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Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Differences between nervous and endocrine systems?

A

E - slower, widespread effects, response persists
N - faster, targets specific organs, adapts quickly to repeated stimulus

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system use as a messenger?

A

Hormones

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3
Q

What does the nervous system use as a messenger?

A

Neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Where do hormones travel?

A

Through blood

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5
Q

What are the glands of the endocrine system?

A

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, thymus, ovaries/testes, adrenal gland, hypothalamus

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6
Q

Review a pineal gland slide

A

Done

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7
Q

Review a hypothalamus slide

A

Done

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8
Q

Review a pituitary gland slide

A

Done

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9
Q

Review a thyroid gland slide

A

Done

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10
Q

Review a thymus slide

A

Done

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11
Q

Review an adrenal gland slide

A

Done

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12
Q

Review a pancreas slide

A

Done

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13
Q

Review a parathyroid gland slide

A

Done

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14
Q

Review an ovary slide

A

Done

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15
Q

Review a testes slide

A

Done

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16
Q

What are the 3 chemical classes?

A

Steroids, peptides and glycoproteins, and monoamines

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17
Q

What chemicals are fat soluble?

A

Steroids

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18
Q

What chemicals are water soluble?

A

Peptides and glycoproteins and monoamines

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19
Q

How do fat soluble chemicals enter the cell?

A

Through membrane, they just head to the nucleus

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20
Q

How do water soluble chemicals enter the cell?

A

They don’t, they activate a second-messenger system

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21
Q

Traits of hormone receptors?

A

Specificity and saturation

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22
Q

Main usage of hormones?

A

Negative feedback system

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23
Q

What secretes steroids?

A

Gonads and adrenal glands

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24
Q

What secretes peptides and glycoproteins?

A

Pituitary gland and hypothalamus

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25
Q

What secretes monoamines?

A

Adrenal, pineal, and thyroid glands

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26
Q

What do steroid hormones do upon entering the cell?

A

Enter the nucleus to activate receptors which trigger transcription of translation for forming new proteins

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27
Q

How do peptides and glycoproteins act on the cell?

A

Bind to receptors in membrane, activate G proteins, activating other enzymes, activating cAMP, a second-messenger

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28
Q

What is specificity?

A

Specific receptor for each hormone

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29
Q

What is saturation?

A

Hormones only stimulate cells that have receptors for them

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30
Q

Interactive effects between hormones?

A

Synergistic, permissive, and antagonistic

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31
Q

What are usually stimuli for hormone release?

A

Hormonal, humoral (electrolytes), and neural

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32
Q

4 ways the body communicates from cell to cell?

A

Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines (local hormones), and hormoens

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33
Q

How do exocrine glands secrete?

A

Through duct onto epithelial surface

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34
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete?

A

Into blood stream

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35
Q

What releases ADH?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

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36
Q

What produces ADH?

A

Hypothalamus

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37
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Cause vasoconstriction and cause water to be reabsorbed into kidney capillaries

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38
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Produce uterine contractions and milk let-down

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39
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Stimulate protein synthesis in bone, cartilage, and muscle, and promote fat metabolism, and increase rate of amino acid reuptake by cells

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40
Q

What produces calcitonin?

A

Thyroid gland

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41
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Lower blood calcium

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42
Q

What do the pancreatic islets produce?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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43
Q

What produces melatonin?

A

The pineal gland

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44
Q

What happens when there is an increase in growth hormone during growing years?

A

Gigantism

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45
Q

What produces atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP)?

A

The heart

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46
Q

What produces erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

The kidney

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47
Q

What produces epinephrine?

A

The adrenal medulla

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48
Q

What produces thyroxine?

A

The thyroid

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49
Q

What produces aldosterone?

A

The adrenal cortex

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50
Q

What kind of effects do endocrine and exocrine glands have?

A

Endocrine - intracellular
Exocrine - extracellular

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51
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Blood vessels in endocrine glands with large pores in their walls for easier uptake of matter from gland tissue

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52
Q

What makes up the endocrine system?

A

Glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

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53
Q

What chemicals are fat soluble?

A

Steroids

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54
Q

What chemicals are water soluble?

A

Monoamines and peptides and glycoproteins

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55
Q

What secretes steroids?

A

Gonads and adrenal glands

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56
Q

What secretes peptides and glycoproteins?

A

Pituitary gland and hypothalamus

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57
Q

What secretes monoamines?

