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:] > Chapter 11 Notes - Cranium, Facial Bones, and Sinuses > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Notes - Cranium, Facial Bones, and Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

what bone is rests on the superior end of the vertebral column?

A

skull

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2
Q

what are the 2 main sets of bone of the skull?

A
  • 8 cranial bones
  • 14 facial bones
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3
Q

what are the cranial bones broken up to?

A

calvarium (skullcap) and floor

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4
Q

what are the bones in the skullcap?

A
  • frontal
  • right parietal
  • left parietal
  • occipital
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5
Q

what are the bones in the floor?

A
  • right temporal
  • left temporal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
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6
Q

what is the frontal bone?

A

the bone that makes up the forehead and the superior part of each orbit

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7
Q

what are the 2 main parts of the frontal bone?

A

forehead - squamous/vertical portion
superior orbit - orbital/horizontal portion

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8
Q

define glabella

A

smooth/raised prominence between the eyebrows just above the bridge of the nose

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9
Q

define supraorbital groove (SOG)

A

slight depression above each eyebrow

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10
Q

define supraorbital margin (SOM)

A

superior rim of each orbit

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11
Q

define supraorbital notch

A
  • foramen
  • small hole or opening, slightly medial to the SOM
  • supraorbital nerves and arteries pass through
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12
Q

define frontal tuberosity

A
  • eminence
  • large/rounded prominence superior to the SOG
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13
Q

what 4 bones does the frontal bone articulate with?

A
  • right/left parietal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
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14
Q

what bone forms the lateral walls of the cranium and part of the roof?

A

two parietal bones

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15
Q

define parietal tubercles (eminence)

A

widest portion of the entire skull

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16
Q

what 5 bones does the parietal bone articulate with?

A
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • sphenoid
  • opposite parietal bones
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17
Q

define occipital bone

A

inferoposterior portion of the calvarium/skullcap

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18
Q

define squamous portion

A
  • round
  • forms most of the back of the head
  • superior to the external occipital protuberance/inion
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19
Q

define the foramen magnum

A
  • large opening at the base of the occipital bone
  • spinal cord passes as it leaves the brain
  • “great hole”
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20
Q

what condyles of the skull articulate with C1 atlas?

A

condylar portions/occipital condyles

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21
Q

what type of joint is formed between the occipital condyles and C1?

A

atlantooccipital joint

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22
Q

what 6 bones does the occipital bones articulate with?

A
  • 2 parietals
  • 2 temporals
  • sphenoid
  • C1/atlas
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23
Q

define temporal bones?

A
  • left and right
  • protect the delicate organs of hearing and balance
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24
Q

what are the three primary parts that break down the temporal bone?

A
  • squamous portion
  • mastoid portion
  • petrous portion/petrous pyramid/pars petrosa
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25
Q

which part of the skull is the most vulnerable to fractures?

A

squamous portion

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26
Q

define petrous portion

A

houses the organs of hearing and equilibrium, including mastoid air cells

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27
Q

what portion of the temporal bone is the thickest and densest bone in the cranium?

A

petrous portion

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28
Q

define internal acoustic meatus

A

opening or orifice that transmit the nerves of hearing and equilibrium

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29
Q

what 3 bones does the temporal bone articulate with?

A
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • sphenoid
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30
Q

what bone is centrally located in the skull and anchors the other seven cranial bones?

A

sphenoid bone

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31
Q

define sella turcica

A
  • central depression of the body
  • surrounds/protects the pituitary gland
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32
Q

define superior orbital fissures

A

openings providing additional communication with the orbits for numerous cranial nerves and blood vessels

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33
Q

what examinations can be done to visualize a deformity int he sella turcica?

A

CT and MRI

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34
Q

what are the 8 cranial bones?

A
  • frontal
  • right parietal
  • left parietal
  • occipital
  • right temporal
  • left temporal
  • sphenoid
  • eithmoid
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35
Q

define cribriform plate

A

portion of the bone containing several small openings/foramina where segmental branches of the olfactory nerves pass

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36
Q

where is the ethmoid located?

A

beneath the floor of the cranium

37
Q

what bones does the ethmoid bone articulate with?

A
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
  • 11 facial bones
38
Q

define vomer

A

midline structure between parts of the sphenoid and parts of the ethmoid

39
Q

define sutures

A

articulations/joints of the cranium

40
Q

what is the classification of the stures?

A

fibrous joints

40
Q

what type of mobility are the sutures of an adult cranium?

