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Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most vulnerable organ?

A

Skin

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2
Q

What harmful things can skin be exposed to?

A

Radiation, trauma, infection, and injurious chemicals

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3
Q

What system receives the most medical treatment?

A

Integumentary

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4
Q

What is dermatology?

A

The scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

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5
Q

What composes the integumentary system?

A

Skin, accessory organs, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

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6
Q

What is the largest and heaviest organ?

A

Skin, which composes 15% of body weight

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7
Q

What are the 2 cutaneous layers of skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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8
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer of skin?

A

Hypodermis

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9
Q

What cells are the epidermis made of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What cells are the dermis made of?

A

Connective tissue

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11
Q

What cells are the hypodermis made of?

A

Connective adipose tissue. Not part of skin

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12
Q

Where is thick skin found and how thick is it?

A

Front of hands, bottoms of feet. 0.5 mm thick epidermis

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13
Q

Where is thin skin found and how thin is it?

A

The body except front of hands and bottoms of feet, 0.1 mm thick epidermis

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14
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A

Resistance to trauma and infection, barrier functions, vitamin D synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication, and transdermal absorption

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15
Q

Resistance to trauma and infection

A

Keratin, acid mantle

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16
Q

Other barrier functions

A

Water, UV radiation, harmful chemicals

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17
Q

Vitamin D synthesis

A

Skin starts process, liver and kidneys complete process

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18
Q

Sensation

A

Receptors for temperature, touch, pain, and more

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19
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Thermoreceptors, vasoconstriction and vasodilation, perspiration

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20
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

Facial expression

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21
Q

Transdermal absorption

A

Administration of certain drugs through the skin via patches

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22
Q

What is the epidermis cell type?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Most superficial layer of skin?

A

Epidermis

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24
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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25
Q

First line of defense of the immune system?

A

Epidermis

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26
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis?

A

Stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, and dendritic cells

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27
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes

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28
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

The great majority of epidermal cells, they synthesize keratin

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29
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from UV radiation. Have branched processes that spread among keratinocytes to distribute melanin

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30
Q

What are tactile cells?

A

Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers

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31
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In deepest layer of epidermis (stratum basale)

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32
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale (deepest epidermus layer)

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32
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale (deepest epidermis layer)

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33
Q

Where are tactile cells found?

A

Basal layer of epidermis

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34
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens

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35
Q

What do dendritic cells guard against?

A

Toxins, microbes, and other pathogens that penetrate skin

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36
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

Stratum spinosum and granulosum

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37
Q

How many layers are in the epidermis?

A

4 for thin skin, 5 for thick skin

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38
Q

What is stratum basale?

A

The deepest epidermal layer. A single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes resting on basement membrane.

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39
Q

What do stem cells in the stratum basale do?

A

Divide and give rise to keratinocytes, which migrate toward skin surface to replace lost cells

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40
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

Epidermal layer. Several layers of keratinocytes joined together by desmosomes and tight junctions. Also has some dendritic cells

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41
Q

What is stratum granulosum?

A

Epidermal layer. 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes.Contains keratohyalin granules

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42
Q

What is stratum lucidum?

A

Epidermal layer. Only in thick skin. Keratinocytes packed w/ eleidin

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43
Q

What is stratum corneum?

A

Epithelial layer. The surface layer. Up to 30 layers of dead, keratinized cells w/ tight junctions. Called epidermal water barrier

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44
Q

What does the stratum corneum do?

A

Resist abrasion, penetration, and dehydration

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45
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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46
Q

What is in the dermis?

A

Blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings

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47
Q

What are the zones of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer, reticular layer

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48
Q

What are stretch marks?

A

AKA striae, tears in the collagen fibers. In reticular layer

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49
Q

What is the hypodermis also called?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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50
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

Not really a layer of skin. Has an abundance of apidose tissue. Common site of drug injection because of many blood vessels

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51
Q

What is melanin?

A

Significant factor in skin color. Produced by melanocytes. Accumulates in keratinocytes

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52
Q

How does melanin work?