A

Adrenal, pineal, and thyroid glands

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58
Q

What are steroids derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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59
Q

Where are peptides and glycoproteins derived from?

A

Made from a chain of amino acids

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60
Q

What hormone groups are hydrophilic?

A

Peptides and glycoproteins and monoamines

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61
Q

Where are receptors located and what are they made of?

A

Protein or glycoprotein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus

62
Q

What do receptor-hormone interactions exhibit?

A

Specificity and saturation

63
Q

What is specificity?

A

Each hormone has its own specific receptor

64
Q

What is saturation?

A

Hormones only stimulate cells that have receptors for them

65
Q

What are the hormone interaction effects?

A

Synergistic, permissive, and antagonistic

66
Q

What is up-regulation?

A

A permissive effect where the number of receptors (and therefore sensitivity to hormones) is increased

67
Q

What is down-regulation?

A

A permissive effect where the number of receptors (and therefore sensitivity to hormones) is decreased

68
Q

How is pituitary secretion controlled?

A

Negative and positive feedback

69
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Increased target organ hormone levels will inhibit release of hormones

70
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

The anterior 3/4 of the pituitary gland

71
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior 1/4 of the pituitary gland

72
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

The hypophyseal portal system

73
Q

What makes up the hypophyseal portal system?

A

Primary capillaries in the hypothalamus connect to secondary capillaries in the anterior pituitary by portal venules

74
Q

What is the neurohypophysis made of?

A

Nerve tissue

75
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A

In the posterior pituitary, how the posterior pituitary hormones reach the posterior lobe

76
Q

Special trait of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

It doesn’t synthesize hormones, it just stores them until prompted to release them

77
Q

Which pituitary gland is dark?

A

The anterior

78
Q

Which pituitary gland is light?

A

The posterior

79
Q
A
80
Q

What are the anterior lobe hormones?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, growth hormone

81
Q

What are the hypothalamic hormones?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin-inhibiting hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, and somatostatin

82
Q

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone do?

A

Stimulate secretion of thyroid hormone

83
Q

What does follicle-stimulating hormone do?

A

Stimulate secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production

84
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do?

A

Stimulate ovulation, stimulate progesterone, and stimulate testes to secrete testosterone

85
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

86
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulate mammary glands to synthesize milk, and enhance secretion of testosterone by testes

87
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Stimulate tissue growth in bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat

88
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Increase water retention, reduce urine volume, prevent dehydration, and stimulate vasoconstriction

89
Q

What happens when you drink alcohol?

A

Antidiuretic hormone secretion is inhibited, so you have to pee a lot

90
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

A disorder caused by the hyposecretion of ADH

91
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulate labor contractions, stimulate flow of breast milk, and get released during arousal and orgasm to propel and move semen up uterus

92
Q

What is the most versatile hormone?

A

Growth hormone

93
Q

What specific organ does growth hormone most affect?

A

The liver

94
Q

Effects of insulin-like growth factors?

A

Increased protein synthesis, increased lipid metabolism, and electrolyte balancing

95
Q

How can you increase natural GH production?

A

Vigorous exercise

96
Q

What is aromegaly?

A

Caused by hypersecretion of GH, thickening of bones and soft tissue in adults

97
Q

What is gigantism caused by?

A

Increase of GH during childhood and adolescence

98
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism caused by?

A

Hyposecretion of GH

99
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Attached to the roof of the third ventricle in the brain

100
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Synthesize melatonin on 24-hour circadian rhythm

101
Q

What systems does the thymus have a role in?

A

Endocrine, lymphatic, and immune

102
Q

What does the thymus secrete?

A

Thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin. They stimulate development of lympatic organs and T lymphocytes

103
Q

What are follicular cells?

A

Cuboidal epithelium cells in the thyroid gland which secrete T4 and T3

104
Q

What are components of the thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells, C (parafollicular) cells, and follicles

105
Q

What do follicular cells do?

A

Increase metaboloic rate, heat production, appetite, alertness, and quicken reflexes

106
Q

What do parafollicular cells do?

A

Stimulate osteoblast activity and bone formation

107
Q

What is a goiter?

A

Any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland

108
Q

What is an endemic goiter?

A

Caused by dietary iodine deficiency, where there is no thyroid hormone to give feedback so thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates hypertrophy

109
Q

What is a toxic goiter?

