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Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the scalene muscles do?

A

They rotate the neck, or elevate the ribs

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2
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid do?

A

Rotates the head. Left one turns the head right, right one turns the head left

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3
Q

What does the sternohyoid muscle do?

A

Depress the hyoid

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4
Q

What does the sternothyroid muscle do?

A

Depress the thyroid cartilage

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5
Q

What does the omohyoid muscle do?

A

Depress the hyoid

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6
Q

What does the platysma muscle do?

A

Draw the lower lip and corner of the mouth sideways and down

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7
Q

What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?

A

Digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and stylohyoid

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8
Q

What does the digastric muscle do?

A

Assist in opening and closing jaw. Facilitate tongue movement. Opens mouth widely

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9
Q

What does the geniohyoid muscle do?

A

Assist in respiration and swallowing

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10
Q

What does the mylohyoid muscle do?

A

Elevate floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing

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11
Q

What does the stylohyoid muscle do?

A

Elevates hyoid

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12
Q

What does the frontalis muscle do?

A

Raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead

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13
Q

What is the galea aponeurotica?

A

A wide layer of dense fibrous tissue covering the upper part of the cranium, allowing the scalp to move freely

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14
Q

What does the occipitalis muscle do?

A

Pull back the forehead

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15
Q

What does the masseter muscle do?

A

Elevate the mandible

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16
Q

What does the temporalis muscle do?

A

Elevate the mandible, synergizing with the masseter

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17
Q

What do the pterygoids do?

A

Pull on the jaw horizontally, help in rotatory chewing

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18
Q

What does the orbicularis oculi do?

A

Ring the eye and close the eyelid

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19
Q

What does the orbicularis oris do?

A

Ring and close the mouth

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20
Q

What does the corrugator supercilii do?

A

Furrow the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead

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21
Q

What do the zygomaticus muscles do?

A

Elevate the corners of the mouth, pulling them superiorly and laterally

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22
Q

What do the risorius muscles do?

A

Pull at the lips laterally, for laughing

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23
Q

What does the mentalis muscle do?

A

Raises the central portion of the lips, and moves the soft tissue of the chin inward and upward

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24
Q

What does the depressor labii inferioris muscle do?

A

Pulls the lower lip inferiorly, like when pouting

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25
Q

What does the levator labii superioris do?

A

Raises the skin of the upper lip and expand the nostrils

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26
Q

What does the nasalis muscle do?

A

Widen nostrils

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27
Q

What do the trapezius muscles do?

A

Stabilize and move the scapula. Elevate and depress shoulder apex

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28
Q

What do the external intercostals do?

A

Elevate and move ribs forward, for inflow of air

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29
Q

What do the internal intercostals do?

A

Depress and retract ribs, expelling air

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30
Q

What does the external abdominal oblique do?

A

Support viscera, aid in breathing and waist rotation

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31
Q

What does the internal abdominal oblique do?

A

Rotate waist and maintain abdominal tension

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32
Q

What does the transverse abdominal do?

A

Compress abdominal contents and contribute to movements of vertebral column

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33
Q

What does the rectus abdominis do?

A

Flex lumbar region of vertebral column, and produce forward bending at the waist

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34
Q

What does the erector spinae do?

A

Aid in sitting and standing erect

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35
Q

What does the urogenital triangle do?

A

Has a sphincter for urethral waste

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36
Q

What does the anal traingle do?

A

Has a sphincter for anal waste

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37
Q

What is a hernia?

A

Viscera protruding through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

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38
Q

Where is an inguinal hernia?

A

Viscera enter inguinal canal or scrotum (common in men, rare in women)

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39
Q

Where is a hiatal hernia?

A

Stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax (overweight people over 40)

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40
Q

Where is an umbilical hernia?

A

Viscera protrude through the navel

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41
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

One of the muscles or blood vessels in a compartment is injured

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42
Q

What does the pectoralis minor do?

A

Draw scapula laterally

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43
Q

What does the serratus anterior do?

A

Draw scapula laterally and forward, for reaching and pushing

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44
Q

What does the levator scapulae do?

A

Elevate scapula, flex neck laterally

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45
Q

What do the rhomboids do?

A

Retract scapula and brace shoulder

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46
Q

What does the pectoralis major do?

A

Flex, adduct, and medially rotate humerus. + Deep breathing

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47
Q

What does the latissimus dorsi do?

A

Adduct and medially rotate humerus

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48
Q

What does the deltoid do?

A

Rotate and abduct arm

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49
Q

What does the teres major do?

A

Extend and medially rotate the humerus

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50
Q

What does the rotator cuff do?

A

Hold the humerus in place

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51
Q

What do the brachialis and biceps brachii do?

A

Flex elbow

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52
Q

What does the triceps brachii do?

A

Extend elbow

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53
Q

What does the brachioradialis do?

A

Flex elbow

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54
Q

What does the anconeus do?

A

Extend elbow

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55
Q

What does the pronator quadratus do?

A

Pronate forearm

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56
Q

What does the pronator teres do?

A

Assist pronator quadratus in pronating forearm

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57
Q

What does the supinator do?

A

Supinate the forearm

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58
Q

What does the flexor carpi radialis do?

A

Flex wrist

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59
Q

What does the flexor carpi ulnaris do?

A

Flex wrist

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60
Q

What does the palmaris longus do?

A

Anchor skin and fascia of palmar region

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61
Q

What does the iliacus do?

A

Flex the thigh at the hip

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62
Q

What does the psoas major do?

A

Flex the thigh at the hip

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63
Q

What does the tensor fasciae latae do?

A

Extend and laterally rotate knee

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64
Q

What does the gluteus maximus do?

A

Form mass of buttock, prime hip extensor (lifts when you climb stairs)

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65
Q

What do the gluteus medius and minimus do?

A

Abduct and medially rotate thigh

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66
Q

What are the primary adductors of the thigh?

A

Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus

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67
Q

What does the quadriceps femoris do?

A

Extend knee. Most powerful muscle in the body

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68
Q

Most powerful muscle in the body?

A

Quadriceps femoris

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69
Q

Longest muscle in the body?

A

Sartorius

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70
Q

What do the hamstring muscles do?

A

Flex thigh

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71
Q

What does the tibialis anterior muscle do?

A

Dorsiflex ankle

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72
Q

What do the fibularis longus and brevis do?

A

Plantarflex the ankle

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73
Q

What does the gastrocnemius muscle do?

A

Plantar flex foot, flex knee

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74
Q

What does the soleus muscle do?

A

Plantar flexes foot

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75
Q

What does the plantaris muscle do?

A

Synergizes with triceps surae

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76
Q

What is the triceps surae?

A

Collective name for gastrocnemius and soleus

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77
Q

Functions of muscles?

A

Movement, stability, control of openings and passageways, heat production, glycemic control

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78
Q

Types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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79
Q

What is the study of the muscular system?

A

Myology

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80
Q

What are skeletal muscles made up of?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

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81
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Connective tissue enclosing a muscle fiber

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82
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Connective tissue wrapping around fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)

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83
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Fibrous sheath around an entire muscle

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84
Q

What is a fascia?

A

A sheet of connective tissue around a whole muscle (incld. endomysium) that separates muscles from one another

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85
Q

What are the shapes of muscles?

A

Fusiform, parallel, triangular, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, and circular

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86
Q

How are muscles attached to bone?

A

Tendons

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87
Q

What is direct attachment?

A

Muscle appears to sprout from bone but it really is connected by a tendon

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88
Q

What is an indirect attachment?

A

Tendon obviously connects muscle to bone

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89
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Broad, flat sheet tendon

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90
Q

What is a retinaculum?

A

Connective tissue band which tendons pass underneath

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91
Q

What is an origin of a muscle?

A

Bony attachment at stationary end

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92
Q

What is the belly of a muscle?

A

The thick middle region between origin and insertion

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93
Q

What is an insertion of a muscle?