A

Everyone has the same number of melanocytes, but darker skinned people have greater quantities of melanin and their melanin breaks down slower and are more spread out

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53
Q

What other 2 pigments influence skin color? Other than melanin/melanocytes

A

Hemoglobin and carotene

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54
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Blueness of skin bc of oxygen deficiency

55
Q

What is erythema?

A

Redness of skin bc of increased blood flow to skin

56
Q

What is pallor?

A

Paleness of skin bc of decreased blood flow to skin

57
Q

What is albinism?

A

Milky white skin and blue-gray eyes due to genetic lack of melanin-synthesizing enzyme

58
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellowness of skin due to bilirubin in blood (can be bc of compromised liver function)

59
Q

What is hematoma?

A

Bruising of skin, bc of clotted blood under the skin

60
Q

What outside force can impact skin color, and to what degree?

A

UV light. Accounts for up to 77% of skin tone variation

61
Q

Adverse effects of UV light?

A

Skin cancer, breaks down folic acid

62
Q

Beneficial effects of UV light?

A

Stimulates vitamin D synthesis

63
Q

What are friction ridges?

A

Markings on fingertips that leave oily fingerprints on thinga we touch. Qnique in everyone

64
Q

What are flexion lines?

A

Lines on digits, palms, wrists, elbows. Mark sites where skin folds

65
Q

What are birthmarks?

A

Patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal capillaries. Different from freckles and moles!!!

66
Q

What are hair and nails composed of?

A

Mostly dead keratinized cells

67
Q

What is a pilus?

A

A hair. Plural form: pili

68
Q

What are the 3 types of hair?

A

Lanugo, vellus, and terminal

69
Q

What is lanugo?

A

Fine, unpigmented hair that appears on fetus during last 3 months of development

70
Q

What is vellus?

A

Fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by time of birth. 2/3 hair of women, 1/10 hair of men. All hair on children except eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp

71
Q

What is terminal hair?

A

Longer, coarser, pigmented hair. Forms eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp hair. After puberty, forms axillary and pubic hair. Male facial hair and some trunk and limb hair

72
Q

What is the bulb of hair?

A

A swelling at the base where hair originates in dermis or hypodermis. Only living hair cells are here

73
Q

What is the root of hair?

A

The remainder of hair in the follicle (besides bulb)

74
Q

What is the shaft of hair?

A

The portion above the skin surface

75
Q

What is the hair matrix?

A

Region of mitotically active cells above papilla. Hair’s growth center

76
Q

What is the medulla layer of hair?

A

A core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces

77
Q

What is the cortex layer of hair?

A

Bulk of the hair, several layers of elongated keratinized cells

78
Q

Where are sebaceous glands abundant?

A

The scalp

79
Q

Where do merocrine sweat glands open to?

A

The surface of the skin

80
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

A

Next to hair follicles

81
Q

What do ceruminous glands do?

A

Produce ear wax

82
Q

What is the epidermal layer only in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

83
Q

What layer do most sensations of the skin come from?

A

The dermis, but there are fine touch receptors in the epidermis

84
Q

Layers of the epidermis in order from superficial to deep?

A

Corneum, lucidum(optional), granulosum, spinosum, basale

85
Q

What cells make up the papillary layer?

A

Areolar connective tissue

86
Q

What is the cuticle layer of hair?

A

Multiple layers of very thin, scaly cells that overlap each other

87
Q

What is a hair follicle?

A

A diagonal tube that extends into the dermis and possibly hypodermis. Oblique epithelial tube

88
Q

What is a piloerector muscle?

A

AKA arrector pili. Smooth muscle attaching follicle to dermis. Makes hair stand up

89
Q

What hair colors is eumelanin in?

A

Brown and black, and some in blonde

90
Q

What hair colors is pheomelanin in?

A

Red and blonde

91
Q

What pigment granules are in gray and white hair?

A

There’s almost no melanin, but instead air in the medulla

92
Q

What are the stages of the hair cycle?

A

Amagen, catagen, and telogen

93
Q

What are nails made of?

A

Thin dead cells packed w/ hard keratin. Derivative of stratum corneum

94
Q

What is the nail fold?

A

Surrounding skin rising above nail

95
Q

What is the nail bed?

A

Skin underlying nail plate

96
Q

What is the nail matrix?

