Chapter 1 Radiographic Positioning and Anatomy Flashcards
Define Anatomy
the study, classification, and description of the structure and organs of the human body
Define Physiology
the processes and functions of the body. How the body parts work
What is the structural organization from smallest to largest?
- Chemical level
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ System
- Organism
What is the smallest structural organization?
Chemical Level
Define Cells
The basic structure and functional unity of all living things
Define tissues
A group of similar cells that together perform a specific function.
What are the four types of tissues?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
Define epithelial tissue
a tissue that covers internal and external surfaces of the body such as lining of the organs/ vessels, stomach or intestines
Define connective tissue
tissues that bind together and support different structures such as joints
Define Muscular tissue
tissues that make up muscles
Define Nervous tissue
tissues that make up the nerves of the nervous system and nerve centers
Define organs
a complex assembly of tissues that perform special functions.
What are some examples of organs?
- Kidneys
- Heart
- Liver
- Brain
- Intestines
- Bladder
- Stomach
Define System
- a group of organs that work together to perform a job or a task in the body.
- consists of 10 body systems
Define organism
the 10 body structures that work together in one living being
Name the 10 body systems
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- endocrine
- nervous
- urinary
- respiratory
- circulatory
- reproductive (male and female)
- lymphatic
Define the skeletal system
- plays a role in the body with bones
- the most important for radiographers
how many bones does the human body have?
206 bones
define Osteology
the study of bones
define arthrology
the study of joints
what are the functions of the Skeletal System?
- support and protect soft tissues of the body
- allow movement through interaction with joints and muscles
- to produce blood cells
- to store calcium
Define the Circulatory System
consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
what does the circulatory system consist of?
cardiovascular organs and the lymphatic system
Define the lymphatic system
a system that keeps fluid circulating
what are the organs of the lymphatic system?
lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands, and spleen
true or false: the cardiovascular system includes the lymphatic system
True
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
- distribute O2 and nutrients to the cell
- carry off wastes and carbon dioxide
- transport water, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes
- protect against disease
- form blood clots
- help regulate body temperature
Define the digestive system
includes the alimentary canal and certain accessory organs
define alimentary canal
made up on the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What’s the function of the digestive system?
- to prepare food for digestion
- to eliminate waste
Define the respiratory system
composed of lungs and passages that connect the lungs to the outside atmosphere
What are the passages of the respiratory structure?
- nose
- mouth
- larynx
- pharynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree
what are the functions of the respiratory system?
- supply O2 to the cells via the blood
- eliminate CO2 from the blood
- Help regulate the acid-base balance of the blood
Define the urinary system
includes organs that produce, collect, and eliminate urine
What are the organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
what are the functions of the urinary system?
- regulate the chemical makeup of the blood
- eliminate many waste products
- regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and volume
- maintain the acid-base balance of the body
Define the nervous system
composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs
what are the special sense organs of the nervous system?
eyes and ears
what is the function of the nervous system?
regulate body activities with electrical impulses that travel along various nerves
Define the muscular system
all the muscle tissues of the body
what are the three types of muscles?
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
define skeletal muscle
striated and under voluntary control
define smooth muscle
walls of internal organs and involuntary control
define cardiac muscle
only in the walls of the heart, is striated but involuntary
what are the functions of the muscular system?
- allow movement
- maintain posture
- produce heat
define the endocrine system
system of all the ductless glands of the body
What are the organs of the endocrine system?
- testes
- ovaries
- pancreas
- adrenals (fight or flight)
- thymus
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- pineal
- pituitary
what is the function of the endocrine system?
regulate various body activities through hormones carried by the cardiovascular system
Define the integumentary system
- skin and all the structures associated with the skin or derived from
- includes the nails, oil glands, and sweat glands
what is the largest organ of the body?
the skin
what are the functions of the integumentary system?
- regulate body temperature
- protection
- perspiration (sweat) and elimination
- receive stimuli, pain, and feeling
- Synthesize vitamin D
define the axial skeleton
includes all the bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body
how many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80 bones
what bones are part of the axial skeleton?
- skull
- vertebral column
- ribs
- sternum
define the appendicular skeleton
- consist of all the bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder, and pelvic girdle
- attaches to the axial skeleton
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
define sesamoid bones
- special type of small, imbedded bone in certain tendons
- most common are located on the posterior foot
- Ex. Patella
What are the classification of bones?
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
what is an example of a long bone?
femur
what is an example of a short bone?
carpal bones of the wrist
what is an example of a flat bone?
- ribs
- sternum
what is an example of an irregular bone?
- pelvic bones
- vertebrae
define long bones
- consist of a body, and two ends/extremities
- found only in the appendicular skeleton
define short bones
- found in wrists and ankles
- carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the foot
define flat bones
- provides protection for interior contents
- broad surfaces for muscle attachment
what are some examples of flat bones?
- skull cap
- sternum
- ribs
- scapulae
what are some examples of irregular bones?
- vertebrae
- facial bones
- pelvic bones
- bones of the base of the cranium
define ossification
the process in which bones form within the body
what are the 2 types of ossification?
- intramembranous
- endochondral
define intramembranous
- when bones forms to replace cartilage
- sutures of the skull
define endochondral
it is much slower, and occurs most parts of the skeleton, especially in the long bones
define diaphysis
- occurs in the midbody area of the bone
- also known as the primary
define epiphysis
- occurs in the ends of long bones
- the first to appear and may be present at birth in a term newborn
- also known as the secondary
what are the 3 types of functional joints
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
what are the 2 classifications of joints?
- functional
- structural
define Synarthrosis
immovable/ no movement joint
define Amphiarthrosis
joint with limited movement
define Diarthrosis
freely movable joint
what are the 3 types of structural joints?
- Fibrous joint
- cartilaginous joint
- synovial joints
define fibrous joints
- syndesmosis
- suture
- gomphosis
define cartilaginous joints
- symphysis
- synchondrosis
define syndesmosis
- joint held together by slender fibrous cords
- slightly moveable (amphiarthrodial)
- occur in the tibiofibula joint
- occur in the carpal/tarsal joints of the wrist and foot
define sutures
- only found between bones in the skull
- very limited movement as babies
- no movement when adults
- considered synarthrodial joints
define gomphoses
- only with the roots of the teeth
- considered amphiarthrodial joint
define Cartilaginous joints
lack joint activity and are held together tightly by cartilage
define symphyses
- a broad flattened disk of fibrocartilage between two contiguous bony surfaces
- amphiarthrodial
define fibrous joint
lack joint activity
define synchondroses
- temporary form of a joint wherein the hyaline cartilage is converted into a bone at adulthood
- synarthrodial
define synovial joints
- freely moveable joints
- occur in the upper and lower limbs
- characterized by fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid
What are the 7 types of synovial joint movement?
- plane
- ginglymus (hinge)
- Trochoid (pivot)
- Ellipsoid (condylar)
- sellar (saddle)
- spheroidal (ball and joint)
- bicondylar
