Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

‱ > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a clue that a hormone comes from the hypothalamus?

A

It has -releasing or -inhibiting in the name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Difference between how ADH and aldosterone retain water?

A

ADH does not retain salt, it retains water directly, while aldosterone retains salt, indirectly retaining water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

In the infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most versatile hormone?

A

Growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Example of antagonistic hormones?

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin; insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Increase muscle mass and bone density, and reduce fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excess cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Not enough cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is cortisol?

A

A glucocorticoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

A mineralocorticoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Conserve water and cause vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is glucose?

A

Sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Stored glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Hormone that breaks down glycogen to raise blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Functions of oxytocin?

A

Labor contractions, milk release, closeness during mother and child, orgasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the classifications of hormones?

A

Steroids that are cholesterol-based and hydrophobic and peptides that are hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Hyposecretion of ADH, causing frequent urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Hyposecretion or resistance of insulin, causing sugar in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is myxedema?

A

Hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is adrenogenital syndrome?

A

Hypersecretion of androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is gigantism?

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism?

A

Hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What causes hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens with hyperparathyroidism?

A

Bones become soft and fragile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What causes hypoparathyroidism?

A

Surgical excision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens with hypoparathyroidism?

A

Fatal tetany within days due to rapidly dropped blood calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What raises blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone from parathyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What lowers blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin from the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is necessary to make thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Do concept check 16

A

Done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Do concept check 17

A

Done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Go review hormones cards

A

Done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

A bed of capillaries in the anterior pituitary gland that connects it to the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What region of the pituitary gland is light?

A

The neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do proprioceptors do?

A

Help with sense of limb position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where are taste buds?

A

On lamellae, which are the visible bumps on the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What kind of ending are temperature receptors?

A

Free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where are olfactory receptors?

A

In the roof of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do gustation and olfaction have in common?

A

They rely on each other to give complete perceptions of taste and smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the mucous membrane lining the inner eyelids?

A

Conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Function of eyebrows?

A

protection from debris and sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Function of eyelashes?

A

Protects things from entering eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Function of iris?

A

Regulates size of pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the pigment in rods?

A

Rhodopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the pigment in cones?

A

Photopsins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What do cones see?

A

Color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do rods see?

A

Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

Deafness due to blockage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

Deafness due to damage of cochlea or hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Changing shape of lens for near and far vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A

Blindness causes by abnormal blood vessel growth in retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the tectorial membrane?

A

Where hair cells of the organ of cortex have stereocilia embedded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Feeling of pain on body surface that has its origin in an internal organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are semicircular canals for?

A

Rotational equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What releases ADH?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What mechanism does oxytocin use?

A

Positive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where does GH stimulate protein synthesis?

A

Bone, cartilage, and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What metabolism does growth hormone promote?

A

Fat metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What makes calcitonin?

A

Thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What do the pancreatic islets make?

A

Insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete?

A

Directly into the blood and tissue fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What produces atrial natriuretic hormone?

A

The heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What produces erythropoietin?

A

Kidney and liver

66
Q

What produces thyroxine?

A

Thyroid

67
Q

What produces epinephrine?

A

Adrenal medulla

68
Q

What produces aldosterone?

A

Adrenal cortex

69
Q

What bone do olfactory nerves pass through?

A

Ethmoid

70
Q

What nerves conduct impulses from taste receptors to the brain?

A

Facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

71
Q

What are the tastes?

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

72
Q

What type of sense are gustation and olfaction?

A

Chemical

73
Q

What type of sense is hearing?

A

Mechanic

74
Q

Explain why you experience vertigo when you read in the moving car. What structures are involved and what is the normal function of these structures?

A

You get vertigo because your eyes are fixed on a nonmoving object, the book, while your body is physically moving. The vestibular apparatus, consisting of the otoliths (saccule and utricle) and semicircular canals are responsible for helping us detect motion. The semicircular canals each have liquid filling them, which moves with the body and tells your brain what direction you’re going in. The utricle and saccule have granules suspended in a matrix, and vertical or horizontal movement causes the hair cells to move, sending information to the brain about this movement. When the inner ear detects motion, yet the eyes do not, vertigo occurs.

75
Q

Ling, a 75 year old grandmother complained that her vision was becoming obscured. Upon examination by an ophthalmologist she is told she has cataracts. What are cataracts, how do they occur and how are they treated?

