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:] > LRA-213 Chest (Ch. 2) > Flashcards

LRA-213 Chest (Ch. 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name of the upper portion of the trunk between the neck and abdomen?

A

chest/thorax

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2
Q

what are the three sections of the chest?

A
  • bony thorax
  • respiratory system proper
  • mediastinum
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3
Q

what is the term used to describe parts of the chest, that consist of the lungs and the remaining thoracic organs contained in the mediastinum.

A

thoracic viscera

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4
Q

what is the term that’s part of the skeletal system that provides a protective framework for the parts of the chest involved with breathing and blood circulation

A

bony thorax

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5
Q

what structures of part of the bony thorax?

A
  • thoracic viscera
  • sternum
  • clavicles (2)
  • scapulae (2)
  • ribs (12)
  • thoracic vertebrae (12)
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6
Q

what are the different parts of the sternum?

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
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7
Q

is the sternum posterior, or anterior of the bony thorax?

A

anterior

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8
Q

what structure separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

diaphragm

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9
Q

define respiration

A

the exchange of gaseous substances between the air we breathe and the bloodstream.

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10
Q

what are the 4 general divisions of the respiratory system?

A
  • pharynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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11
Q

define the respiratory system

A

parts of the body through which air passes as it travels from the nose and mouth into the lungs.

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12
Q

what is the shape of the diaphragm?

A

dome-shaped

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13
Q

what is the primary muscle of inspiration?

A

diaphragm

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14
Q

what is the term when referring to the half of a diaphragm?

A

hemidiaphragm (hemi- meaning half)

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15
Q

define inspiration

A
  • taking in air through the nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi
  • the diaphragm shrinks/tightens
  • increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
  • decreases the intrathoracic pressure (sucking)
  • lungs fill with air
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16
Q

define expiration

A
  • releasing air through the nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi
  • the diaphragm expands
  • decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity
  • increases the intrathoracic pressure (sucking)
  • lungs empty out the air
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17
Q

What structure serves as a passageway for food and fluids as well as air, making it common to the digestive and respiratory system?

A

pharynx

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18
Q

true or false: air must pass the pharynx first before entering the rest of the respiratory system

A

true

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19
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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20
Q

what structures make up the roof of the oral cavity?

A
  • hard palate
  • soft palate
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21
Q

what structures does the oral palates separate?

A

the nose and the mouth

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22
Q

define uvula

A
  • lower posterior aspect of the soft palate
  • marks the boundary between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx
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23
Q

what’s the purpose of the epiglottis?

A
  • act as a lid for the slanted opening of the larynx
  • During the act of swallowing, the epiglottis flips down and covers the laryngeal opening, preventing food and fluid from entering the larynx and bronchi.
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24
Q

what structure is part of the digestive system that connects the pharynx with the stomach?

A

esophagus

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25
Q

what is another name for the larynx?

A

voice box

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26
Q

what structure serves as an organ of voice?

A

larynx

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27
Q

how is sound made?

A

as air passes between the vocal cords in the larynx

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28
Q

what is the larynx surrounded by?

A

cartilage

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29
Q

what is the framework of the larynx?

A

cartilages, ligaments, and muscle

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30
Q

what is the largest and least mobile cartilage?

A

thyroid cartilage

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31
Q

what is the prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Adam’s apple

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32
Q

what’s another name for Adam’s apple?

A

laryngeal prominence

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33
Q

what structure is a ring of cartilage that forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx?

A

cricoid cartilage

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34
Q

what other cartilage makes up the larynx?

A

epiglottis

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35
Q

what structure connects the larynx to the main bronchi

A

trachea

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36
Q

what’s another name for trachea?

A

windpipe

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37
Q

how many shaped rings does the trachea have embedded?

A

16-20 c-rings

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38
Q

what’s the purpose of the c-shaped rings on the trache?

A

to keep the airway open by preventing the trachea from collapsing during expiration

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39
Q

what divides the trachea from the left and right primary bronchi?

A

carina

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40
Q

where is the thyroid gland found?

A
  • anteriorly in the neck region just below the thyroid cartilage
  • the left and right lobes lying on each side of the trachea
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41
Q

what’s a unique feature of the thyroid gland?

A
  • air regulation of body metabolism
  • regulate body growth and development
  • lowering blood calcium levels
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42
Q

what’s the shape of the parathyroid glands?

A

small/round glands

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43
Q

what’s a unique feature of the parathyroid glands?

A
  • These glands store and secrete hormones that aid in specific blood functions,
  • maintenance of blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown to increase calcium in the blood.
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44
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located?

A
  • posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland
  • Usually, two parathyroids are attached to each lateral thyroid lobe (4 total)
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45
Q

where are the thymus glands located?

A

inferior to the thyroid gland

46
Q

list the major arterial branches of the aortic arch

A
  • brachiocephalic
  • left common carotid
  • left subclavian arteries
  • superior vena cava
47
Q

what specific prominence, or ridge, of the lowest tracheal cartilage marks the division of the trachea into the right and left bronchi

A

carina

48
Q

what is another name for the right and left primary bronchi?

A

right/left main stem bronchi

49
Q

which primary bronchi is wider, more vertical and shorter?

A

right primary bronchi

50
Q

why is the size difference between the primary bronchi important?

A

food particles or other foreign objects that happen to enter the respiratory system are more likely to enter and lodge in the right bronchus.

51
Q

how does the secondary bronchi differentiate from each other?

A
  • right (primary) bronchi splits into 3 secondary bronchi
  • left (primary) bronchi split into 2 secondary bronchi
52
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

53
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

54
Q

what is the name of the branches that the secondary bronchi subdivide to?

