LRA-225 Final Review Flashcards
how many cranial bones are in the skull?
8
how many facial bones are in the skull?
14
what are the 8 cranial bones?
- frontal
- right parietal
- left parietal
- occipital
- right temporal
- left temporal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid -
what cranial bones make up calvarium or skullcap of the skull?
- frontal
- right parietal
- left parietal
- occipital
what cranial bones make up the floor of the skull?
- right temporal
- left temporal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
define glabella
smooth, raised prominence between the eyebrows just above the bridge of the nose
define the SOG
- supraorbital groove
- the slight depression above each eyebrow
define SOM
- supraorbital margin
- superior rim of each orbit
define supraorbital notch
- foramen
- a small hole or opening within the SOM slightly medial to its midpoint
define the frontal tuberosity
large, rounded prominence in the frontal bone
what separates each orbital plate in the frontal bone?
ethmoid notch
what cranial bones does the frontal bone articulate with?
- right parietal
- left parietal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
what forms the lateral walls of the cranium and part of the roof?
parietal bones
what is the widest portion of the skull?
parietal tubercles/eminence
what cranial bones does the parietal bone articulate with?
- frontal
- occipital
- temporal
- sphenoid
- opposite parietal bone
what is the name of the bump or protuberance at the inferoposterior portion of the skull?
- External occipital protuberance
- inion
what is the large opening at the base of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes as it leaves the brain?
foramen magnum
what is the meaning of foramen magnum?
great hole
what articulates with the depression of the first cervical vertebrae/atlas?
condylar portions/occipital condyles
what is the name of the joint that articulates the condylar portions/occipital condyles with C1 atlas?
atlantooccipital joints
what cranial bones does the occipital bone articulate with?
- 2 parietals
- 2 temporals
- sphenoid
- atlas/C1
what cranial bone houses the delicate organs of hearing and balance?
temporal bone
what is the name of the arch on the temporal bone that creates the cheek?
zygomatic process
what is created when the zygomatic process and the temporal process meet?
zygomatic arch
what are the three portions of the temporal bone?
- squamous portion
- mastoid portion
- petrous portion
what is the thickest and most dense portion of the skull (located in the temporal bone)?
petrous portion/pyramid shaped
what is the function of the internal acoustic meatus?
transmit the nerves of hearing and equilibrium
what cranial bones does the temporal bone articulate with?
- parietal
- occipital
- sphenoid
where is the sella turcica located?
sphenoid bone
where is the pituitary gland housed?
sphenoid bone
what are the 3 foramen that are located in the sphenoid bone?
- foramen rotundum
- foramen ovale
- foramen spinosum
what is the function of the superior orbital fissure?
provide additional communication with the orbits for numerous cranial nerves and blood vessels
what cranial bones does the sphenod articulate with?
- frontal
- 2 temporals
- 2 parietals
- ethmoid
- occipital
the cribriform plate is part of which cranial bone?
ethmoid
what is the upper horizontal portion of the ethmoid bone?
cribriform plate
what cranial bones does the ethmoid bone articulate with?
- frontal
- sphenoid
what forms the bony nasal septum?
- ethmoid and vomer
what are the names of the articulations/joints of the cranium?
sutures
what is the classification of sutures?
fibrous joints/synarthrodial
what suture separates the two parietal bones in the midline?
sagittal suture
what suture separates the frontal bone from the two parietal bones?
coronal suture
what suture separates the two parietal bones from the occipital bone?
lambdoidal suture
what suture separates the two parietal bones with the two temporal bones?
squamous suture
list the points/asterions of the cranium?
- bregma
- 2 pterions
- 2 asterions
- lambda
define fontanels
regions where sutures join and are slower in their ossification
how many fontanels does a child have?
6
what is another name for the bregma and lambda before they form into asterions?
- soft spots
- anterior (bregma) and posterior (lambda) fontanels
which fontanel is the largest?
anterior fontanel
the anterior fontanel becomes the
bregma
the posterior fontanel becomes the
lambda
the right sphenoid fontanel becomes the
right pterion
the left sphenoid fontanel becomes the
left pterion
the right mastoid fontanel becomes the
right asterion
the left mastoid fontanel becomes the
left asterion
define sutural/wormian bones
certain small/irregular bones
where are sutural wormian bones found?
lambdoidal suture
what are the three divisions of the ear?