A

Cataracts are a clouding of the lens that occurs from several different factors. Age, diabetes, smoking, drugs, ultraviolet radiation, and viruses each may contribute to an individual having cataracts. It is a darkening of the lens fibers, and debris and bubbles also show up in the lens. Cataracts can be treated by replacing the eye’s lens with an artificial one. one more sentence ugh

76
Q

Henri, a chef in a 5-star French restaurant, has been diagnosed with leukemia. He is about to undergo chemotherapy, which will kill rapidly dividing cells in his body. He needs to continue working between bouts of chemotherapy. What consequences of chemotherapy would you predict that might affect his job as a chef? (HINT: think about the life cycle of olfactory and gustatory cells).

A

Chemotherapy is made to kill rapidly dividing cells, since cancer cells themselves divide quickly. However, other cells in the body are also rapidly dividing. These cells include gustatory and olfactory cells, responsible for our taste and smell. Henri’s olfactory cells being killed may mean that he won’t be able to smell the food, possibly causing issues of food getting burnt without him realizing. Similarly, his gustatory cells being killed may affect any taste tests he may need to perform while making new recipes.

77
Q

Johnny, a 5 year old boy, has been growing by leaps and bounds; his height is above normal for his age. He has been complaining of headaches and vision problems. A CT scan reveals a large pituitary tumor. What hormone is being secreted in excess? What condition will Johnny exhibit if corrective measures are not taken? What is the probable cause of his headaches and visual problems (think about the location of the tumor).

A

The pituitary tumor is causing an excessive amount of growth hormone to be secreted, explaining his growth. Growth hormone is responsible for the growth of tissues and bones within the body, so an excess of this means he will grow more than other kids his age. If this is not corrected, he will likely exhibit gigantism. The pituitary gland is located near the optic chiasm. Therefore, a tumor there would cause the vision problems he’s experiencing.

78
Q

Jane lives in Appalachia and suffers from hypothyroidism. Blood tests show low levels of circulating iodine, T3 and T4 but high levels of TSH. What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? What do you call the enlarged thyroid gland? Why did this occur (think about her diet). What treatment would you recommend?

A

Jane has low levels of iodine, which is necessary for making T3 and T4. But, with the high levels of TSH, she may have a goiter now. This is what the enlarged thyroid gland is called. It is a result of high levels of TSH but no thyroid hormone being able to be produced due to lack of iodine. Hypothyroidism can cause weight gain and goiter, as previously mentioned. I would recommend adding iodine supplements or fish to her diet

79
Q

If Mary was lost in the Sahara desert in the summer, why should she NOT drink alcohol? What physiological changes would occur if she were to drink alcohol under these conditions? Explain the hormone and endocrine glands that are affected.

A

Being in the desert during summer, Mary needs to retain as much water as she can. Since water is necessary for life, and she’s already likely sweating a lot because it’s the desert. Antidiuretic hormone is responsible for retaining water, and it’s normally secreted. However, drinking alcohol inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone. Therefore, the hormone would not be released, meaning water would not be retained as well, which is dangerous in hot environments without ready access to water.

80
Q

What types of information do sensory receptors transmit?

A

Modality, location, intensity, and duration

81
Q

What are the stimulus modalities?

A

Nociceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

82
Q

What are exteroceptors?

A

Receive input from stimuli outside of the body

83
Q

What are interoceptors?

A

Receive input from stimuli inside of the body

84
Q

How are special and general senses different?

A

General senses react to stimuli anywhere in the body, while special senses are only for mechanisms in the head

85
Q

9 types of receptors?

A

Tendon organ, lamellar corpuscle, hair receptor, bulbous corpuscle, free nerve ending, muscle spindle, tactile corpuscle, tactile disc, end bulb

86
Q

What is gustation?

A

Sense of taste

87
Q

What are tastants?

A

Chemicals that stimulate gustation

88
Q

What are lingual papillae?

A

Visible bumps on the tongue’s surface

89
Q

What are taste hairs?

A

Microvilli on the tongue which are receptors for tastants

90
Q

What is sound?

A

Vibrating molecules

91
Q

What is loudness?

A

Amplitude of a sound’s vibration

92
Q

What is pitch?

A

Whether a sound is high or low, based on frequency of vibrations

93
Q

What are inner hair cells?

A

Microvilli that allow for hearing

94
Q

What are outer hair cells?

A

Microvilli that adjust the cochlea’s response and make inner hair cells more precise

95
Q

Layers of eyeball from outermost to innermost?

A

Sclera, choroid, retina

96
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

Our perception of the head’s location and motion

97
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Perception of the head’s orientation

98
Q

What is linear acceleration?

A

Change in velocity in a straight line

99
Q

What are hair cells?

A

Cells that detect movement of endolymph in ears

100
Q

What are otoliths?

A

Protein-calcium carbonate granules that support our sense of gravity and motion

101
Q

What is vision?

A

Perception of objects and the environment

102
Q

What is light?

A

Electromagnetic radiation

103
Q

What is visual filling?

