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Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of muscle?

A

Movement, stability, control body openings, heat production, glycemic control

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2
Q

What does “muscular system” refer to?

A

Skeletal muscles

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3
Q

What is the study of skeletal muscles?

A

Myology

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4
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Thin sleeve of connective tissue around each muscle fiber

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5
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Thicker sheath of connective tissue that wraps multiple muscle fibers into a bundle called a fascicle

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6
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Fibrous sheath around an entire muscle, or multiple fascicles

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7
Q

What is the fascia?

A

Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles from one another

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8
Q

So, order of skeletal muscle components from smallest and deepest to largest and most superficial?

A

Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, fascia

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9
Q

What are fusiform muscles?

A

Thick in the middle, tapered at the end. Relatively strong

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10
Q

What are parallel muscles?

A

Fairly uniform width and parallel, like a column. Can span long distances, not as forceful

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11
Q

What are triangular muscles?

A

Fan-shaped, relatively strong

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12
Q

What are pennate muscles?

A

Feather shaped, 3 types

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13
Q

What are unipennate muscles?

A

They look like a quill, and all fascicles approach tendon from one side

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14
Q

What are bipennate muscles?

A

Looks like a full feather, and fascicles approach tendon from both sides

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15
Q

What are multipennate muscles?

A

Looks like a leaf of lettuce, converges at a single point

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16
Q

What are circular muscles?

A

Form rings around body opening and contract to prevent passage. Can also be made up of smooth muscle

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17
Q

What are muscle compartments?

A

Groups of functionally related muscles

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18
Q

What are direct attachments?

A

So little separation from muscle and bone that they appear to be attached. In reality, muscles stop short and collagen fibers bridge the gap

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19
Q

What are indirect attachments?

A

Muscle ends noticeably short of the bone, and this is bridged by a tendon, which has collagen fibers extend into the bone

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20
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

A broad sheet-looking tendon

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21
Q

What is retinaculum?

A

A band of connective tissue, under which groups of tendons pass under

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22
Q

What is the origin?

A

The bony attachment at the stationary end of the muscle

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23
Q

What is the belly?

A

Thicker, middle region between origin and insertion

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24
Q

What is the insertion?

A

The bony attachment at the moving end of the muscle

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25
Q

What is an intrinsic muscle?

A

A muscle contained entirely within a region of interest

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26
Q

What is an extrinsic muscle?

A

A muscle that acts upon a designated organ or region, but arises from another region

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27
Q

What is a prime mover/agonist?

A

The muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action

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28
Q

What is a synergist?

A

A muscle that aids the prime mover

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29
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A muscle that opposes the prime mover

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30
Q

What is a fixator?

A

A muscle that prevents a bone from moving

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31
Q

What is an innervation?

A

The nerve that supplies a given muscle

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32
Q

What does brevis mean?

A

Short

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33
Q

What does major mean?

A

Large

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34
Q

What is the frontalis?

A

Wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrows

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35
Q

What is the occipitalis?

A

Draws scalp posteriorly

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36
Q

Where is the frontalis?

A

Two bands above each eyebrow

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37
Q

Where is the occipitalis?

A

In the middle of the back of the head

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38
Q

What is the orbicularis oculi?

A

Closes eyelids for sleeping, blinking, helps tears flow

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39
Q

Where is the orbicularis oculi?

A

Ring around each eyeball

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40
Q

What is the nasalis?

A

Widens nostrils

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41
Q

Where is the nasalis?

A

Bridge of nose

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42
Q

What is the orbicularis oris?

A

Encircles mouth to close lips, kiss

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43
Q

Where is the orbicularis oris?

A

Around the lips

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44
Q

What is the zygomaticus major and minor?

A

Elevates corner of mouth for smiling, laughing, sneering, exposes teeth

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45
Q

Where is the zygomaticus major?

A

Inferior and lateral to the zygomaticus minor; kind of along the cheekbone attaching to the mouth

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46
Q

Where is the zygomaticus minor?

A

Superior and medial to the zygomaticus major; kind of along the cheekbone attaching to the mouth

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47
Q

What is the mentalis?

A

Elevates and protrudes lip in drinking, pouting

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48
Q

Where is the mentalis?

A

Chin

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49
Q

What is the buccinator?

A

Compresses cheek, directs food between molars, puckers cheeks

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50
Q

Where is the buccinator?

A

Deeper than the zygomaticus, like diagonal from lip corner to ear

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51
Q

What is the platysma?

A

Draws lip and mouth downward for horror and surprise, may aid in opening mouth

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52
Q

Where is the platysma?

A

Very top of the neck, on the left and right of the front

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53
Q

What is a depression of the mouth?

A

Opening it

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54
Q

What is an elevation of the mouth?

A

Biting and grinding

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55
Q

What is a protraction of the mouth?

A

Incisors can cut

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56
Q

What is a retraction of the mouth?

A

Make rear teeth meet

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57
Q

What are lateral and medial excursions of the mouth?

A

Grinding food

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58
Q

What is the temporalis?

A

Closes mandible

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59
Q

Where is the temporalis?

A

Overlying temporal bones

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60
Q

What is the masseter?

A

Originates on zygomatic arch, inserts on the angle of the mandible

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61
Q

Where is the masseter?

A

On the angle of the jaw

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62
Q

What is the digastric muscle?

A

Opens mouth widely (depresses mandible)

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63
Q

Where is the digastric muscle?

A

Under the chin, above the hyoid, vertical-ish

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64
Q

What is the mylohyoid?

A

Elevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing

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65
Q

Where is the mylohyoid?

A

Deeper than the hyoid bone and the digastric muscle, running horizontally

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66
Q

What is the stylohyoid?

A

Elevates hyoid bone

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67
Q

Where is the stylohyoid?

A

Attaching to the hyoid bone, running diagonal from jaw to meet it

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68
Q

What is the sternohyoid?

A

Depresses hyoid after elevation

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69
Q

Where is the sternohyoid?

A

Running down the neck, attached to the hyoid

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70
Q

What are the neck flexors?

A

Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes

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71
Q

What are the neck extensors?

A

Trapezius, splenius capitis, and semispinalis capitis

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72
Q

Muscles of normal breathing?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostal

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73
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Muscular dome between thoracic and abdominal cavities

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74
Q

Muscles of forced inhalation?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes of neck, pectoralis major, serratus anterior of chest, latissimus dorsi of back

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75
Q

Muscles of forced exhalation?

A

Internal and external obliques, transverse abdominus

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76
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Contraction flattens diaphragm, enlarges thoracic cavity

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77
Q

What do the external intercostals do?

A

Elevate ribs, move sternum anteriorly. Expands thoracic cavity. Air flows in

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78
Q

What do the internal intercostals do?

A

Depress and retract ribs. Compress thoracic cavity. Air flows out

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79
Q

3 layers of the anterior abdominal wall, from superficial to deep?

A

External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominus

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80
Q

What does the external abdominal oblique do?

A

Support viscera, aid in breathing and contralateral rotation of waist

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81
Q

What does the internal abdominal oblique do?

A

Rotates waist, contains aponeuroses

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82
Q

What does the transverse abdominus do?

A

Compress abdominal contents

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83
Q

What does the rectus abdominis do?

A

Produces forward bending at waist

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84
Q

Where is the rectus abdominis?

A

From the sternum to pubic. Enclosed by a rectus sheath.

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85
Q

What divides the rectus abdominis?

A

3 transverse tendinous intersections. Makes 6-pack

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86
Q

What are some muscles of the back?

A

Latissimus dorsi, trapezius, erector spinae

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87
Q

What is the perineum?

A

The diamond-shaped region between the thighs

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88
Q

What is the perineum bordered by?

A

Pubic symphysis (anterior), coccyx (posterior), 2 ischial tuberosities (lateral)

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89
Q

What is the urogenital triangle?

A

The anterior half of the perineum

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90
Q

Muscles of the urogenital triangle

A

External urethral sphincter

91
Q

What is the anal triangle?

A

Posterior half of perineum

92
Q

Muscles of the anal triangle?

A

External anal sphincter

93
Q

What are hernias?

A

When the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

94
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum. Common in men, rare in women

95
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax. Affects overweight people over 40y/o

96
Q

What is an umbilical hernia?

A

Viscera protrude through the navel

97
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Diaphragm relaxes, shrinks thoracic cavity

98
Q

Limb muscle compartments are separated by what?

A

Interoserous membranes and intermuscular septa

99
Q

What is intermuscular septa made up of?

A

Thick fascia

100
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

One of the muscles or blood vessels in a muscle compartment is injured

101
Q

How are upper limb compartments divided?

A

Anterior and posterior

102
Q

How are lower limb compartments divided?

A

Anterior, posterior, medial, lateral

103
Q

What happens during compartment syndrome?

A

Blood flow to compartment is obstructed. After 2-4 hours, nerves die. After 6, muscles die

104
Q

What can and cannot recover from compartment syndrome?

A

Nerves can regenerate, but muscles stay dead forever

105
Q

What is an indication of compartment syndrome?

A

Myoglobin in urine

106
Q

What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?

A

Immobilization of limb, fasciotomy (incision to release pressure)

107
Q

Where do muscles that act on the shoulder attach?

A

Axial skeleton as well as the clavicle or scapula

108
Q

What movements can shoulder muscles make?

A

Rotation, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction

109
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the pectoral girdle?

A

Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

110
Q

What does the pectoralis minor do?

A

Draws scapula laterally

111
Q

Where is the pectoralis minor located?

A

From ribs 3-5 to the coracoid process of the scapula

112
Q

What does the serratus anterior do?

A

Draws scapula laterally and forward. Prime mover for pulling and pushing

113
Q

Where is the serratus anterior located?

A

All ribs to medial border of scapula

114
Q

What muscles are in the posterior group of muscles of the pectoral girdle?

A

Trapezius, levator scapulae, and rhomboid major and minor

115
Q

What does the trapezius do?

A

Stabilize scapula and shoulder, elevate and depress shoulder apex

116
Q

What does the levator scapulae do?

A

Elevate scapula, flex neck laterally

117
Q

What do the rhomboid major and minor do?

A

Retract scapula and brace shoulder

118
Q

What arm-affecting muscles have axial attachments?

A

Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

119
Q

What does the Pectoralis major do?

A

Flex, adduct, and medially rotate humerus. Aids in deep breathing

120
Q

What does the latissimus dorsi do?

A

Adduct and medially rotate humerus

121
Q

What arm muscles are attached on the scapula?

A

Deltoid, teres major

122
Q

What does the deltoid do?

A

Rotate and adduct arm, intramuscular injection site

123
Q

What does the teres major do?

A

Extension and medial rotation of humerus

124
Q

What tendons form the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (from superior to inferior)

125
Q

What does the rotator cuff do?

A

Reinforce the shoulder joint, hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity

126
Q

Go find where the supraspinatus tendon is

A

Done

127
Q

Where is the infraspinatus tendon?

A

Posterior to glenoid cavity

128
Q

Where is the teres minor?

A

Inferior and posterior to glenoid cavity

129
Q

Where is the subscapularis tendon?

A

Inferior and anterior to glenoid cavity

130
Q

What movements do muscles of the forearm make?

A

Flexion, extension, pronation, supination

131
Q

What muscles have bellies in the arm that act on the forearm?

A

Brachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii

132
Q

What does the brachialis do?

A

Primary elbow flexor, 50% more power than biceps brachii. Prime mover of elbow flexion

133
Q

What does the biceps brachii do?

A

Elbow flexor

134
Q

What does the triceps brachii do?

A

Primary mover of elbow extension

135
Q

What muscles act on the forearm and have bellies in the forearm?

A

Brachioradialis, anconeus, pronator quadratus, pronator teres, supinator

136
Q

Where is the deltoid muscle?

A

Shoulder

137
Q

Where is the brachialis muscle?

A

Around the elbow, leading up to triceps brachii

138
Q

Where is the biceps brachii?

A

In front of the triceps brachii, main muscle of upper arm

139
Q

Where is the triceps brachii?

A

Behind biceps brachii, has 3 heads

140
Q

What does the brachioradialis do?

A

Flex elbow

141
Q

What does the anconeus do?

A

Extend elbow

142
Q

What does the pronator quadratus do?

A

Prime mover in forearm pronation

143
Q

What does the pronator teres do?

A

Assist pronator quadratus in pronation

144
Q

What does the supinator do?

A

Supinates the forearm

145
Q

Where is the brachioradialis?

A

Forearm, lateral side, kinda diamond shaped

146
Q

Where is the anconeus?

A

At the elbow, attaches the humerus and ulna

147
Q

Where is the pronator quadratus?

A

Around the wrist, squareish shaped between radius and ulna

148
Q

Where is the pronator teres?

A

Starts at elbow, “feeds in” to the forearm, diagonally

149
Q

Where is the supinator?

A

Attached to the radius, near the elbow, kind of a rounded triangle

150
Q

What muscles act on the hand and are in the anterior/flexor compartment?

A

Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitum, palmaris longus

151
Q

What does the flexor carpi radialis do?

A

Flex wrist

152
Q

What does the flexor carpi ulnaris do?

A

Flex wrist

153
Q

What does the flexor digitorum do?

A

Flex fingers

154
Q

What does the palmaris longus do?

A

Anchor skin and fascia of the palmar region

155
Q

Where is the flexor carpi radialis?

A

From radial side of elbow, comes down the middle

156
Q

Where is the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Really thin, on the lateral side of forearm, outermost

157
Q

Where is the flexor digitorum?

A

Superficial, takes up a lot of the forearm. Wraps around radius and ulna

158
Q

Where is the palmaris longus?

A

Starts at elbow, takes up forearm. Attaches to 3 middle fingers

159
Q

What are the muscles act on the hand and are in the posterior compartment?

A

Extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris

160
Q

What are the 2 extensor carpi radialis muscles?

A

Longus and brevis

161
Q

What are the components of the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor retinaculum, and the flexor bones

162
Q

What goes under the flexor retinaculum?

A

Flexor tendons

163
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic tissue in the carpal tunnel

164
Q

How does carpal tunnel syndrome happen?

A

Prolonged, repetitive motions of the wrist. Puts pressure on median nerve of the wrist

165
Q

What does carpal tunnel syndrome do?

A

Causes pain, tingling, and weakness in the palm and medial side of the hand. Can radiate up to arm and elbow

166
Q

Treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs, immobilization of the wrist, sometimes surgery to remove part or all of the flexor retinaculum

167
Q

Stop! Go find where the extensor carpi ulnaris is

A

Done

168
Q

Stop! Go find where the extensor digiti minimi is

A

Done

169
Q

Stop! Go locate where the pectoralis minor is

A

Done

170
Q

Stop! Go find where the serratus anterior is

A

Done

171
Q

Stop! Go find where the trapezius is

A

Done

172
Q

Stop! Go find where the extensor digitorum is

A

Done

172
Q

Stop! Go find where the extensor carpi radialis is

A

Done

172
Q

Stop! Go find where the levator scapulae is

A

Done

172
Q

Stop! Go find where the rhomboids (major and minor) are

A

Done

173
Q

Where are the body’s largest muscles found?

A

The lower limbs

174
Q

What is the leg?

A

The part of the limb between knee and ankle

175
Q

What is the foot?

A

Tarsal region (ankle), metatarsal region, toes

176
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the hip?

A

Iliacus and psoas major

177
Q

What does the iliacus do?

A

Flex thigh at hip

178
Q

What does the psoas major do?

A

Flex thigh at hip

179
Q

Where do the iliacus and psoas major share a tendon?

A

The femur

180
Q

What are the lateral and posterior muscles of the hip?

A

Tensor fasciae latae, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and minimus

181
Q

What does the tensor fasciae latae do?

A

Extend knee and laterally rotate knee

182
Q

Go locate the iliacus

A

Done

183
Q

Go locate the psoas major

A

Done

184
Q

Go locate the tensor fasciae latae

A

Done

185
Q

Go locate the gluteus maximus

A

Done

186
Q

What does the gluteus maximus do?

A

Form mass of the buttock, prime hip extensor, provide most of the lift when you climb stairs

187
Q

What do the gluteus medius and minimus do?

A

Abduct and medially rotate thigh

188
Q

Go find the gluteus medius and minimus

A

Done

189
Q

Muscles of the medial (adductor) compartment of the thigh?

A

Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus

190
Q

Find the adductor brevis

A

Done

191
Q

Find the adductor longus

A

DOne

192
Q

Find the adductor magnus

A

Done

193
Q

Find the gracilis

A

Done

194
Q

Find the pectineus

A

Done

195
Q

Muscles of the anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris, sartorius

196
Q

Find the quadriceps femoris

A

Done

197
Q

Find the sartorius

A

Done

198
Q

What does the quadriceps femoris do?

A

Prime mover of knee extension, most powerful muscle of body

199
Q

Heads of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

200
Q

What does the sartorius do?

A

Longest muscle in the body

201
Q

Muscles of the posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh?

A

Hamstring muscles

202
Q

Components of the hamstring muscles?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

203
Q

Find the hamstring

A

Done

204
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and fibularis longus/brevis

205
Q

What muscles dorsiflex the ankle?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus

206
Q

What muscles plantarflex the ankle?

A

Fibularis longus and brevis

207
Q

Find the tibialis anterior

A

Done

208
Q

Find the extensor digitorum longus

A

Done

209
Q

Find the extensor hallucis longus

A

Done

210
Q

Find the fibularis longus and brevis

A

Done

211
Q

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris

212
Q

Find the gastrocnemius

A

Done

213
Q

Find the soleus

A

Done

214
Q

Find the plantaris

A

Done

215
Q

What does the gastrocnemius do?

A

Plantar flexes foot, flexes knee

216
Q

What does the soleus do?

A

Plantar flexes foot

217
Q

What does the plantaris do?

A

Weak synergist of triceps surae

218
Q

What is the triceps surae?

A

Collective name for gastrocnemius and soleus

219
Q

Features of triceps surae

A

Attaches to calcaneus by the calcaneal tendon. Strongest tendon of the body. Allows plantar flex of foot

220
Q

What are 6 common athletes injuries?

A

Compartment syndrome, shin splints, pulled hamstrings, tennis elbow, pulled groin, rotator cuff injury

221
Q

What is RICE?

A

Rest, ice, compression, elevation. Treats athletic injuries

‱ (40 decks)

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