A

When autoantibodies mimic the effect of TSH on the thyroid, causing hypersecretion

110
Q

What is myxedema?

A

Adult hypothyroidism

111
Q

What is congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Hyposecretion present from birth

112
Q

How do you treat thyroid conditions?

A

Oral thyroid hormone

113
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increase blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption

114
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Caused by a parathyroid tumor, there is hypersecretion and the bones become soft, fragile, and deformed

115
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

A

Caused by a surgical excision during thyroid surgery, can cause fatal tetany in a few days due to rapid decline in blood calcium level

116
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

Atop each kidney

117
Q

Layers of adrenal cortex from outermost to innermost?

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

118
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Secreted by the adrenal cortex, it stimulates salt and water retention and potassium excretion, maintaining blood volume and pressure

119
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Secreted by the adrenal cortex, it stimulates fat and protein catabolism

120
Q

WHat is gluconeogenesis?

A

Forming glucose from amino and fatty acids and releasing it into the blood

121
Q

What does cortisol help with?

A

Adapting to stress and repairing tissues. Anti-inflammatory effect

122
Q

What do androgens do?

A

Set libido, and have a role in prenatal male development

123
Q

What does estradiol do?

A

There’s only a little, but it helps you sustain bone mass after menopause. Fat converts androgens into estrogen

124
Q

What is Cushing syndrome?

A

Excess cortisol secretion causing hypertension, hyperglycemia, weakness, and edema. As well as a moon face and buffalo hump

125
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Hyposecretion of cortisol, causing fatigue, hypoglycemia, weakness, and weight loss

126
Q

What is adrenogenital syndrome?

A

Adrenal androgen hypersecretion, causing masculinized genitalia in women and increased body hair, deeper voice, and beard growth

127
Q

What is special about the adrenal medulla?

A

It acts as both an endocrine gland and a sympathetic ganglion

127
Q

Make-up of the adrenal medulla?

A

Innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers, and consists of sympathetic postganglionic neurons

128
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, and a trace of dopamine

129
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

130
Q

Functions of the adrenal medulla?

A

Increases alertness and blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, pulmonary airflow, and metabolic rate. Decreases digestion and urine production

131
Q

What do glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis do?

A

Boost glucose levels

132
Q

What is glucose-sparing effect?

A

An effect that inhibits insulin secretion, so muscles use fatty acids, leaving glucose for the brain

133
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

An exocrine digestive gland with endocrine cell clusters called pancreatic islets

134
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Secreted by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets, it stimulates glucose production and release into the blood

135
Q

What is insulin?

A

Secreted by beta cells of the pancreatic islets, it stimulates cells to absorb nutrients and lower blood glucose levels

136
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Most common form of diabetes, disruption of metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of insulin

137
Q

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus, or IDDM?

A

Rarer, complete lack of insulin requiring injections and monitoring of glucose levels. Genetic or occurs from viruses

138
Q

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus, or NIDDM?

A

More common, insulin resistance means target cells don’t respond to insulin. Caused by obesity, age, and race

139
Q

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

A

Elevated blood glucose, polyuria (excessive urine), glucose in urine (glycosuria) and ketones in urine (ketonuria), polydipsia (thirst), and polyphagia (hunger)

140
Q

Exocrine product of the gonads?

A

Ovum and sperm, which are whole cells

141
Q

Endocrine product of the gonads?

A

Gonadal hormones, mostly steroids

142
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Stimulate testosterone, which stimulates development of male reproductive system and sex drive and sperm production

143
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Lined by granulosa which produce estrogen (or estradiol), which develops female reproductive system and physique, regulates menstrual cycle, sustains pregnancy, and prepares mammary glands for lactation

144
Q

Endocrine functions of skin?

A

Keratinocytes turn cholesterol-like steroid into cholecalciferol (precursor to vitamin D.) using UV rays

145
Q

Endocrine functions of liver?

A

Converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol, secretes angiotensinogen, and secretes 15% of erythopoietin

146
Q

Endocrine functions of kidneys?

A

Convert calcidiol to calcitriol, secrete renin to turn angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, and produce 85% of erythropoietin

147
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs

148
Q

Endocrine functions of the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle secretes atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) in response to blood pressure increase

149
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Decrease blood volume and pressure by increasing sodium and water output by kidneys

150
Q

Endocrine functions of adipose tissue?

A

Release leptin after meals, which regulates the balance between food intake and energy expenditure

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