A
  • synarthrodial-type joints
  • immovable
41
Q

list the 4 sutures in the cranium

A
  • coronal suture
  • sagittal suture
  • lambdoidal suture
  • squamous suture
42
Q

define bregma

A

anterior end of the sagittal suture

43
Q

define lambda

A

posterior end of the sagittal suture

44
Q

define pterions

A

points at the junction of the frontal, parietals, temporals, and greater wings of the sphenoid

45
Q

define asterions

A

points posterior to the ear where the squamosal and lambdoidal sutures meet

46
Q

define fontanels

A
  • space between the bones of the skull in an infant/fetus, where ossification is not complete
  • sutures are not fully formed
47
Q

define anterior/posterior fontanels

A
  • bregma and lambda in infants
  • ## “soft spots”
48
Q

which fontanel is the largest at birth?

A

anterior fontanel

49
Q

when does the anterior fontanel close during infancy?

A

18 months

50
Q

what are the 6 fontanels in an infant?

A
  • anterior fontanel
  • posterior fontanel
  • right sphenoid fontanel
  • left sphenoid fontanel
  • right mastoid fontanel
  • left mastoid fontanel
51
Q

define sutural/wormian

A

small/irregular bones

52
Q

what structure is found in the petrous portion and temporal bone?

A

organs of hearing and equillibrium

53
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the ear?

A
  • external
  • middle
  • internal
54
Q

what structures belong to the external ear?

A
  • auricle
  • pinna
  • tragus
55
Q

define (EAM) External acoustic meatus

A

opening or canal of the external ear

56
Q

define middle ear

A

irregular shaped, air containing cavity

57
Q

what structures make up the middle ear?

A
  • tympanic membrane
  • auditory ossicles
  • tympanic cavity
58
Q

define eustachian tube

A

passageway between the middle ear and the nasopharynx

59
Q

what is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

serves to equalize the pressure within the middle ear to the outside atmospheric air pressure through the nasopharynx

60
Q

what structures make up the internal ear?

A

internal acoustic meatus

61
Q

what is a second direct communication in the middle ear?

A

mastoid air cells

62
Q

what connects to the mastoid air cells?

A

antrum

63
Q

what is the function of the auditory ossicles?

A
  • permit vibratory motion
  • transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the internal ear
64
Q

what are the three auditory ossicles?

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
65
Q

which out of the 3 auditory ossicles is the smallest bone?

A

stapes

66
Q

what membrane leads to the inner ear?

A

oval window

67
Q

how does sense of hearing occur?

A

when the longer root of the incus connects to the stapes, which connects to the oval window of the cochlea

68
Q

what are the 3 parts of the osseous/bony labyrinth

A
  • cochlea
  • vestibule
  • semicircle canals
69
Q

what is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

sense of direction or equilibrium

70
Q

what is the function of the cochlea?

A

sense of hearing

71
Q

what are the 2 membranes of the internal ear?

A
  • oval window/vestibule
  • round window/cochlea
72
Q

define oval window/vestibule

A

receives vibrations from the external ear (stapes), transmitting them to the vestibule

73
Q

define round window/cochlear

A

membrane that allows the movement of fluid within the closed duct system

74
Q

how does sense of hearing occur?

A

Vibrations and associated slight fluid movements within the cochlea produce impulses that are transmitted to the auditory nerve within the internal acoustic meatus

75
Q

which 2 facial bones are unpaired?

A

vomer and mandible

76
Q

which is the largest immovable facial bone?

A

(2) maxilla

77
Q

what are the structures of the maxilla?

A
  • body
  • 4 processes
78
Q

what are the 4 processes in the maxilla?

A
  • palatine process
  • frontal process
  • zygomatic process
  • alveolar process
79
Q

define hard/bony palate

A

anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

80
Q

define the zygoma

A

form the prominence of the cheeks and makeup the lower portion of the orbits

81
Q

which bone is fractured due to a blow in the cheek?

A

zygomatic arch

82
Q

which bones are the thinnest and most fragile?

A

lacrimal and nasal bones

83
Q

define lacrimal bone

A

small/delicate bones that lie very close to the tear ducts

84
Q

define nasal bone

A
  • form the bridge of the nose
  • the rest of the nose is made up of cartilage
85
Q

define nasal conchae

A
  • made up of three pairs
  • divide nasal cavities into various compartments
  • break up/mix the flow of the air before it reaches the lungs
86
Q

what is the largest facial bone?

A

mandible

87
Q

which bone is the only movable bone in the adult skeleton?

A

mandible

88
Q
A

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