Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards
What do the scalene muscles do?
They rotate the neck, or elevate the ribs
What does the sternocleidomastoid do?
Rotates the head. Left one turns the head right, right one turns the head left
What does the sternohyoid muscle do?
Depress the hyoid
What does the sternothyroid muscle do?
Depress the thyroid cartilage
What does the omohyoid muscle do?
Depress the hyoid
What does the platysma muscle do?
Draw the lower lip and corner of the mouth sideways and down
What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?
Digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and stylohyoid
What does the digastric muscle do?
Assist in opening and closing jaw. Facilitate tongue movement. Opens mouth widely
What does the geniohyoid muscle do?
Assist in respiration and swallowing
What does the mylohyoid muscle do?
Elevate floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing
What does the stylohyoid muscle do?
Elevates hyoid
What does the frontalis muscle do?
Raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead
What is the galea aponeurotica?
A wide layer of dense fibrous tissue covering the upper part of the cranium, allowing the scalp to move freely
What does the occipitalis muscle do?
Pull back the forehead
What does the masseter muscle do?
Elevate the mandible
What does the temporalis muscle do?
Elevate the mandible, synergizing with the masseter
What do the pterygoids do?
Pull on the jaw horizontally, help in rotatory chewing
What does the orbicularis oculi do?
Ring the eye and close the eyelid
What does the orbicularis oris do?
Ring and close the mouth
What does the corrugator supercilii do?
Furrow the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead
What do the zygomaticus muscles do?
Elevate the corners of the mouth, pulling them superiorly and laterally
What do the risorius muscles do?
Pull at the lips laterally, for laughing
What does the mentalis muscle do?
Raises the central portion of the lips, and moves the soft tissue of the chin inward and upward
What does the depressor labii inferioris muscle do?
Pulls the lower lip inferiorly, like when pouting
What does the levator labii superioris do?
Raises the skin of the upper lip and expand the nostrils
What does the nasalis muscle do?
Widen nostrils
What do the trapezius muscles do?
Stabilize and move the scapula. Elevate and depress shoulder apex
What do the external intercostals do?
Elevate and move ribs forward, for inflow of air
What do the internal intercostals do?
Depress and retract ribs, expelling air
What does the external abdominal oblique do?
Support viscera, aid in breathing and waist rotation
What does the internal abdominal oblique do?
Rotate waist and maintain abdominal tension
What does the transverse abdominal do?
Compress abdominal contents and contribute to movements of vertebral column
What does the rectus abdominis do?
Flex lumbar region of vertebral column, and produce forward bending at the waist
What does the erector spinae do?
Aid in sitting and standing erect
What does the urogenital triangle do?
Has a sphincter for urethral waste
What does the anal traingle do?
Has a sphincter for anal waste
What is a hernia?
Viscera protruding through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
Where is an inguinal hernia?
Viscera enter inguinal canal or scrotum (common in men, rare in women)
Where is a hiatal hernia?
Stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax (overweight people over 40)
Where is an umbilical hernia?
Viscera protrude through the navel
What is compartment syndrome?
One of the muscles or blood vessels in a compartment is injured
What does the pectoralis minor do?
Draw scapula laterally
What does the serratus anterior do?
Draw scapula laterally and forward, for reaching and pushing
What does the levator scapulae do?
Elevate scapula, flex neck laterally
What do the rhomboids do?
Retract scapula and brace shoulder
What does the pectoralis major do?
Flex, adduct, and medially rotate humerus. + Deep breathing
What does the latissimus dorsi do?
Adduct and medially rotate humerus
What does the deltoid do?
Rotate and abduct arm
What does the teres major do?
Extend and medially rotate the humerus
What does the rotator cuff do?
Hold the humerus in place
What do the brachialis and biceps brachii do?
Flex elbow
What does the triceps brachii do?
Extend elbow
What does the brachioradialis do?
Flex elbow
What does the anconeus do?
Extend elbow
What does the pronator quadratus do?
Pronate forearm
What does the pronator teres do?
Assist pronator quadratus in pronating forearm
What does the supinator do?
Supinate the forearm
What does the flexor carpi radialis do?
Flex wrist
What does the flexor carpi ulnaris do?
Flex wrist
What does the palmaris longus do?
