Chapter 10 Flashcards
Functions of muscle?
Movement, stability, control body openings, heat production, glycemic control
What does “muscular system” refer to?
Skeletal muscles
What is the study of skeletal muscles?
Myology
What is the endomysium?
Thin sleeve of connective tissue around each muscle fiber
What is the perimysium?
Thicker sheath of connective tissue that wraps multiple muscle fibers into a bundle called a fascicle
What is the epimysium?
Fibrous sheath around an entire muscle, or multiple fascicles
What is the fascia?
Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles from one another
So, order of skeletal muscle components from smallest and deepest to largest and most superficial?
Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, fascia
What are fusiform muscles?
Thick in the middle, tapered at the end. Relatively strong
What are parallel muscles?
Fairly uniform width and parallel, like a column. Can span long distances, not as forceful
What are triangular muscles?
Fan-shaped, relatively strong
What are pennate muscles?
Feather shaped, 3 types
What are unipennate muscles?
They look like a quill, and all fascicles approach tendon from one side
What are bipennate muscles?
Looks like a full feather, and fascicles approach tendon from both sides
What are multipennate muscles?
Looks like a leaf of lettuce, converges at a single point
What are circular muscles?
Form rings around body opening and contract to prevent passage. Can also be made up of smooth muscle
What are muscle compartments?
Groups of functionally related muscles
What are direct attachments?
So little separation from muscle and bone that they appear to be attached. In reality, muscles stop short and collagen fibers bridge the gap
What are indirect attachments?
Muscle ends noticeably short of the bone, and this is bridged by a tendon, which has collagen fibers extend into the bone
What is aponeurosis?
A broad sheet-looking tendon
What is retinaculum?
A band of connective tissue, under which groups of tendons pass under
What is the origin?
The bony attachment at the stationary end of the muscle
What is the belly?
Thicker, middle region between origin and insertion
What is the insertion?
The bony attachment at the moving end of the muscle
What is an intrinsic muscle?
A muscle contained entirely within a region of interest
What is an extrinsic muscle?
A muscle that acts upon a designated organ or region, but arises from another region
What is a prime mover/agonist?
The muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action
What is a synergist?
A muscle that aids the prime mover
What is an antagonist?
A muscle that opposes the prime mover
What is a fixator?
A muscle that prevents a bone from moving
What is an innervation?
The nerve that supplies a given muscle
What does brevis mean?
Short
What does major mean?
Large
What is the frontalis?
Wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrows
What is the occipitalis?
Draws scalp posteriorly
Where is the frontalis?
Two bands above each eyebrow
Where is the occipitalis?
In the middle of the back of the head
What is the orbicularis oculi?
Closes eyelids for sleeping, blinking, helps tears flow
Where is the orbicularis oculi?
Ring around each eyeball
What is the nasalis?
Widens nostrils
Where is the nasalis?
Bridge of nose
What is the orbicularis oris?
Encircles mouth to close lips, kiss
Where is the orbicularis oris?
Around the lips
What is the zygomaticus major and minor?
Elevates corner of mouth for smiling, laughing, sneering, exposes teeth
Where is the zygomaticus major?
Inferior and lateral to the zygomaticus minor; kind of along the cheekbone attaching to the mouth
Where is the zygomaticus minor?
Superior and medial to the zygomaticus major; kind of along the cheekbone attaching to the mouth
What is the mentalis?
Elevates and protrudes lip in drinking, pouting
Where is the mentalis?
Chin
What is the buccinator?
Compresses cheek, directs food between molars, puckers cheeks
Where is the buccinator?
Deeper than the zygomaticus, like diagonal from lip corner to ear
What is the platysma?
Draws lip and mouth downward for horror and surprise, may aid in opening mouth
Where is the platysma?
Very top of the neck, on the left and right of the front
What is a depression of the mouth?
Opening it
What is an elevation of the mouth?
Biting and grinding
What is a protraction of the mouth?
Incisors can cut
What is a retraction of the mouth?
Make rear teeth meet
What are lateral and medial excursions of the mouth?
Grinding food
What is the temporalis?
Closes mandible
Where is the temporalis?
Overlying temporal bones
What is the masseter?
Originates on zygomatic arch, inserts on the angle of the mandible
Where is the masseter?
On the angle of the jaw
What is the digastric muscle?
Opens mouth widely (depresses mandible)
Where is the digastric muscle?
Under the chin, above the hyoid, vertical-ish
What is the mylohyoid?
Elevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing
Where is the mylohyoid?
Deeper than the hyoid bone and the digastric muscle, running horizontally
What is the stylohyoid?
Elevates hyoid bone
Where is the stylohyoid?
Attaching to the hyoid bone, running diagonal from jaw to meet it
What is the sternohyoid?
Depresses hyoid after elevation
Where is the sternohyoid?
Running down the neck, attached to the hyoid
What are the neck flexors?
Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes
What are the neck extensors?
Trapezius, splenius capitis, and semispinalis capitis
Muscles of normal breathing?
Diaphragm, external intercostal
What is the diaphragm?
Muscular dome between thoracic and abdominal cavities
Muscles of forced inhalation?
Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes of neck, pectoralis major, serratus anterior of chest, latissimus dorsi of back
Muscles of forced exhalation?
Internal and external obliques, transverse abdominus
What happens during inspiration?
Contraction flattens diaphragm, enlarges thoracic cavity
What do the external intercostals do?
Elevate ribs, move sternum anteriorly. Expands thoracic cavity. Air flows in
What do the internal intercostals do?
Depress and retract ribs. Compress thoracic cavity. Air flows out
3 layers of the anterior abdominal wall, from superficial to deep?
External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominus
What does the external abdominal oblique do?
Support viscera, aid in breathing and contralateral rotation of waist
What does the internal abdominal oblique do?
Rotates waist, contains aponeuroses
What does the transverse abdominus do?
Compress abdominal contents
What does the rectus abdominis do?
Produces forward bending at waist
Where is the rectus abdominis?
From the sternum to pubic. Enclosed by a rectus sheath.
What divides the rectus abdominis?
3 transverse tendinous intersections. Makes 6-pack
What are some muscles of the back?
Latissimus dorsi, trapezius, erector spinae
What is the perineum?
The diamond-shaped region between the thighs
What is the perineum bordered by?
Pubic symphysis (anterior), coccyx (posterior), 2 ischial tuberosities (lateral)
What is the urogenital triangle?
The anterior half of the perineum
Muscles of the urogenital triangle
External urethral sphincter
What is the anal triangle?
Posterior half of perineum
Muscles of the anal triangle?
External anal sphincter
What are hernias?
When the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
What is an inguinal hernia?
Viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum. Common in men, rare in women
What is a hiatal hernia?
Stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax. Affects overweight people over 40y/o
What is an umbilical hernia?
Viscera protrude through the navel
What happens during expiration?
Diaphragm relaxes, shrinks thoracic cavity
Limb muscle compartments are separated by what?
Interoserous membranes and intermuscular septa
What is intermuscular septa made up of?
Thick fascia
What is compartment syndrome?
One of the muscles or blood vessels in a muscle compartment is injured
How are upper limb compartments divided?
Anterior and posterior
How are lower limb compartments divided?
Anterior, posterior, medial, lateral
What happens during compartment syndrome?
Blood flow to compartment is obstructed. After 2-4 hours, nerves die. After 6, muscles die
What can and cannot recover from compartment syndrome?
Nerves can regenerate, but muscles stay dead forever
What is an indication of compartment syndrome?
Myoglobin in urine
What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?
Immobilization of limb, fasciotomy (incision to release pressure)
Where do muscles that act on the shoulder attach?
Axial skeleton as well as the clavicle or scapula
What movements can shoulder muscles make?
Rotation, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction
What are the anterior muscles of the pectoral girdle?
Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
What does the pectoralis minor do?
Draws scapula laterally
Where is the pectoralis minor located?
From ribs 3-5 to the coracoid process of the scapula
What does the serratus anterior do?
Draws scapula laterally and forward. Prime mover for pulling and pushing
Where is the serratus anterior located?
All ribs to medial border of scapula
What muscles are in the posterior group of muscles of the pectoral girdle?
Trapezius, levator scapulae, and rhomboid major and minor
What does the trapezius do?
Stabilize scapula and shoulder, elevate and depress shoulder apex
What does the levator scapulae do?
Elevate scapula, flex neck laterally
What do the rhomboid major and minor do?
Retract scapula and brace shoulder
What arm-affecting muscles have axial attachments?
Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
What does the Pectoralis major do?
Flex, adduct, and medially rotate humerus. Aids in deep breathing
What does the latissimus dorsi do?
Adduct and medially rotate humerus
What arm muscles are attached on the scapula?
Deltoid, teres major
What does the deltoid do?
Rotate and adduct arm, intramuscular injection site
What does the teres major do?
Extension and medial rotation of humerus
What tendons form the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (from superior to inferior)
What does the rotator cuff do?
Reinforce the shoulder joint, hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity
Go find where the supraspinatus tendon is
Done
Where is the infraspinatus tendon?
Posterior to glenoid cavity
Where is the teres minor?
Inferior and posterior to glenoid cavity
Where is the subscapularis tendon?
Inferior and anterior to glenoid cavity
What movements do muscles of the forearm make?
Flexion, extension, pronation, supination
What muscles have bellies in the arm that act on the forearm?
Brachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii
What does the brachialis do?
Primary elbow flexor, 50% more power than biceps brachii. Prime mover of elbow flexion
What does the biceps brachii do?
Elbow flexor
What does the triceps brachii do?
Primary mover of elbow extension
What muscles act on the forearm and have bellies in the forearm?
Brachioradialis, anconeus, pronator quadratus, pronator teres, supinator
Where is the deltoid muscle?
Shoulder
Where is the brachialis muscle?
Around the elbow, leading up to triceps brachii
Where is the biceps brachii?
In front of the triceps brachii, main muscle of upper arm
Where is the triceps brachii?
Behind biceps brachii, has 3 heads
What does the brachioradialis do?
Flex elbow
What does the anconeus do?
Extend elbow
What does the pronator quadratus do?
Prime mover in forearm pronation
What does the pronator teres do?
Assist pronator quadratus in pronation
What does the supinator do?
Supinates the forearm
Where is the brachioradialis?
Forearm, lateral side, kinda diamond shaped
Where is the anconeus?
At the elbow, attaches the humerus and ulna
Where is the pronator quadratus?
Around the wrist, squareish shaped between radius and ulna
Where is the pronator teres?
Starts at elbow, “feeds in” to the forearm, diagonally
Where is the supinator?
Attached to the radius, near the elbow, kind of a rounded triangle
What muscles act on the hand and are in the anterior/flexor compartment?
Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitum, palmaris longus
What does the flexor carpi radialis do?
Flex wrist
What does the flexor carpi ulnaris do?
Flex wrist
What does the flexor digitorum do?
Flex fingers
What does the palmaris longus do?
Anchor skin and fascia of the palmar region
Where is the flexor carpi radialis?
From radial side of elbow, comes down the middle
Where is the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Really thin, on the lateral side of forearm, outermost
Where is the flexor digitorum?
Superficial, takes up a lot of the forearm. Wraps around radius and ulna
Where is the palmaris longus?
Starts at elbow, takes up forearm. Attaches to 3 middle fingers
What are the muscles act on the hand and are in the posterior compartment?
Extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris
What are the 2 extensor carpi radialis muscles?
Longus and brevis
What are the components of the carpal tunnel?
Flexor retinaculum, and the flexor bones
What goes under the flexor retinaculum?
Flexor tendons
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic tissue in the carpal tunnel
How does carpal tunnel syndrome happen?
Prolonged, repetitive motions of the wrist. Puts pressure on median nerve of the wrist
What does carpal tunnel syndrome do?
Causes pain, tingling, and weakness in the palm and medial side of the hand. Can radiate up to arm and elbow
Treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome?
Anti-inflammatory drugs, immobilization of the wrist, sometimes surgery to remove part or all of the flexor retinaculum
Stop! Go find where the extensor carpi ulnaris is
Done
Stop! Go find where the extensor digiti minimi is
Done
Stop! Go locate where the pectoralis minor is
Done
Stop! Go find where the serratus anterior is
Done
Stop! Go find where the trapezius is
Done
Stop! Go find where the extensor digitorum is
Done
Stop! Go find where the extensor carpi radialis is
Done
Stop! Go find where the levator scapulae is
Done
Stop! Go find where the rhomboids (major and minor) are
Done
Where are the body’s largest muscles found?
The lower limbs
What is the leg?
The part of the limb between knee and ankle
What is the foot?
Tarsal region (ankle), metatarsal region, toes
What are the anterior muscles of the hip?
Iliacus and psoas major
What does the iliacus do?
Flex thigh at hip
What does the psoas major do?
Flex thigh at hip
Where do the iliacus and psoas major share a tendon?
The femur
What are the lateral and posterior muscles of the hip?
Tensor fasciae latae, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and minimus
What does the tensor fasciae latae do?
Extend knee and laterally rotate knee
Go locate the iliacus
Done
Go locate the psoas major
Done
Go locate the tensor fasciae latae
Done
Go locate the gluteus maximus
Done
What does the gluteus maximus do?
Form mass of the buttock, prime hip extensor, provide most of the lift when you climb stairs
What do the gluteus medius and minimus do?
Abduct and medially rotate thigh
Go find the gluteus medius and minimus
Done
Muscles of the medial (adductor) compartment of the thigh?
Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus
Find the adductor brevis
Done
Find the adductor longus
DOne
Find the adductor magnus
Done
Find the gracilis
Done
Find the pectineus
Done
Muscles of the anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh?
Quadriceps femoris, sartorius
Find the quadriceps femoris
Done
Find the sartorius
Done
What does the quadriceps femoris do?
Prime mover of knee extension, most powerful muscle of body
Heads of the quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
What does the sartorius do?
Longest muscle in the body
Muscles of the posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh?
Hamstring muscles
Components of the hamstring muscles?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
Find the hamstring
Done
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and fibularis longus/brevis
What muscles dorsiflex the ankle?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
What muscles plantarflex the ankle?
Fibularis longus and brevis
Find the tibialis anterior
Done
Find the extensor digitorum longus
Done
Find the extensor hallucis longus
Done
Find the fibularis longus and brevis
Done
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris
Find the gastrocnemius
Done
Find the soleus
Done
Find the plantaris
Done
What does the gastrocnemius do?
Plantar flexes foot, flexes knee
What does the soleus do?
Plantar flexes foot
What does the plantaris do?
Weak synergist of triceps surae
What is the triceps surae?
Collective name for gastrocnemius and soleus
Features of triceps surae
Attaches to calcaneus by the calcaneal tendon. Strongest tendon of the body. Allows plantar flex of foot
What are 6 common athletes injuries?
Compartment syndrome, shin splints, pulled hamstrings, tennis elbow, pulled groin, rotator cuff injury
What is RICE?
Rest, ice, compression, elevation. Treats athletic injuries
