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Final Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchy of anatomy?

A

Atoms -> molecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism

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2
Q

Simplest body structure considered alive?

A

Cells

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3
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

Properties of an organism that you couldn’t guess just by looking at its individual parts

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3
Q

What do protons do in an atom?

A

Determine its identity

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3
Q

Properties of life?

A

Organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Component of metabolism; breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones

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4
Q

Properties of a reference human (for textbooks)?

A

22 y/o, 58kg and 2000 cal a day for women, 70kg and 2800 cal a day for men

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4
Q

Is homeostasis static?

A

No, it fluctuates around a set point

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5
Q

What does negative feedback do?

A

Return body to set point

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6
Q

What does positive feedback do?

A

Cause greater change in same direction, self-amplifying

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7
Q

What are gradients?

A

Difference between 2 points in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure

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8
Q

Top 3 abdominal regions?

A

Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric

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8
Q

Middle 3 abdominal regions?

A

Right and left lumbar, umbilical

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9
Q

Bottom 3 abdominal regions?

A

Right and left inguinal, hypogastric

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10
Q

What do electrons do in an atom?

A

Determine its chemical properties by how it binds

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11
Q

What do neutrons do in an atom?

A

Stabilize the nucleus

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12
Q

Go label a cell’s interior

A

Done

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13
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Watery part of cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is ICF?

A

Fluid inside cell

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15
Q

What is ECF?

A

Fluid outside cell

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16
Q

What is cytoplam?

A

Gel inside cell containing organelles, the cytoskeleton, and inclusions

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17
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm of nucleus

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18
Q

How do pairs assemble in DNA?

A

A with T, C with G

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19
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

A carb bound to a protein

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20
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

A carb bound to a lipid

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21
Q

What is specificity?

A

When a receptor protein only binds to specific chemicals

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22
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

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23
Q

How many layers in the membrane around the nucleus and mitochondria?

A

2

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24
Q

What methods of transport use carriers?

A

Primary and secondary active transport, and facilitated diffusion

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25
Q

What methods of transport go down the gradient?

A

Osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

Cell shapes?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal, stellate, spheroidal, ovoid, discoid, fusiform, fibrous

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27
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Counteracting a change in conditions. Ex: heat and heart rate regulation

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28
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Creating greater change in a direction. Ex: blood clotting, fever

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29
Q

Anatomical planes?

A

Coronal/frontal, sagittal, transverse

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30
Q

Body cavities?

A

Cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

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31
Q

Body systems?

A

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, digestive, reproductive (M and F)

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32
Q

Where are the parts of an atom found?

A

Protons and neutrons in nucleus, electrons surrounding

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33
Q

What are ions?

A

Atoms with a positive or negative charge due to unequal protons and electrons

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34
Q

What are acids?

A

H+ donors

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35
Q

What are bases?

A

H+ acceptors, sometimes OH- donors

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36
Q

Acidic range of pH?

A

0 - 6.9

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37
Q

Basic range of pH?

A

7.1 - 14

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38
Q

More acidic substances have more or less H+?

A

Less H+

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39
Q

Reaction types?

A

Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds

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40
Q

3 important monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

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41
Q

3 important disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

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42
Q

What are some important polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen, amylose, and cellulose

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43
Q

Types of lipids?

A

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids

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44
Q

What do phospholipids do?

A

Form cell membranes

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45
Q

What do eicosanoids do?

A

Play a role in signalling info, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, and control of blood vessel diameter

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46
Q

Functions of proteins?

A

Structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, and cell adhesion

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47
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

They’re proteins that act as biological catalysts. They lower activation energy by binding to substrate and breaking down into reaction products

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48
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Surround the cell and define boundaries, govern interactions w/ other cells, and control passage of materials in and out of the cell

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49
Q

How does smooth ER look?

A

Like tubes near nucleus, but outer

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50
Q

How does rough ER look?

