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Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What does rostral mean?

A

Toward the forehead

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2
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

Toward the spinal cord

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3
Q

What sex has a larger brain?

A

Men

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4
Q

Regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

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5
Q

How much volume is the cerebrum?

A

83% of brain’s total volume

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6
Q

What separates the cerebral hemispheres from one another?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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7
Q

What are gyri?

A

Thick folds

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8
Q

What are sulci?

A

Shallow grooves

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9
Q

What are fissures?

A

Deep grooves

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10
Q

What connects the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

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11
Q

What separates the cerebrum and cerebellum?

A

Transverse cerebral fissure

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12
Q

What regions of the brain have gyri and sulci?

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum

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13
Q

How much volume is the cerebellum?

A

10%

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14
Q

What are the regions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain (or mesencephalon), pons, and medulla oblongata

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15
Q

Where is gray matter in the brain?

A

Outside, forming a cortex

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16
Q

Where is gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

Inside the white matter

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17
Q

What is gray matter made up of?

A

Neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses

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18
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Tracts of myelinated axons that connect parts of brain to one another and to spinal cord

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19
Q

What are meninges?

A

Connective tissue membranes enveloping the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

How is the dura mater of the cranium different from that of the spinal cord?

A

It adheres to the cranial bones, unlike in the spinal cord

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21
Q

What do meninges do for the brain?

A

Protect it, and provide structural framework for its arteries and veins

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22
Q

What are the layers of the cranial dura mater?

A

Outer periosteal and inner meningeal dural sheath

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23
Q

What separates the layers of cranial dura mater?

A

Dural sinuses, which collect blood circulating through the brain

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24
Q

Does the pia mater in the cranium adhere/sink into sulci?

A

Yes, sometimes

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25
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges, particularly pia and arachnoid

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26
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

4 internal chambers - 2 lateral, and 3rd and 4th

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27
Q

What is the interventricular foramen?

A

A tiny pore which connects to the third ventricle from the lateral ventricle

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28
Q

What is the third ventricle?

A

A narrow medial space beneath corpus callosum

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29
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

From the third ventricle, running through midbrain, connecting to the fourth ventricle

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30
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

A spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each brain ventricle

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31
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

The type of neuroglia that produces cerebrospinal fluid

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32
Q

What does CSF do?

A

Bathe the external surface of the CNS, fill the canals and ventricles of the CNS

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33
Q

Functions of the CSF?

A

Buoyancy, protection, regulation of chemical environment of nervous tissue

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34
Q

How much blood does the brain need?

A

15% of the body’s total

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35
Q

What happens if blood supply to brain is interrupted for 10 seconds?

A

Loss of consciousness

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36
Q

What happens if blood supply to brain is interrupted for 1-2 minutes?

A

Impairment of neural function

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37
Q

What happens if blood supply to brain is interrupted for 4 minutes?

A

Irreversible brain damage

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38
Q

What does the brain barrier system do?

A

Regulate what substances can get into the brain tissue fluid

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39
Q

What are the points of entry to the brain?

A

Blood capillaries in the brain tissue, and capillaries of the choroid plexus

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40
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

A network of capillaries lined by specialized cells (like ependymal cells)

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41
Q

What is the blood-CSF barrier?

A

Tight junctions between ependymal cells of choroid plexus

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42
Q

What is the brain barrier system highly permeable to?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics

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43
Q

What may allow pathogens to enter the brain tissue?

A

Trauma and inflammation of brain barrier system

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44
Q

What are circumventricular organs?

A

Places in the 3rd and 4th ventricles where the barrier is absent, and blood has direct access to the brain

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45
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata?

A

Most inferior part of brainstem

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46
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

Connect brain and spinal cord, relay info to the cerebrum, regulate autonomic visceral functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, etc

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47
Q

What are pyramids?

A

Ridges on anterior surface of medulla oblongata that contain corticospinal tracts for motor signals

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48
Q

What cranial nerves are in the medulla oblongata?

A

VIII (partially), IX, X, and XII

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49
Q

What are olives?

A

Prominent bulges on medulla oblongata

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50
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

Rostral to medulla oblongata

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51
Q

What cranial nerves are in the pons?

A

V, VI, VII, and VIII

52
Q

What does reticular formation in pons do?

A

Sleep, respiration, posture

53
Q

Where is the midbrain?

A

Connecting hindbrain to forebrain, rostral to pons

54
Q

Cranial nerves of midbrain?

A

CN III and CN IV, aka oculomotor and trochlear

55
Q

What do the superior colliculi do?

A

Help w/ visual reflexes

56
Q

What do the inferior colliculi do?

A

Receive signals from inner ear

57
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles do?

A

Anchor cerebrum to brainstem

58
Q

What connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum to each other?

A

Vermis

59
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Web of gray matter running vertically through all levels of the brainstem

60
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A

Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, and habituation

61
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Contains more than half of all brain neurons, and helps w/ motor coordination, posture, and equilibrium. Fine-tunes movements both conscious and subconscious

62
Q

Cognitive functions of the cerebellum?

A

Comparing textures of objects, perceiving space, recognizing objects from different views, keeping judge of elapsed time, judging pitch of tones, planning, scheduling, emotion control

63
Q

What are folia?

A

Folds in the superficial cortex of gray matter covering the cerebellum

64
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

Expressing emotional feelings

65
Q

What region does the pineal gland belong to?

A

Epithalamus

66
Q

What does bacteria and white blood cells in the CSF mean?

A

Meningitis

67
Q

Degeneration of what neurons leads to muscle tremors?