A

Bony attachment at the mobile end. Usually moves toward the origin in contraction

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94
Q

What is an action?

A

Effect produced by a muscle

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95
Q

What is a prime mover?

A

AKA an agonist, produces most of the force during a joint action

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96
Q

What is a synergist?

A

Muscle that aids the prime mover

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97
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Muscle that opposes the prime mover

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98
Q

What is a fixator?

A

Muscle that prevents bone from moving

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99
Q

What is an innervation?

A

The nerve that stimulates a muscle

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100
Q

How does blood reach muscle fibers?

A

Capillaries branch through the endomysium

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101
Q

How does blood reach muscle fibers?

A
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102
Q

What is a joint?

A

Any point where 2 bones meet, whether movable or not

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103
Q

What is the study of joint structure and function?

A

Arthrology

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104
Q

What is the study of musculoskeletal movement?

A

Kinesiology

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105
Q

How are joints named?

A

Typically, from the names of bones involved

106
Q

What are the joint categories?

A

Bony joints, fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints

107
Q

What is a bony joint?

A

AKA synostosis, an immobile joint formed when the gap between 2 bones ossifies and becomes one

108
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

AKA synarthrosis, when adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers coming from one and penetrating into the other

109
Q

Types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, gomphosis, syndesmosis

110
Q

What are sutures?

A

A fibrous joint. Immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints where short collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other

111
Q

What are serrate sutures?

A

Interlocking wavy lines

112
Q

What are lap/squamous sutures?

A

Overlapping beveled edges

113
Q

What are plane/butt sutures?

A

Straight, non-overlapping edges

114
Q

What is gomphosis?

A

A fibrous joint. Attachment of tooth to its socket. The only joint not joining 2 bones. Held in place by periodontal ligament

115
Q

What is syndesmosis?

A

A fibrous joint. 2 bones are bound by long collagen fibers

116
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

AKA amphiarthrosis, 2 bones linked by cartilage

117
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses and syphyses

118
Q

What is synchondrosis?

A

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage

119
Q

What is symphysis?

A

Bones joined by fibrocartilage

120
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

AKA diarthrosis, a joint in which 2 bones are separated by a joint cavity

121
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

A layer of smooth, hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of 2 bones

121
Q

Most movable joint

A

Synovial joints

121
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A
122
Q

What is a joint/articular cavity?

A

Separates articular surfaces

123
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Viscous, slippery lubricant in joint cavity

124
Q

What is a joint/articular capsule?

A

Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid

125
Q

What is the outer fibrous capsule?

A
126
Q

What is a synovial membrane?

A

Type of joint capsule, composed cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages to remove debris

127
Q

What is an articular disc?

A

A pad between articulating bones, crossing the joint capsule

128
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

A moon-shaped cartilage in the knee that absorbs shock and pressure

129
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Strip of collagenous tissue attaching one bone to another

130
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A fibrous sac filled w/ synovial fluid between muscles, or between bone and skin

131
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

Elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon, lubricates it

132
Q

What is a lever?

A

Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum. Effort is applied to the lever to overcome the resistance

133
Q

What is range of motion?

A

The degrees through which a joint can move

134
Q

What is a multiaxial joint?

A
135
Q

What are the classes of synovial joints?

A

Ball-and-socket, condylar, saddle, plane, hinge, and pivot

136
Q

Most freely mobile joint in the body?

A

Glenohumeral/humeroscapular joint

137
Q

What is the glenoid labrum?

A

Fibrocartilage ring that deepens the glenoid cavity

138
Q

Muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

139
Q

What is the humeroulnar joint?

A

Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

140
Q

What is the humeroradial joint?

A

Capitulum of humerus and head of radius

141
Q

Most stable joint?

A

Hip joint

142
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

Ring of fibrocartilage that deepens hip socket

143
Q

What ligaments support the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral

144
Q

Largest and most complex diarthrosis?

A

Tibiofemoral joint (knee)

145
Q

What does the ACL do?

