?
- Enchondroma
- Osteochondroma
define enchondroma
- slow-growing benign cartilaginous tumor most often found in small bones of the hands and feet of adolescents and young adults.
define Osteochondroma
- most common type of benign bone tumor
- Osteochondromas arise from the outer cortex with the tumor growing parallel to the bone, pointing away from the adjacent joint.
- most common at the knee but also occur on the pelvis and scapula of children or young adults.
define arthrography
- commonly used to image tendinous, ligamentous, and capsular pathology associated with diarthrodial joints, such as the wrist, elbow, shoulder, and ankle.
define CT and MRI
- Computed tomography (CT) and MRI often are used on upper limbs to evaluate soft tissue and skeletal involvement of lesions and soft tissue injuries
define Nuclear Medicine
- Nuclear medicine bone scans are useful for demonstrating osteomyelitis, metastatic bone lesions, stress fractures, and cellulitis.
- Nuclear medicine scans demonstrate the pathologic process within 24 hours of onset
- Most sensitive
define ulnar collateral ligament
- attached to the styloid process of the ulna and fans out to attach to the triquetrum and the pisiform.
define radial collateral ligament
- extends from the styloid process of the radius primarily to the lateral side of the scaphoid (scaphoid tubercle), but it also has attachments to the trapezium.
when aligning the body part, does it have to be perpendicular or parallel to the IR
parallel
When is PA Scaphoid Modified Stecher Method used?
- when the patient is unable to assume ulnar deviation
why is the Gaynor Hart Method used?
- to rule out abnormal calcifications int he carpal sulcus
- hand needs to be angled at 25-30 degrees