Anchor skin and fascia of palmar region
What does the iliacus do?
Flex the thigh at the hip
What does the psoas major do?
Flex the thigh at the hip
What does the tensor fasciae latae do?
Extend and laterally rotate knee
What does the gluteus maximus do?
Form mass of buttock, prime hip extensor (lifts when you climb stairs)
What do the gluteus medius and minimus do?
Abduct and medially rotate thigh
What are the primary adductors of the thigh?
Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus
What does the quadriceps femoris do?
Extend knee. Most powerful muscle in the body
Most powerful muscle in the body?
Quadriceps femoris
Longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
What do the hamstring muscles do?
Flex thigh
What does the tibialis anterior muscle do?
Dorsiflex ankle
What do the fibularis longus and brevis do?
Plantarflex the ankle
What does the gastrocnemius muscle do?
Plantar flex foot, flex knee
What does the soleus muscle do?
Plantar flexes foot
What does the plantaris muscle do?
Synergizes with triceps surae
What is the triceps surae?
Collective name for gastrocnemius and soleus
Functions of muscles?
Movement, stability, control of openings and passageways, heat production, glycemic control
Types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
What is the study of the muscular system?
Myology
What are skeletal muscles made up of?
Skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels
What is the endomysium?
Connective tissue enclosing a muscle fiber
What is the perimysium?
Connective tissue wrapping around fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)
What is the endomysium?
Fibrous sheath around an entire muscle
What is a fascia?
A sheet of connective tissue around a whole muscle (incld. endomysium) that separates muscles from one another
What are the shapes of muscles?
Fusiform, parallel, triangular, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, and circular
How are muscles attached to bone?
Tendons
What is direct attachment?
Muscle appears to sprout from bone but it really is connected by a tendon
What is an indirect attachment?
Tendon obviously connects muscle to bone
What is an aponeurosis?
Broad, flat sheet tendon
What is a retinaculum?
Connective tissue band which tendons pass underneath
What is an origin of a muscle?
Bony attachment at stationary end
What is the belly of a muscle?
The thick middle region between origin and insertion
What is an insertion of a muscle?
Bony attachment at the mobile end. Usually moves toward the origin in contraction
What is an action?
Effect produced by a muscle
What is a prime mover?
AKA an agonist, produces most of the force during a joint action
What is a synergist?
Muscle that aids the prime mover
What is an antagonist?
Muscle that opposes the prime mover
What is a fixator?
Muscle that prevents bone from moving
What is an innervation?
The nerve that stimulates a muscle
How does blood reach muscle fibers?
Capillaries branch through the endomysium
How does blood reach muscle fibers?
What is a joint?
Any point where 2 bones meet, whether movable or not
What is the study of joint structure and function?
Arthrology
What is the study of musculoskeletal movement?
Kinesiology
How are joints named?
Typically, from the names of bones involved
What are the joint categories?
Bony joints, fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints
What is a bony joint?
AKA synostosis, an immobile joint formed when the gap between 2 bones ossifies and becomes one
What is a fibrous joint?
AKA synarthrosis, when adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers coming from one and penetrating into the other
Types of fibrous joints?
Sutures, gomphosis, syndesmosis
What are sutures?
A fibrous joint. Immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints where short collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other
What are serrate sutures?
Interlocking wavy lines
What are lap/squamous sutures?
Overlapping beveled edges
What are plane/butt sutures?
Straight, non-overlapping edges
What is gomphosis?
A fibrous joint. Attachment of tooth to its socket. The only joint not joining 2 bones. Held in place by periodontal ligament
What is syndesmosis?
A fibrous joint. 2 bones are bound by long collagen fibers
What are cartilaginous joints?
AKA amphiarthrosis, 2 bones linked by cartilage
Types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses and syphyses
What is synchondrosis?
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
What is symphysis?
Bones joined by fibrocartilage
What are synovial joints?
AKA diarthrosis, a joint in which 2 bones are separated by a joint cavity
What is articular cartilage?
A layer of smooth, hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of 2 bones
Most movable joint
Synovial joints
What is articular cartilage?
What is a joint/articular cavity?
Separates articular surfaces
What is synovial fluid?
Viscous, slippery lubricant in joint cavity
What is a joint/articular capsule?
Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid
What is the outer fibrous capsule?