- external ear
- middle ear
- internal ear
what are the structures of the external ear?
- auricle/pinna
- tragus
- EAM
- mastoid process/tip
- styloid process
what structure of the ear covers the opening of the EAM?
tragus
define the middle ear?
irregular shaped/air containing cavity
what are the structures of the middle ear?
- tympanic membrane
- auditory ossicles
- tympanic cavity
what structure does the tympanic cavity communicate with?
eustachian tube/auditory tube
define eustachian tube
passageway between the middle ear and the nasopharynx
what is the function of the eustachian tube?
equalize the pressure within the middle ear to the outside atmospheric air pressure
the mastoid air cells communicate with the-
middle ear
what structure of the ear is the opening between the epitympanic recess and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone?
aditus
what is the name of a thin plate of bone that forms the roof of the antrum, aditus, and attic area of the tympanic cavity?
tegmen tympani
define auditory ossicles
three small bones that are prominent in the middle ear
what are the 3 structures in the auditory ossicles?
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
what is the smallest bone out of the three auditory ossicles?
stapes
what portion of the ear contains the essential sensory apparatus of both hearing and equilibrium?
internal ear
what are the different parts of the osseous/bony labyrinth
- cochlea
- vestibule
- semicircular canals
what are the 2 windows of the internal ear?
- oval/vestibule window
- round/cochlear window
how many facial bones are in the skull?
14
what 2 facial bones are unpaired
- vomer and mandible
what are the facial bones?
- maxillae
- zygomatic
- lacrimal
- nasal bone
- inferior nasal concha
- palatine
- vomer
- mandible
how many maxillae bones are in the facial bones?
2
how many zygomatic bones are in the facial bones?
2
how many lacrimal bones are in the facial bones?
2
how many nasal bones are in the facial bones?
2
how many inferior nasal concha are in the facial bones?
2
how many palatine bones are in the facial bones?
2
how many vomer are in the facial bone?
1
how many mandible are in the facial bones?
1
what is the largest immovable bone of the face?
maxillae
what is the largest movable bone in the face?
mandible
what cavity structures does the maxillae form?
- mouth
- nasal
- orbit
what are the 4 processes of the maxillae?
- frontal process
- zygomatic process
- alveolar process
- palatine process
what other structure, other than the processes, is part of the maxilla?
body
the upper and lower teeth are both engraved(??) into the-
alveolar process
define the acanthion
landmark where the nose and upper lip meet
what is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth?
hard/bony palate
what facial bone forms the horizontal portion of the hard palate?
palatine bones
what shape are the palatine bones?
L shaped
what bones does the maxillae articulate with?
Cranial bones:
- frontal
- ethmoid
Facial bones:
- zygoma
- lacrimal
- nasal
- palatine
- inferior nasal concha
- vomer
- adjacent maxilla
what facial bone makes up the prominence of the cheeks and make up the lower outer portion of the orbits?
zygoma
what bones does the zygoma articulate with?
Cranial bones:
- frontal
- sphenoid
- temporal
Facial bones:
- maxilla
which facial bones are the tinniest and most fragile?
lacrimal and nasal bones
what is the meaning of “lacrimal”?
tear
what bones articulate with the lacrimal bone?
cranial bones:
- frontal
- ethmoid
facial bones:
- maxilla
- inferior nasal concha
what is the name of the landmark where 2 nasal bones meet?
nasion
what bones does the nasal bone articulate with?
Cranial bones:
- frontal
- ethmoid
Facial bone:
- maxilla
- adjacent nasal bone
what is another name for inferior nasal concha?
turbinates
what are the different structures of the nasal concha?
- inferior
- middle
- superior
what is the function of the nasal concha?
- divide the nasal cavity into different compartments
- break up/mix the flow of air coming into the nasal cavity before it reaches the lungs
what bones does the inferior nasal concha articulate with?
cranial bones:
- ethmoid
facial bones:
- maxilla
- lacrimal
- palatine
what bones does the palatine bone articulate with?
cranial bones:
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
facial bones:
- maxilla
- inferior nasal concha
- vomer
- adjacent palatine
what bones form the bony nasal septum?
ethmoid and vomer
what is another name for nasal septum?
septal cartilage
what is the meaning of vomer?
plowshare
what bones does the vomer articulate with?q
cranial bones:
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
facial bones:
- right palatine
- left palatine
- right maxillae
- left maxillae
what other structure does the vomer articulate with?
septal cartilage
what is the largest facial bone?
mandible
what part of the mandible is anterior to the gonion?
body
what part of the mandible is superior to the gonion?
ramus
what is the name where the 2 halves of the mandible meet?
symphysis/symphysis menti
what is the knoblike protuberance that projects forward in the mandible?
mental protuberance
what is the term of the center of the mental protuberance?
mental point
what is located on each half of the body of the mandible?
mental foramen
what is the name of the u-shaped notch on the superior portion of the ramus?
mandibular notch
what is the name of the end that lies anterior to the mandibular notch?
coronoid process
what is the name of the end that lies posterior to the mandibular notch?
condyloid process
what 2 structures are part of the condyloid process?
- head
- neck
what is the only movable joint in the skull?
TMJ - tempormandibular joint
what is the joint type of the TMJ?
synovial - diarthrodial - bicondylar/plane/gliding
when opening the mouth, what structure of the mandible moves?
the condyloid process moves forward
when closing the mouth, what structure of the mandible moves?
the condyloid process does not move. closed mouth is its resting “phase”
what is the joint type for the alveoli and roots of teeth?
fibrous - gomphosis
define paranasal sinus
- large air filled cavities
- also known as accessory nasal sinus
list the paranasal sinuses
- maxillary
- frontal
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
how many paranasal sinuses does the maxillary have?
2h
how many paranasal sinuses does the frontal have?
2
how many paranasal sinuses does the ethmoid have?
several
how many paranasal sinuses does the sphenoid have?
1 or 2
which paranasal sinus is only part of the facial bone structure?
maxillayr sinuses
what is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
- vocal resonance
- lighten the weight of the skull
- produce mucous
which paranasal sinus is present at birth?
maxillary sinuses
which paranasal sinus is developed at the age of 6 or 7
frontal and sphenoid sinuses
which paranasal sinus is developed last?
ethmoid
what is another term for maxillary sinuses?
antrum/antrum of highmore
what is the shape of the maxillary sinuses?
frontal: pyramid shaped
lateral: cubic shaped
who does the paranasal sinuses communicate with?
- each other
- nasal cavity
why is it preferred to position a patient erect when doing a paranasal routine?
mucus or fluid trapped within the sinus tends to remain there and layer out, forming an air fluid
where are the frontal sinuses located?
between the inner and outer tables of the skull, posterior to the glabella
are the frontal sinuses larger in men or women?
men
where are the ethmoid sinuses located?
within the lateral masses or labyrinths of the ethmoid bone
how does the ethmoid sinuses appear in a lateral view?
they fill in the orbits
where are the sphenoid sinuses located?
in the body of the sphenoid bone directly below the sella turcica
what is the name of the drainage pathway of the frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinus?
osteomeatal complex
what is the shape of the orbit?
cone shaped
what is the name of the rim, or outer circular portion of the cone?
base
how many bones male up the orbit?
3 cranial bones
4 facial bones
what is the name of the posterior portion of the orbit?
apex
what 3 cranial bones make up the orbit?
- frontal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
what 4 facial bones make up the orbit?
- maxilla
- zygoma
- lacrimal
- palatine
what cranial nerve does the optic foramen allow to pass through?
CN II
what cranial nerve does the superior orbital fissure allow to pass through?
CN III-CN VI
what cranial nerve does the inferior orbital fissure allow to pass through?
CN V
what is the name of the small root of bone that separates the superior orbital fissure from the optic canal
sphenoid strut
what type of fracture damages the zygomatic bone?
tripod fracture
which type of fracture hits one side of the face, and the other side of the face breaks?
contrecoup fracture
what type of fracture deals with the fracture of the floor of the orbit by a direct blow to the eyes?
blowout fracture