A

Prevent hyperextension of knee

146
Q

What do the bursae in the knee joint do?

A
147
Q

Why do knee injuries heal so slow?

A

Not a lot of blood flow

148
Q

What is arthroscopy?

A

Procedure in which interior of joint is viewed w/ thin arthroscope inserted through small incision

149
Q

Articulations of talocrural joint?

A

Medial (tibia, talus) and lateral (fibula, talus)

150
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Pain and inflammation of joints

151
Q

Most common form of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis

152
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune attack against joint tissues

153
Q

What is arthroplasty?

A

Replacement of diseased joint w/ prosthesis

154
Q

What is zero position?

A

The position of a joint when in anatomical position

155
Q

What cartilage can endure more stress?

A

Fibrocartilage

156
Q

Components of a joint capsule?

A

Joint capsule, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane

157
Q

What kind of joints are always freely movable?

A

Synovial

158
Q

What joints are usually biaxial?

A

Plane joints

159
Q

What is the only diarthrotic joint of the skull?

A

The temporomandibular joint

160
Q

Why is the elbow joint complex?

A

It has hinge and pivot characteristics

161
Q

Functions of skeleton?

A

Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation

162
Q

Components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilages, ligaments

163
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

164
Q

What is calcification?

A

The hardening process of bone

165
Q

What do individual bones consist of?

A

Bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue

166
Q

What are the types of bone shape?

A

Flat, long, short, irregular

167
Q

What is compact bone?

A

The dense outer shell of bone

168
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Loosely organized bone tissue in epiphyses

169
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft that provides leverage in a long bone

170
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Space in diaphysis of long bone that contains bone marrow and yellow marrow

171
Q

What are epiphyses?

A

Heads of a long bone, strengthen joint and anchor ligaments and tendons

172
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surface and lets joint move more freely

173
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Hyaline cartilage that separated epiphyses and diaphyses, enables growth in length

174
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

External sheath covering long bone

175
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity

176
Q

How are flat bones constructed?

A

2 layers of compact bone enclose a layer of spongy bone (diploe)

177
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Stem cells which give rise to other bone cell types

178
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone-forming cells

179
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Former osteoblasts now trapped in the matrix they deposited

180
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Cavities in which osteocytes reside

181
Q

What ate canaliculi?

A

Little channels that connect lacunae

182
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Bone-dissolving cells

183
Q

What is resorption?

A

Dissolving bone and returning the minerals to the bloodstream

184
Q

What is bone made of?

A

A combo of a ceramic (minerals) and a polymer (collagen)

185
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Rings around a central canal

186
Q

What are perforating canals?

A

Transverse passages where blood vessels and nerves run

187
Q

What makes up spongy bone?

A

Spicules and trabeculae

188
Q

What is red marrow?

A

Bone marrow that produces blood cells

189
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Only in adults, bone marrow that stores fat

190
Q

How does bone develop in fetuses/infants?

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

191
Q

How does intramembranous ossification work?

A

Mostly for flat bones, it kinda sandwiches itself in w/ calcification

192
Q

How does endochondral ossification work?

A

Forms most bones, grows longer w/ ossification centers

193
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

A zone of transition facing marrow cavity where cartilage gets replaced w/ bone

194
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Bones increasing in length

195
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Diameter growth at bone’s surface

196
Q

How much of your skeleton is replaced each year?

A

10%

197
Q

What body systems are especially dependent on calcium homeostasis?

A

Nervous and muscular

198
Q

What is mineral deposition?

A

Process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone

199
Q

What is abnormal calcification?

A
199
Q

What is abnormal calcification?

A

Formation of a calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ

200
Q

What does phosphate do?

A

It’s a component of dna, rna, atp, phospholipids, and pH buffers

201
Q

What does calcium do?

A

Aids in neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosis

202
Q

What does calcitriol do?

A

Raise blood calcium level

203
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Lower blood calcium

204
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Raise blood calcium levels

205
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

Calcium deficiency, causes muscle spasms

206
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

Excessive calcium levels, causes sluggishness

207
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

A break in bone caused by abnormal trauma to it

208
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

Break in a bone weakened by a disease

209
Q

What is a nondisplaced fracture?

A

Bone pieces remain in proper alignment

210
Q

What is a displaced fracture?

A

At least one piece of bone is shifted out of alignment with the other

211
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

A bone is broken in 3 or more pieces

212
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

A bone is incompletely broken on one side and bent on the opposite ride

213
Q

How do fractures heal?

A

Hematoma forms, soft callus forms, hard callus forms, bone remodels

214
Q

What is a closed reduction?

A

Bone fragments are manipulated into normal positions w/o surgery

215
Q

What is an open reduction?

A

Surgery w/ pins, plates, screws etc to realign bone fragments

216
Q

What are bone condyles and heads?

A

Projections where the bone articulates w/ another

217
Q

What are foramina, canals, and fissures?

A

Depressions and holes in bone that act as passageways for blood vessels and nerves

218
Q

Components of appendicular skeleton?

A

Arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder area

219
Q

Components of pectoral girdle?

A

Scapulae and clavicles

220
Q

Components of axial skeleton?

A

Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage

221
Q

Characteristics of muscle?

A

Conductivity, contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

222
Q

Features of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated, voluntary. Long fibers

223
Q

Connective tissue wrappings of muscle in order?

A

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium. And then fascia

224
Q

What is sarcolemma?

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

225
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

226
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Long protein cords occupying most of sarcoplasm

227
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Carbs stored for exercise energy

228
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Pigment that provides oxygen for exercise

229
Q

What are myoblasts?

A

Cells that fuse to form muscle fibers

230
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Unspecialized myoblasts that regenerate damaged skeletal muscle tissue

231
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril

232
Q

What are terminal cisterns?

A

Sacs of SR that cross muscle fiber from one side to the other and store calcium

233
Q

What are T tubules?

A

Tubular infoldings of sarcolemma that penetrate through cell and emerge on other side

234
Q

What are thick filaments made up of?

A

Myosin molecules

235
Q

What are thin filaments made up of?

A

Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

236
Q

What are elastic filaments?

A

Made of titin, run through thin filament and anchor it to Z disc and M line

237
Q

What is dystrophin?

A

A protein that links actin to the endomysium

238
Q

What are the contractile proteins?

A

Actin and myosin

239
Q

What are the regulatory proteins?

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

240
Q

What are dark bands?

A

A bands

241
Q

What are light bands?

A

I bands

242
Q

What are Z discs?

A

Anchorage for thin and elastic filaments

243
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A muscle segment from z disc to z disc. Functional unit of muscle fiber

244
Q

What are somatic motor neurons?

A

Nerve cells that serve skeletal muscles

245
Q

What are tubercles, spines, and trochanters?

A

Attachment points for muscles and ligaments

246
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One nerve fiber and the muscle fibers innervated by it

247
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Point where a nerve fiber meets its target

248
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Point where a nerve fiber meets a muscle cell

249
Q

What is an axon terminal?

A

End of nerve fiber that contains synaptic vesicles w ACh

250
Q

What is a synaptic cleft?

A

Gap between axon terminal and sarcolemma

251
Q

What is ACh?

A

A neurotransmitter that helps trigger contraction

252
Q

What is AChE?

A

An enzyme that breaks down ACh, allowing the muscle to relax

253
Q

Resting membrane potential?

A

Abt -90 mv in skeletal muscle cells

254
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Inside of plasma membrane becomes positive bc Na+ rushes in

255
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Quick up-and-down voltage shift

256
Q

Stages of contraction and relaxation?

A

Excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, relaxation

257
Q

What is repolarization?

A

K+ leaves cell and membrane turns negative again

258
Q

Where do different muscle cells get information from?

A

Cardiac and smooth - autonomic nervous system
Skeletal - somatic nervous system

‱ (40 decks)

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