What is a synovial membrane?
Type of joint capsule, composed cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages to remove debris
What is an articular disc?
A pad between articulating bones, crossing the joint capsule
What is a meniscus?
A moon-shaped cartilage in the knee that absorbs shock and pressure
What is a ligament?
Strip of collagenous tissue attaching one bone to another
What is a bursa?
A fibrous sac filled w/ synovial fluid between muscles, or between bone and skin
What is a tendon sheath?
Elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon, lubricates it
What is a lever?
Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum. Effort is applied to the lever to overcome the resistance
What is range of motion?
The degrees through which a joint can move
What is a multiaxial joint?
What are the classes of synovial joints?
Ball-and-socket, condylar, saddle, plane, hinge, and pivot
Most freely mobile joint in the body?
Glenohumeral/humeroscapular joint
What is the glenoid labrum?
Fibrocartilage ring that deepens the glenoid cavity
Muscles of the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
What is the humeroulnar joint?
Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
What is the humeroradial joint?
Capitulum of humerus and head of radius
Most stable joint?
Hip joint
What is the acetabular labrum?
Ring of fibrocartilage that deepens hip socket
What ligaments support the hip joint?
Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral
Largest and most complex diarthrosis?
Tibiofemoral joint (knee)
What does the ACL do?
Prevent hyperextension of knee
What do the bursae in the knee joint do?
Why do knee injuries heal so slow?
Not a lot of blood flow
What is arthroscopy?
Procedure in which interior of joint is viewed w/ thin arthroscope inserted through small incision
Articulations of talocrural joint?
Medial (tibia, talus) and lateral (fibula, talus)
What is arthritis?
Pain and inflammation of joints
Most common form of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune attack against joint tissues
What is arthroplasty?
Replacement of diseased joint w/ prosthesis
What is zero position?
The position of a joint when in anatomical position
What cartilage can endure more stress?
Fibrocartilage
Components of a joint capsule?
Joint capsule, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane
What kind of joints are always freely movable?
Synovial
What joints are usually biaxial?
Plane joints
What is the only diarthrotic joint of the skull?
The temporomandibular joint
Why is the elbow joint complex?
It has hinge and pivot characteristics
Functions of skeleton?
Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation
Components of the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilages, ligaments
What do ligaments connect?
Bone to bone
What is calcification?
The hardening process of bone
What do individual bones consist of?
Bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue
What are the types of bone shape?
Flat, long, short, irregular
What is compact bone?
The dense outer shell of bone
What is spongy bone?
Loosely organized bone tissue in epiphyses
What is the diaphysis?
Shaft that provides leverage in a long bone
What is the medullary cavity?
Space in diaphysis of long bone that contains bone marrow and yellow marrow
What are epiphyses?
Heads of a long bone, strengthen joint and anchor ligaments and tendons
What is articular cartilage?
Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surface and lets joint move more freely
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Hyaline cartilage that separated epiphyses and diaphyses, enables growth in length
What is the periosteum?
External sheath covering long bone
What is the endosteum?
Thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity
How are flat bones constructed?
2 layers of compact bone enclose a layer of spongy bone (diploe)
What are osteogenic cells?
Stem cells which give rise to other bone cell types
What are osteoblasts?
Bone-forming cells
What are osteocytes?
Former osteoblasts now trapped in the matrix they deposited
What are lacunae?
Cavities in which osteocytes reside
What ate canaliculi?
Little channels that connect lacunae
What are osteoclasts?
Bone-dissolving cells
What is resorption?
Dissolving bone and returning the minerals to the bloodstream
What is bone made of?
A combo of a ceramic (minerals) and a polymer (collagen)
What are lamellae?
Rings around a central canal
What are perforating canals?
Transverse passages where blood vessels and nerves run
What makes up spongy bone?
Spicules and trabeculae
What is red marrow?
Bone marrow that produces blood cells
What is yellow marrow?
Only in adults, bone marrow that stores fat
How does bone develop in fetuses/infants?
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
How does intramembranous ossification work?
Mostly for flat bones, it kinda sandwiches itself in w/ calcification
How does endochondral ossification work?
Forms most bones, grows longer w/ ossification centers
What is the metaphysis?
A zone of transition facing marrow cavity where cartilage gets replaced w/ bone
What is interstitial growth?