A

Like thin tunnels around nucleus w/ studs

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51
Q

How does mitochondria look?

A

Ovals with squigglies

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52
Q

How does the nucleolus look?

A

The dark spot in the nucleus

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53
Q

How does the Golgi complex look?

A

Like a stack of pita bread away from the nucleus

54
Q

What are cilia?

A

Long hairlike processes on the membrane that move substances along its surface

55
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Short hairlike processes of membrane which increase its surface area

56
Q

How do substances pass through cell membrane?

A

Through channel proteins, carrier-mediated transport, leak channels, filtration, simple diffusion, and osmosis

57
Q

What are flagella?

A

Only found on sperm, tails of cells which propel their movement

58
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Moving down gradient

59
Q

What is filtration?

A

Being driven through membrane by physical pressure

60
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Cell stays the same because of even numbers of nonpermeable solutes on either side of membrane

61
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

More nonpermeable solutes outside the cell, water exits

62
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

More nonpermeable solutes inside the cell, water comes in

63
Q

Mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport

64
Q

Types of carriers?

A

Uniport, symport antiport

65
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

Form terminal web for support and permeability barrier

66
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A

Give cell shape and resist stress. Made of keratin

67
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Maintain cell shape, hold organelles, act as railroad tracks, make axonemes of cilia and flagella, form mitotic spindle. Made of tubulin

68
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Hold DNA inside

69
Q

What does rough ER do?

A

Synthesize proteins and phospholipids or other components of the cell membrane

70
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

Synthesize steroids and lipids, detox drugs, store calcium

71
Q

What do ribosomes?

A

Read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into protein

72
Q

What does the Golgi complex do?

A

FInish protein and glycoprotein synthesis by putting them into vesicles to become lyososmes, secretory vesicles, or part of the plasma membrane

73
Q

what do lysosomes do?

A

Phagocytize materials or an entire surplus cell

74
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Neutralize free radicals, drugs, and toxins. Break down fatty acids into acetyl groups for use in ATP synthesis

75
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Synthesize ATP

76
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

Form basal bodies of cilia and flagella and also become important in cell division

77
Q

Structure of DNA?

A

Double helix. Each side is phosphate groups alternating w/ deoxyribose, and the connections between strands are pairs of nitrogen bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds

78
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Carry instructions for synthesis of RNA and specific proteins

79
Q

Structure of RNA?

A

One chain, not a double helix. Ribose instead of deoxyribose for sugar. Uracil instead of thymine for nitrogenous base

80
Q

What do RNA do?

A

Carry out instructions in DNA and assemble proteins

81
Q

What is a codon?

A

A 3-base sequence in mRNA which is used to assemble amino acids

82
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

3 nucleotides of tRNA that are complementary to a codon of mRNA

83
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA codes for mRNA in the nucleus

84
Q

What is translation?

A

mRNA codes for protein in the cytoplasm

85
Q

Steps of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase opens up the DNA double helix and goes down each strand making a corresponding mRNA, and exons are spliced together

86
Q

Steps of translation?

A

Initiation (ribosome joins), elongation(amino acids are delivered to ribosome, allowing for peptide bonds and protein), and termination (stop codon tells ribosome to release the protein). Then proteins are packaged and exported

87
Q

Steps of DNA replication?

A

DNA unwinds from histones, DNA helicase unzips a segment at the replication fork, DNA polymerase builds new strands, and 2 daughter cells are made from original DNA. then new DNA is repackaged

88
Q

Stages of cell cycle?

A

Interphase (chilling) and mitotic phase (dividing)

89
Q

What is G1?

A

First gap phase of interphase, cell functions normally and gets materials ready

90
Q

What is S phase?

A

Synthesis phase of interphase, cell replicates all nuclear DNA and duplicates centrioles

91
Q

What is G2?

A

Second gap phase of interphase, cell repairs DNA replication erorrs, grows, and makes enzymes for division

92
Q

What occurs during mitotic phase?

A

Cell replicates nucleus and forms 2 new daughter cells. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

93
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Nuclear envelope around chromosomes disintegrates and centrioles spout spindle fibers

94
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align on cell equator, spindle creates mitotic spindle

95
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Enzyme cleaves 2 sister chromatids apart at the centromere and the single-stranded daughter cells migrate to each pole of the cell

96
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes cluster on either side of the cell, rough ER makes a new nuclear envelop around the clusters, chromosomes uncoil to chromatin, and mitotic spindle disintegrates as each nucleus forms nucleoli

97
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides into the 2 new cells

98
Q

Types of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple and stratified / squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified / transitional

99
Q

Locations + functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, serosa. Rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes serous fluid

100
Q

Locations + functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, kidney tubules. Absorption and secretion; mucus production and movement

101
Q

Locations + functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, uterine tubes. Absorption and secretion, secretion of mucus

102
Q

Locations + functions of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Respiratory tract, some of male uretrha. Secretes and propels mucus

103
Q

Locations + functions of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Epidermis, especially palms and soles. Resists abrasion and water loss through skin and penetration by pathogens

104
Q

Locations + functions of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Tongue, oral mucose, esophagus, vagina. Resists abrasion and penetration by pathogens

105
Q

Locations + functions of transitional epithelium?

A

Ureter and urinary bladder. Stretches to allow urinary tract to fill

106
Q

Types of connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagenous, reticular, and elastic

107
Q

Types of connective tissues?

A

Loose fibrous connective, dense fibrous connective, cartilages, bone, and blood

108
Q

General functions of connective tissue?

A

Connect organs, support, physical protection, movement, storage, heat production, blood transport

109
Q

Locations + functions of areolar connective tissue?

A

Almost every tissue of the body, it’s what epithelium rests on and is a passageway for nerves and blood vessels

110
Q

Locations + functions of reticular connective tissue?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Forms framework for lymphatic organs

111
Q

Locations + functions of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Tendons, ligaments. Made of collagen. Helps connect muscle to bones or bones together

112
Q

Locations + functions of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Deepest layer of skin, capsules around organs. Withstands unpredictable stresses

113
Q

Locations + functions of adipose connective tissue?

A

Like everywhere but especially body contours. Holds fat cells which are useful for cushioning

114
Q

Locations + functions of cartilage connective tissue?

A

Ear, nose, larynx, and bones. Gives shape and allows for bone growth

115
Q

Types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

116
Q

Locations + functions of hyaline cartilage?

A

Trachea, larynx, fetal skeletal, articular and costal cartilage. Eases joint movement, holds airway open, grows young long bones

117
Q

Locations + functions of fibrocartilage?

A

Pubic symphysis, menisci, intervertebral discs. Resists compression and absorbs shock

118
Q

Locations + functions of elastic cartilage?

A

External ear and epiglottis. Flexible, elastic support

119
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix

120
Q

What are osteons?

A

Central canals and surrounding lamellae

121
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells within lacunae

122
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

123
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

124
Q

What are platelets?

A

Blood cell fragments involved in clotting

125
Q

Types of excitable tissue?

A

Nervous tissue, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

126
Q

Location + functions of nervous tissue?

A

Spinal cord, brain, and nerves. Detect stimuli and respond

127
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Links between adjacent cells that don’t let things between

128
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Links between cells that allow for communication and solutes to pass through pores

129
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands w/ direct surface contact

130
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood

131
Q

What are serous glands?

A

Glands that secrete thin, watery substances

132
Q

What are mucous glands?

A

Glands that produce mucin, which makes mucus

133
Q

What is merocrine/eccrine secretion?

A

Uses vesicles and exocytosis. in the tear glands, gastric glands, and the pancreas

134
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

Lipid droplets bud from cell surface. Like milk

135
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

Cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate. Like oil glands

136
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Growth through cell multiplication

137
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Enlargement of preexisting cells

138
Q
A

‱ (40 decks)

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