A
  • bronchioles
55
Q

after the bronchioles, what does it branch off to?

A

terminal bronchioles

56
Q

what are the small air sacs that stem off the terminal bronchioles?

A

alveoli

57
Q

how many alveoli does the lungs contain?

A

500-700 million

58
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood through the thin walls of the-

A

alveoli

59
Q

what occurs in the alveoli?

A

O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the blood

60
Q

what are parts of the respiratory system?

A
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • thymus gland
  • bronchi
  • lobes
  • alveoli
  • lungs
61
Q

what separates the lobes in the lung?

A

deep fissures

62
Q

list the lobes in the right lung

A
  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior
63
Q

list the lobes in the left lung

A
  • superior
  • inferior
64
Q

how many fissures break up the right lung?

A

2

65
Q

how many fissures break up the left lung?

A

1

66
Q

define parenchyma

A
  • light, spongy, highly elastic substance
  • what the lung is made out of
67
Q

what’s the purpose of parenchyma?

A
  • This substance allows for the breathing mechanism responsible for expansion and contraction of the lungs
  • brings oxygen into and removes carbon dioxide from the blood through the thin walls of the alveoli.
68
Q

Each lung is contained in a delicate double-walled sac, or membrane, called the-

A

pleura

69
Q

define parietal pleura

A

The outer layer of this pleural sac lines the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm

70
Q

pulmonary/visceral pleura

A

The inner layer that covers the surface of the lungs, also dipping into the fissures between the lobes

71
Q

true or false: The potential space between the double-walled pleura, called the pleural cavity, contains a lubricating fluid that allows movement of one or the other during breathing

A

true

72
Q

define pneumothorax

A
  • Air or gas present in this pleural cavity
  • which air or gas pressure in the pleural cavity may cause the lung to collapse
73
Q

define hemothorax

A

Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity

74
Q

define pleural effusion

A

fluid within the cavity

75
Q

define pericardial sac

A

double-walled sac that surrounds the heart

76
Q

what is the name of the upper portion of the lung?

A

apex

77
Q

what is the name of the lower/concave portion of the lung that rests on the diaphragm?

A

base

78
Q

what is the name of the extreme outermost lower corner of each lung, where the diaphragm meets the ribs?

A

costophrenic angle

79
Q

what is the name of the central area of the lung?

A

hilum

80
Q

what is another name for hilum?

A

root

81
Q

what is the term referring to the medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs?

A

mediastinum

82
Q

which structures are NOT mediastinum?

A

thyroid and parathyroid glands

83
Q

is the thymus gland considered mediastinum?

A

yes

84
Q

what 4 structures are located in the mediastinum?

A
  • thymus gland
  • heart and great vessels
  • trachea
  • esophagus
85
Q

where is the thymus gland located?

A

behind the upper sternum

86
Q

what is the function of the thymus?

A
  • development of the immune system that helps the body resist disease
  • essential to the growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells
87
Q

where is the heart located?

A
  • posterior to the body of the sternum
  • anterior to T5 and T8
88
Q

what are the great vessels that are part of the mediastinum?

A
  • inferior vena cava
  • superior vena cava
  • aorta
  • large pulmonary arteries and veins
89
Q

define the superior vena cava

A

large vein that returns blood to the heart from the upper half of the body

90
Q

define the inferior vena cava

A

large vein that returns blood from the lower half of the body.

91
Q

define aorta

A

largest artery in the body

92
Q

what are the three parts of the aorta?

A
  • ascending aorta
  • aortic arch
  • descending aorta
93
Q

define pulmonary arteries and veins

A
  • These supply blood and return blood to and from all segments of the lungs
  • The capillary network surrounds the small air sacs, or alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood through the thin-walled air sacs.
94
Q

what is the thorax physique of someone who has a hypersthenic body habitus?

A
  • thorax is very broad and very deep from the front and back
  • shallow in vertical dimension
95
Q

what is the thorax physique if someone who has an asthenic body habitus?

A
  • thorax is narrow in width
  • shallow from front to back
  • very long in vertical dimension
96
Q

what are the three dimensions that increase the volume of the chest during inspiration?

A
  • vertical diameter
  • transverse diameter
  • anteroposterior diameter
97
Q

define vertical diameter

A

increased primarily by contraction and downward movement of the diaphragm, increasing the thoracic volume.

98
Q

define transverse diameter

A

The ribs swing outward and upward

99
Q

define anteroposterior diameter

A

raising of the ribs, especially the second through sixth ribs.

100
Q

what happens to the three dimensions when there is expiration?

A

the elastic recoil of the lungs, along with the weight of the thoracic walls, causes the three diameters of the thorax to return to normal

101
Q

what landmark can you find in the jugular notch?

A
  • midthorax
  • T7
102
Q

the xiphoid tip landmark allows you to find

A

T9-T10

103
Q

the upper portion of the larynx is found at what level?

A

C3

104
Q

the lower portion of the larynx is found at what level?

A

C6

105
Q

the Adam’s apple is found at what level?

A

C4-C5

106
Q

the trachea is found at what level?

A

starts at C6, all the way down to T4 or T5

107
Q

define sthenic

A
  • averaged shaped physique
  • 50% of the population
108
Q

define hyposthenic

A
  • slender than average
  • 35% of the population
109
Q

define hypersthenic

A
  • broad frame compared to average
  • 5% of the population
110
Q

define asthenic

A
  • very thin/slender with a long, narrow body build
  • 10% of population

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