A

When something is in your blind spot, so your mind fills in the space

104
Q

What is the near point of focus?

A

The closest point where you can focus on an object

105
Q

What is the fovea centralis or macula lutea?

A

A dense region of photoreceptors for finely detailed vision

106
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

The blind spot

107
Q

How does the body communicate from cell to cell?

A

Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines, and hormones

108
Q

What is negative feedback inhibition?

A

A gland stimulates another gland to secrete its own hormone, which inhibits the first gland from secreting more of its hormone

109
Q

What is stress?

A

Any stressor that impacts the body’s physical or emotional health and leads to an increase in cortisol secretion

110
Q

Stages of general adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

111
Q

What happens during alarm phase of GAS?

A

The sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla prepare the body to take action by consuming stored glycogen

112
Q

What happens during the resistance phase of GAS?

A

After glycogen reserves are depleted, the body finds and makes substitutions for glycogen to keep it functioning

113
Q

What happens during the exhaustion phase of GAS?

A

The body’s fat is completely depleted and it starts breaking down protein to meet its energy needs

114
Q

Go review the alcohol and cataracts questions again

A

Done

115
Q

What kind of nerve endings are nociceptors and thermoreceptors?

A

Free nerve endings

116
Q

What kind of receptor is blood pressure?

A

Mechanoreceptors

117
Q

What kind of receptor is pH levels?

A

Chemoreceptors

118
Q

What activates the first-order neuron for pain?

A

Bradykinin

119
Q

What is the only special sense which can bypass the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

120
Q

What region of the ear does the cochlea belong to?

A

The inner ear

121
Q

What organ of the ear is responsible for transduction?

A

Organ of corti / spiral organ

122
Q

What is the name of the tube that connects the ear to the throat?

A

The Eustachian tube

123
Q

What do semicircular ducts do?

A

Tell us which way we’re rotating

124
Q

What in the ear, besides the semicircular ducts, is responsible for equilibrium and balance?

A

The utricle and saccule

125
Q

From the BACK of the eye to the FRONT - where does light travel?

A

Photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells

126
Q

Accessory structures of the eye?

A

Eyebrow, eyelashes, eyelid, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus

127
Q

What are some parts of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Lacrimal gland, nasolacrimal duct, lacrimal sac

128
Q

Tunics of the eye, from outermost to innermost?

A

Tunica fibrosa, tunica vasculosa, and tunica interna

129
Q

Components of the tunica fibrosa?

A

Cornea and sclera

130
Q

Components of the tunica vasculosa?

A

Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

131
Q

Components of the tunica interna?

A

Retina and beginning of optic nerve

132
Q

What are some descriptors for eyesight?

A

Emmetropia, myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism

133
Q

What is emmetropia?

A

Perfect, 20/20 vision

134
Q

What is myopia?

A

Nearsightedness

135
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness

136
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Unequal curvature in different parts of the cornea or lens

137
Q

Steps of accommodation?

A

Convergence of eyes, iris constricts, ciliary body contracts

138
Q

What are the nerves associated with taste?

A

Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and facial

139
Q

Where do the optic nerves cross?

A

At the optic chiasm

140
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

The tears system

141
Q

What is the function of aqueous humor?

A

Helps the cornea form its curvature

142
Q

What is the purpose of the vitreous body/humor?

A

Keeps the retina in place

143
Q

What secretes aldosterone?

A

The adrenal cortex

144
Q

What does FSH do in women?

A

Secrete estrogen

145
Q

What does LH do in women?

A

Ovulation

146
Q

What does FSH do in men?

A

Produce sperm

147
Q

What does LH do in men?

A

Secrete testosterone

148
Q

What does the heart secrete?

A

ANP

149
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Cause you to pee, reducing blood volume and therefore blood pressure

150
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Angiotensinogen and erythropoietin

151
Q

What does angiotensin do?

A

Cause vasoconstriction

152
Q

What do the kidneys produce?

A

Erythropoietin

153
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Retain sodium and excrete potassium

154
Q

What is involution?

A

Shrinking of an organ with age

155
Q

What are the thyroid hormones?

A

T3 and T4

156
Q

What makes T3 and T4, the thyroid hormones?

A

Follicular cells, using iodine

157
Q

What do parafollicular cells make?

A

Calcitonin

158
Q

What is alike about the neurohypophysis and the adrenal medulla?

A

They aren’t true glands, they’re modified nerve tissue

159
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Excess urination

160
Q

What is glycosuria?

A

Sugar in urine

161
Q

What is ketonuria?

A

Ketones in urine

162
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

Extreme thirst

163
Q

What is polyphagia?

A

Extreme hunger

‱ (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions