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:] > LRA-214 Chapter 2 Workbook > Flashcards

LRA-214 Chapter 2 Workbook Flashcards

1
Q

The bony thorax consists of the single ____ anteriorly, two ____, two _____, twelve pairs of _____, and twelve _____ posteriorly.

A

sternum; clavicles; scapula; ribs; thoracic vertebrae

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2
Q

the two important bony landmarks of the thorax that are used for locating the central ray on a PA and AP chest projection are the _____ and the ______, respectively

A

vertebrae prominence; jugular notch

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3
Q

the four divisions of the respiratory system are:

A
  • pharynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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4
Q

what is the correct anatomic term for Adam’s apple?

A

thyroid cartilage

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5
Q

what is the correct anatomic term for Voice box?

A

larynx

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6
Q

what is the correct anatomic term for breastbone?

A

sternum

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7
Q

what is the correct anatomic term for shouder?

A

scapula

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8
Q

what is the correct anatomic term for collarbone?

A

clavicle

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9
Q

list the three divisions of the structure located proximally to the larynx that serve as a common passageway for both food and air

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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10
Q

what is the name of the structure that acts as a lid over the larynx to prevent foreign objects such as food particles from entering the respiratory system?

A

epiglottis

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11
Q

the trachea is located _____ to the esophagus

A

anteriorly

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12
Q

the ____ bone is seen in the anterior portion of the neck and is found just below the tongue or floor of the mouth

A

hyoid

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13
Q

if a person accidently inhales a food particle, which bronchus is it most likely to enter, and why?

A
  • right bronchus
  • it is larger in diameter and more vertical
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14
Q

what is the name of the prominence, or ridge, seen when looking down into the bronchus where it divides into the right and left bronchi?

A

carina

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15
Q

the prominence, or ridge, (carina) is approximately at the level of ______ vertebrae

A

T4-T5

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16
Q

what is the term for the small air sacs located at the distal ends of the bronchioles, in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood?

A

alveoli

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17
Q

the delicate, doubled wall sac or membrane that contains the lungs is called the-

A

pleura

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18
Q

the outer layer of this membrane adhering to the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm is the-

A

parietal pleura

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19
Q

the inner layer adhering to the surface of the lungs is the-

A

visceral/pulmonary pleura

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20
Q

the potential space between these two layers (parietal/visceral pleura) is called-

A

pleural cavity

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21
Q

air or gas that enters the pleural cavity results in a condition called-

A

pneumothorax

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22
Q

what is the name of the lower, concave portion of the lungs?

A

base

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23
Q

what is the name of the central area in which bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs?

A

hilum

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24
Q

what is the name of the upper, rounded portion above the level of clavicles?

A

apex/apices

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25
Q

what is the name of the extreme, outermost lower corner of the lungs?

A

costophrenic angle

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26
Q

explain why the right lung is smaller than the left lung and the right hemidiaphragm is positioned higher than the left hemidiaphragm

A

the presence of the liver on the right side

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27
Q

list the four important structures located in the mediastinum

A
  • thymus gland
  • heart and great vessels
  • trachea
  • esophagus
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28
Q

the heart is enclosed in a double walled membrane called the-

A

pericardial sac/pericardium

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29
Q

the three parts of the aorta are the-

A
  • ascending aorta
  • aortic arch
  • descending aorta
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30
Q

which type of body habitus is associated with a broad and deep thorax?

A

hypersthenic

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31
Q

which of the following types of body habitus may cause the costophrenic angles to be cut off if careful vertical collimation is not used?

A

hyposthenic and asthenic

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32
Q

what is the minimum number of ribs that should be demonstrated above the diaphragm on a PA radiograph of an average adult chest with full inspiration?

A

10 ribs

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33
Q

which of the following objects should be removed (or moved) before chest radiograph?

A
  • necklace
  • bra
  • religious medallion around neck
  • hair fasteners
  • oxygen lines
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34
Q

true or false: long hair may produce an artifact when imaging with digital radiographic systems

A

true

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35
Q

true or false: chest radiography is the most commonly repeated radiographic procedure because of poor positioning or exposure factor selection errors

A

true

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36
Q

chest radiography for the adult patient usually uses a kilovoltage range of _____ to ______ kVp

A

110-125

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37
Q

true or false: generally, you do not need to use radiographic grids for adult patients for PA or lateral chest radiographs

A

false

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38
Q

optimal technical factor selection ensures proper penetration of the

A
  • heart
  • great vessels
  • lung regions
  • hilar region
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39
Q

describe the way optimum density (brightness) of the lungs and mediastinal structures can be determined on a PA chest radiograph

A

faint outlines of middle or upper vertebrae and ribs through the heart and other mediastinal structures

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40
Q

true or false: because the heart is always located on the left thorax, the use of anatomic side markers on a PA chest projection may not be necessary

A

false

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41
Q

what is another term for the condition termed visceral inversion?

A

situs inversus

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42
Q

which of the following devices should be used for the erect PA and lateral chest projections for an infant?

A

Pigg-O-Stat

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43
Q

which of the following sets of exposure factor is recommended for a chest examination of a young pediatric patient?

A

70 to 85 kVp, short exposure time

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44
Q

true or false: because they have a shallower (superior-inferior dimension) lung fields, the central ray is often centered higher for geriatric patients

A

true

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45
Q

true or false: CR centering for the PA chest projection on an obese patient is 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5cm) lower than for a sthenic patient

A

false

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46
Q

to ensure better lung inspiration during chest radiography, exposure should be made during the _______ inspiration?

47
Q

list the four possible pathologic conditions that suggest the need for inspiration and expiration PA chest projection

A
  • small pneumothorax
  • fixation or lack of normal diaphragm
  • presence of a foreign body
  • distinguishing between opacity in the rib or lung
48
Q

list and explain briefly the three reasons chest projections should be taken with the patient in the erect position

A
  • diaphragm can move down farther
  • show air and fluid levels
  • prevent engorgement and hyperemia of pulmonary vessels
49
Q

why do the lungs tend to extend more with the patient in an erect position than in a supine position?

A

abdominal organs drop, allowing the diaphragm to move further down and lungs aerate more fully

50
Q

explain the primary purpose and benefit of performing chest radiography using a 72” (180 cm) SID?

A
  • reduces distortion and magnification of heart and chest structures
51
Q

which of the following anatomic structures is examined to determine rotation on a PA chest radiograph?

A

symmetric appearance and location of sternoclavicular joints

52
Q

which positioning tip will help prevent the patient’s chin and neck from being superimposed over the upper airway and apices of the lungs for a PA chest radiograph?

A

extend the chin upward

53
Q

for a patient with severe pains on the left side of their chest, would you perform a left or right lateral?

54
Q

for a patient with no chest pains, but have recent history of pneumonia on their right lung, would you perform a left or right lateral?

55
Q

for a patient with no chest pain or history of heart trouble, would you perform a left or right lateral?

56
Q

why is it important to raise the patient’s arms above the head for a lateral chest projections?

A

prevent upper arm soft tissue from superimposing the upper chest field

57
Q

the traditional central ray centering technique for the chest is to place the top of the IR ____ inches (___cm) above the shoulders

A

1 1/2 -2 inches; 5cm

58
Q

a recommended central ray centering technique for a PA chest projection requires the technologist to palpate the _______ and measure down from that bony landmark ___ inches (____cm) for a male and ____ inches (___cm) for a female patient

A

vertebra prominence (C7); 8 inches/20cm; 7 inches/18 cm

59
Q

should the 14 x 17 inch (35 x 43 cm) IR be aligned in portrait or landscape orientation for a PA chest projection of a hypersthenic patient?

60
Q

should the 14 x 17 inch (35 x 43 cm) IR be aligned in portrait or landscape orientation for a PA chest projection of a asthenic patient?

61
Q

which of the following bony landmarks is palpated for centering of the AP chest projection?

A

jugular notch

62
Q

true or false: with most digital chest units, the question of IR placement into either the portrait or the landscape position is eliminated because of the larger IR

63
Q

true or false: in general for an average patient, more collimation should be visible on the lower margin of the chest image than on the top for a PA or lateral chest projection

64
Q

true or false: the height, or vertical dimension, of the average-to-large person’s chest is greater than the width, or horizontal dimension

65
Q

true or false: multislice CT (MSCT) can produce high resolution images of the heart on one breath-hold

66
Q

true or false: single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is frequently used to diagnose myocardial infarction

67
Q

true or false: ultrasound is not an effective modality to detect pleural effusion

68
Q

true or false: echocardiography and electrocardiography are basically the same procedure

69
Q

what is one of the most common inherited disease?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

70
Q

what is a condition that is most frequently associated with congestive heart failure?