A

Growth zone of thickened stratum basale at proximal end of nail

97
Q

What is the lunule?

A

Opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail due to thickness of matrix

98
Q

What is the eponychium?

A

AKA cuticle, narrow zone of dead skin overhanging proximal end of nail

99
Q

What are the 4 types of glands?

A

Sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous, and mammary

100
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands?

A

Apocrine and merocrine

101
Q

What are apocrine glands?

A

Located in sensitive areas. Inactive until puberty. Produce milky sweat and secretes pheromones. Body odor comes from these glands

102
Q

What are merocrine/eccrine glands?

A

Most numerous sweat glands; they make watery perspiration to cool the body. Sweat exits through a pore on the skin’s surface

103
Q

What is sweat made up of?

A

99% water with a pH of 4-6. Some sodium chloride and small solutes can be present

104
Q

What does the acid mantle do?

A

Inhibit bacterial growth

105
Q

What is insensible perspiration?

A

The sweat we produce everyday through resting, up to 500mL/day

106
Q

What is diaphoresis or sensible perspiration?

A

Sweat produced by exercise or hot temperatures, makes skin visibly wet. Up to 1L/hr

107
Q

What do sebaceous glands open up into?

A

Hair follicles

108
Q

What is sebum and what does it do?

A

Oily secretion of sebaceous glands. Keeps skin and hair from drying out

109
Q

What are ceruminous glands and what do they do?

A

Tubular glands in external ear canal that produce earwax

110
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Milk-producing glands in females

111
Q

What is skin cancer usually caused by?

A

UV rays damaging skin cell DNA

112
Q

Where and in whom is skin cancer most common?

A

Head, neck, and hands. In fair-skinned people and the elderly. One of the most common and treatable cancers in general

113
Q

What are the 3 types of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma

114
Q

Most common type of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

115
Q

Least dangerous type of skin cancer and why?

A

Basal cell carcinoma, because it seldom metastasizes

116
Q

What cell type does basal cell carcinoma come from?

A

Cells in stratum basale

117
Q

What do basal cell carcinoma lesions look like?

A

A small shiny bump with a central hole and beaded edges

118
Q

What type of cell does squamous cell carcinoma come from?

A

Ketatinocytes in the stratum spinosum

119
Q

Where is squamous cell carcinoma usually located?

A

Scalp, ears, lower lip, back of hand

120
Q

What do squamous cell carcinoma lesions look like?

A

Raised, reddened, scaly. Later form a concave ulcer

121
Q

What are the chances of surviving squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Good with early detection and surgical removal. Though it tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and can become lethal

122
Q

What type of cell does malignant melanoma come from?

A

Melanocytes

123
Q

Most rare type of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma

124
Q

Deadliest type of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma

125
Q

Survivability of melanoma?

A

Good if caught early, but fatal if it metastasizes

126
Q

Risk factor for melanoma?

A

Family history of melanoma, men, redheads, and having had sunburns as a child

127
Q

ABCD rule for identifying melanoma?

A

A- asymmetry. 2 sides of mole don’t match
B- border irregularity. borders of mole arent smooth
C- color. different colors in pigmented area
D- diameter. larger than 6mm

128
Q

What is the leading cause of accidental death?

A

Burns

129
Q

How do deaths from burns occur?

A

Fluid loss, infection, and toxic effects of eschar (burned, dead tissue)

130
Q

What is a first-degree burn?

A

Only the epidermis. Redness, slight edema (swelling), pain

131
Q

What is a second-degree burn?

A

Partial-thickness, involves some part of dermis. Can look red, tan, or white. Blistered and painful. 2 weeks to several months to heal and can leave scars

132
Q

What is a third-degree burn?

A

Full-thickness burn, involves all of epidermis and dermis and sometimes deeper tissues. Often requires skin grafts. Needs fluid replacement, infection control, supplemental nutrition

133
Q

What are UVA and UVB rays sometimes called?

A

Tanning and burning rays

134
Q

What type of rays can initiate skin cancer?

A

UVA and UVB rays. There is no “healthy tan”

135
Q

What can sunscreens do?

A

Protect you from sunburn. Unknown if they protect from cancer. Some chemicals can damage DNA and generate free radicals

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