Bones increasing in length
What is appositional growth?
Diameter growth at bone’s surface
How much of your skeleton is replaced each year?
10%
What body systems are especially dependent on calcium homeostasis?
Nervous and muscular
What is mineral deposition?
Process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone
What is abnormal calcification?
What is abnormal calcification?
Formation of a calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ
What does phosphate do?
It’s a component of dna, rna, atp, phospholipids, and pH buffers
What does calcium do?
Aids in neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosis
What does calcitriol do?
Raise blood calcium level
What does calcitonin do?
Lower blood calcium
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Raise blood calcium levels
What is hypocalcemia?
Calcium deficiency, causes muscle spasms
What is hypercalcemia?
Excessive calcium levels, causes sluggishness
What is a stress fracture?
A break in bone caused by abnormal trauma to it
What is a pathological fracture?
Break in a bone weakened by a disease
What is a nondisplaced fracture?
Bone pieces remain in proper alignment
What is a displaced fracture?
At least one piece of bone is shifted out of alignment with the other
What is a comminuted fracture?
A bone is broken in 3 or more pieces
What is a greenstick fracture?
A bone is incompletely broken on one side and bent on the opposite ride
How do fractures heal?
Hematoma forms, soft callus forms, hard callus forms, bone remodels
What is a closed reduction?
Bone fragments are manipulated into normal positions w/o surgery
What is an open reduction?
Surgery w/ pins, plates, screws etc to realign bone fragments
What are bone condyles and heads?
Projections where the bone articulates w/ another
What are foramina, canals, and fissures?
Depressions and holes in bone that act as passageways for blood vessels and nerves
Components of appendicular skeleton?
Arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder area
Components of pectoral girdle?
Scapulae and clavicles
Components of axial skeleton?
Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage
Characteristics of muscle?
Conductivity, contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
Features of skeletal muscle?
Striated, voluntary. Long fibers
Connective tissue wrappings of muscle in order?
Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium. And then fascia
What is sarcolemma?
Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
What is sarcoplasm?
Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
What are myofibrils?
Long protein cords occupying most of sarcoplasm
What is glycogen?
Carbs stored for exercise energy
What is myoglobin?
Pigment that provides oxygen for exercise
What are myoblasts?
Cells that fuse to form muscle fibers
What are satellite cells?
Unspecialized myoblasts that regenerate damaged skeletal muscle tissue
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril
What are terminal cisterns?
Sacs of SR that cross muscle fiber from one side to the other and store calcium
What are T tubules?
Tubular infoldings of sarcolemma that penetrate through cell and emerge on other side
What are thick filaments made up of?
Myosin molecules
What are thin filaments made up of?
Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
What are elastic filaments?
Made of titin, run through thin filament and anchor it to Z disc and M line
What is dystrophin?
A protein that links actin to the endomysium
What are the contractile proteins?
Actin and myosin
What are the regulatory proteins?
Troponin and tropomyosin
What are dark bands?
A bands
What are light bands?
I bands
What are Z discs?
Anchorage for thin and elastic filaments
What is a sarcomere?
A muscle segment from z disc to z disc. Functional unit of muscle fiber
What are somatic motor neurons?
Nerve cells that serve skeletal muscles
What are tubercles, spines, and trochanters?
Attachment points for muscles and ligaments
What is a motor unit?
One nerve fiber and the muscle fibers innervated by it
What is a synapse?
Point where a nerve fiber meets its target
What is a neuromuscular junction?
Point where a nerve fiber meets a muscle cell
What is an axon terminal?
End of nerve fiber that contains synaptic vesicles w ACh
What is a synaptic cleft?
Gap between axon terminal and sarcolemma
What is ACh?
A neurotransmitter that helps trigger contraction
What is AChE?
An enzyme that breaks down ACh, allowing the muscle to relax
Resting membrane potential?
Abt -90 mv in skeletal muscle cells
What is depolarization?
Inside of plasma membrane becomes positive bc Na+ rushes in
What is an action potential?
Quick up-and-down voltage shift
Stages of contraction and relaxation?
Excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, relaxation
What is repolarization?
K+ leaves cell and membrane turns negative again
Where do different muscle cells get information from?
Cardiac and smooth - autonomic nervous system
Skeletal - somatic nervous system