A

Pulmonary edema

71
Q

what’s dyspnea?

A

shortness of breath

72
Q

what is the accumulation of air in pleural cavity?

A

pneumothorax

73
Q

what is the accumulation of pus in pleural cavity?

74
Q

what is a form of occupational lung disease

75
Q

what is a contagious disease caused by an airborne bacterium?

A

tuberculosis

76
Q

what is the irreversible dilation of bronchioles?

A

bronchiectasis

77
Q

what condition is the most common form of emphysema?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

78
Q

what is the acute or chronic irritation of bronchi?

A

bronchitis

79
Q

what is a collapse of all or portion of the lung?

A

atelectasis

80
Q

what is inflammation of the pleura?

81
Q

what is a most common radiographic sign seen on a chest radiograph for a patient with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?

A

air bronchogram sign

82
Q

would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has left lung atelectasis?

83
Q

would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has lung neoplasm?

A

no changes needed for the technique

84
Q

would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has severe pulmonary edema?

85
Q

would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has RDS or adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD) in infants?

86
Q

would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has reactivation (secondary) tuberculosis?

87
Q

would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has advanced emphysema?

88
Q

would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has large pneumothorax?

89
Q

would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has pulmonary emboli?

A

no changes

90
Q

would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has primary tuberculosis?

A

no changes

91
Q

would you decrease or increase your technique with someone who has advanced asbestosis?

92
Q

which of the following chest projections/positions is recommended to detect calcifications or cavitation within the upper lung region beneath the cavicles?

A

AP lordotic

93
Q

which of the following is not a form of occupational lung disease?

94
Q

why is a PA chest preferred to an AP projection?

A

minimizes magnification of the heart

95
Q

the CR is placed at the level of the ____ vertebra for a PA chest projections

96
Q

the shoulders need to be rolled forward for the PA projection to allow the ______ to move laterally and be clear of the lung fields

97
Q

why should a left lateral be performed unless departmental protocol indicates otherwise?

A

to minimize magnification of the heart. the heart will also be at its true size

98
Q

how much separation of the posterior ribs on a lateral chest projection indicates excessive rotation from a true lateral position?

A

greater than 1cm

99
Q

to prevent the clavicles from obscuring the apices on an AP projection of the chest, the CR should be angled _____ so that it is perpendicular to the _______

A

caudal -/+ 5 degrees;sternum

100
Q

what is the name of the condition characterized by fluid entering the pleural cavity?

A

pleural effusion

101
Q

which specific position would be used if a patient were unable to stand but the physician suspected that the patient had fluid in the left lung?

A

left lateral decubitus

102
Q

what circumstances or clinical indications suggest that an AP lordotic projection should be ordered?

A

calcification/masses beneath the clavicles

103
Q

what position/projection would be used for a patient who is too ill or weak to stand for an AP lordotic projection?

A

AP semiaxial projection with a CR angle of 15-20 degrees cephalad

104
Q

which anterior oblique projection would best elongate the left thorax-RAO or LAO?

105
Q

which posterior oblique projection would best elongate the left thorax-RPO or LPO?

106
Q

for certain studies of the heart, the _____ anterior oblique requires a rotation of ____ degrees

A

left; 60 degrees

107
Q

true or false: a grid is not recommended for an LPO projection of the adult chest

108
Q

where is the CR placed for a lateral projection of the upper airway?

A

C6-C7 between the thyroid cartilage and the jugular notch

109
Q

careful collimation during a chest radiograph will improve image quality by decreasing ____ radiation to the IR

110
Q

what are the recommended patient instructions when performing an erect PA chest on a female patient with large pendulous breasts?

A

lift the breasts outwards. remove the hands as she lands towards the IR to keep them in position

111
Q

true or false: no lead shielding is necessary for male patients or women older than age 65 during radiographic imaging of the chest

112
Q

an erect chest PA radiograph aids the patient to achieve full inspiration and helps to prevent ________ and _______ of the pulmonary vessels

A

engorgement;hypermia

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