A

Substantia nigra

68
Q

What are the motor cranial nerves?

A

Trochlear, abducens, hypoglossal, and accessory

69
Q

Vision association is what lobe?

A

Occipital

70
Q

If you lack sensitivity in your right hand, what part of your brain is affected?

A

Postcentral gyrus in left parietal lobe

71
Q

Portions of brainstem in order from rostral to caudal?

A

Diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata

72
Q

What region of the brain does the diencephalon belong to?

A

The forebrain

73
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus (left and right) and the hypothalamus

74
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Bring in sensory information and help process it

75
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Control emotions, hormone function, and autonomic functions. Feelings of hunger, thirst, body temp, and circadian rhythm

76
Q

What is attached to the hypothalamus?

A

The pituitary gland

77
Q

What does the mesencephalon do?

A

Process what you see and hear and control reflexes triggered by those stimuli

78
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Connect cerebellum to brain stem to process and relay info and help w/ somatic and visceral motor control. Specifically respiratory rhythm

79
Q

What is the gap between the 2 layers of dura mater called?

A

Dural sinus

80
Q

How is the pia mater attached to the brain?

A

Held down by astrocytes

81
Q

What are dural folds?

A

Areas where the dura mater stretches into the cranial cavity, providing support

82
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

An area in each ventricle of the brain that produces CSF

83
Q

What do ependymal cells w/ microvilli do in the brain?

A

Secrete CSF into the ventricles and remove waste from the CSF

84
Q

What supplies blood to the brain?

A

Carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

85
Q

How does blood leave the brain?

A

Via jugular vein

86
Q

What separates the CNS neural tissue from general circulation?

A

Blood brain barrier

87
Q

What makes up the blood brain barrier?

A

Endothelial capillary cells connected by tight junctions

88
Q

Purpose of tight junctions in BBB?

A

They don’t allow material to diffuse between endothelial cells, besides lipid soluble ones

89
Q

How can lipid soluble things reach the brain?

A

By diffusing into the interstitial fluid of the brain and spinal cord

90
Q

How would larger molecules cross capillary walls of the brain?

A

Active or passive transport

91
Q

What do neurons need to function?

A

Glucose, so endothelial cells always allow it to pass

92
Q

What are the centers of the medulla oblongata?

A

Cardiovascular center and respiratory rhythmicity center

93
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

An automatic processing center

94
Q

Functions of the midbrain?

A

Integrate visual info w/ other sensory output. Allow you to respond to visual and auditory stimuli w/ reflex responses. As well as maintain consciousness

95
Q

Components of diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

96
Q

Components of epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland

97
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Secrete melatonin

98
Q

Where is outer layer of dura mater?

A

Fused to the periosteum

99
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Secreted by hypothalamus, stimulates smooth muscle contractions in uterus and stimulates mammary glands to release milk

100
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

Link conscious intellectual functions w/ unconscious and autonomic functions. Establish emotional states and control memory storage and retrieval. Motivation and aversion

101
Q

General function of cerebrum?

A

Conscious thoughts, intellectual function, processes somatic, sensory, and motor information. Also subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone

102
Q

What are association fibers?

A

Axons of white matter; interconnect cerebral cortex w/ inside of cerebral hemisphere

103
Q

What are commissural fibers?

A

Axons of white matter; interconnect and allow communication between cerebral hemispheres. EX: corpus callosum and anterior fissure

104
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

Axons of white matter; connect cerebral cortex to brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and spinal cord

105
Q

What are basal nuclei?

A

Masses of gray matter lateral to lateral ventricles that process sensory info and motor commands outside of our awareness

106
Q

What make up the basal nuclei?

A

Caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, claustrum, and amygdaloid body

107
Q

What does the caudate nucleus do?

A

Subconscious adjustment of voluntary motor commands

108
Q

What does the lentiform nucleus do?

A

Subconscious adjustment of voluntary motor commands

109
Q

What does the claustrum do?

A

Subconscious processing of visual info

110
Q

What does the amygdaloid body do?

A

It’s a part of the limbic system so it helps w/ emotions and memories

111
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Recording of electrical activity of brain or brainwaves

112
Q

What are alpha waves?

A

Electrical waves in brains of resting adults

113
Q

What are beta waves?

A

Electrical waves in brains of people concentrating intensely

114
Q

What are theta waves?

A

Electrical waves in brains of children and agitated adults

115
Q

What are delta waves?

A

Electrical waves in brains of people in deep sleep

116
Q

What does the brainstem as a whole do?

A

Process info between the spinal cord and the cerebrum or cerebellum

117
Q

What role do astrocytes play in the BBB?

A

They release chemicals that control the permeability of the endothelial cells that form the tight junctions

118
Q

What does the frontal lobe of the cerebrum do?

A

Motor control, problem solving, speaking

119
Q

What does the parietal lobe of the cerebrum do?

A

Touch perception, body orientation, sensory discrimination

120
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Auditory processing, understanding speech, memory retrieval

121
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Sight, visual reception and interpretation

122
Q

What are the special sensory cortexes of the cerebrum?

A

Visual, auditory, olfactory (smell), and gustatory (taste)

123
Q

What is the speech center?

A

Area of cerebrum responsible for coordinating vocalization functions

124
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

In frontal lobe; it integrates info from sensory areas and performs associated intellectual abilities

125
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the cerebrum do?

A

Reading, writing, decision making, speech, language

126
Q

What does the right hemisphere of the cerebrum do?

A

Control the senses, and recognition of faces and vocal inflections

127
Q

What is an EEG?

A

A way to monitor electrical activity of brain

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