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Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

Protection, water retention, heat regulation, vitamin D synthesis

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2
Q

What are the organs of the integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

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3
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Support, movement, blood formation, mineral storage

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4
Q

What are the organs of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments

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5
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

Movement, stability, communication, heat generation, controls body openings

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6
Q

What are the organs of the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscle

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7
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Recover excess tissue fluid, detect pathogens, produce immune cells, fight against disease

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8
Q

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

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9
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Absorb oxygen, discharge carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech

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9
Q

What are the organs of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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10
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

Eliminate wastes, regulate blood volume and pressure, detoxify blood, control fluids, stimulate RBC formation

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11
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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12
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation

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13
Q

What are the organs of the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

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14
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Hormone production, internal chemical coordination and communication

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15
Q

What are the organs of the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

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16
Q

What is the function of the circulatory/pulmonary system?

A

Distribute nutrients, oxygen, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies

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17
Q

What are the organs of the circulatory/pulmonary system?

A

Heart, blood vessels

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18
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

Nutrient breakdown and absorption, metabolize carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals

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19
Q

What are the organs of the digestive system?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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20
Q

What are the organs of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

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21
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A

Produce eggs, fertilize and develop fetuses, nourish fetus, birth, lactate, secrete sex hormones

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22
Q

What are the organs of the male reproductive system?

A

Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, and penis

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23
Q

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

A

Produce and deliver sperm, secrete sex hormones

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24
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Standing upright with the feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, and the palms and face directed forward.

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25
Q

What does ventral/anterior mean?

A

Towards the front

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26
Q

What does dorsal/posterior mean?

A

Towards the back

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27
Q

What does cephalic mean?

A

Towards the head/superior end

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28
Q

What does rostral mean?

A

Towards the forehead or nose

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29
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

Towards the tail or caudal end

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30
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Above

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31
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Below

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32
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Towards the median plane

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33
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Away from the median plane

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34
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Closer to the point of attachment/origin

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35
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Farther from the point of attachment/origin

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36
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

On the same side of the body (left or right)

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37
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

On opposite sides of the body (left or right)

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38
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

Closer to the body surface

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39
Q

What does deep mean?

A

Farther from the body surface

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40
Q

What is a coronal/frontal plane?

A

Front and back

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41
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

Top and bottom

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42
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A

Left and right

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43
Q

What are the 4 main body cavities?

A

Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic

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44
Q

What are the divisions of the thoracic cavity?

A

Pleural cavities (2) and pericardial

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45
Q

What are the divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Abdominal and pelvic

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46
Q

Viscera of the cranial cavity?

A

Brain

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47
Q

Viscera of the vertebral cavity?

A

Spinal cord

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48
Q

Viscera of the pleural cavities?

A

Lungs

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49
Q

Viscera of the pericardial cavity?

A

Heart

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50
Q

Viscera of the abdominal cavity?

A

Digestive organs, spleen, kidneys

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51
Q

Viscera of the pelvic cavity?

A

Bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

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52
Q

Membranous lining of the cranial cavity?

A

Meninges

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53
Q

Membranous lining of the vertebral cavity?

A

Meninges

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54
Q

Membranous lining of the pleural cavities?

A

Pleurae

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55
Q

Membranous lining of the pericardial cavity?

A

Pericardium

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56
Q

Membranous lining of the abdominal cavity?

A

Peritoneum

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57
Q

Membranous lining of the pelvic cavity?

A

Peritoneum

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58
Q

Scientific name for the head region?

A

Cephalic

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59
Q

Scientific name for the face region?

A

Facial

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60
Q

Scientific name for the neck region?

A

Cervical

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61
Q

Scientific name for the chest region?

A

Thoracic

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62
Q

Scientific name for the middle of chest region?

A

Sternal

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63
Q

Scientific name for the pectoral region?

A

Pectoral

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64
Q

Scientific name for the bellybutton region?

A

Umbilical

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65
Q

Scientific name for the stomach region?

A

Abdominal

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66
Q

Scientific name for the groin region?

A

Inguinal

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67
Q

Scientific name for the pubic region?

A

Mons pubis

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68
Q

Scientific name for the thigh region?

A

Femoral

69
Q

Scientific name for the calf region?

A

Crural

70
Q

Scientific name for the ankle region?

A

Tarsal

71
Q

Scientific name for the foot region?

A

Pedal/dorsum

72
Q

Scientific name for the foot sole region?

A

Plantar surface

73
Q

Scientific name for the shoulder region?

A

Acromial

74
Q

Scientific name for the armpit region?

A

Axillary

75
Q

Scientific name for the upper arm region?

A

Brachial

76
Q

Scientific name for the elbow region?

A

Cubital

77
Q

Scientific name for the forearm region?

A

Antebrachial

78
Q

Scientific name for the wrist region?

A

Carpal

79
Q

Scientific name for the hand palm region?

A

Palmar

80
Q

Scientific name for the hip region?

A

Coxal

81
Q

Scientific name for the knee region?

A

Patellar

82
Q

Scientific name for the back of neck region?

A

Nuchal

83
Q

Scientific name for the region between shoulder blades?

A

Interscapular

84
Q

Scientific name for the shoulderblade region?

A

Scapular

85
Q

Scientific name for the vertebral region?

A

Vertebral

86
Q

Scientific name for the back region?

A

Lumbar

87
Q

Scientific name for the small of back region?

A

Sacral

88
Q

Scientific name for the butt region?

A

Gluteal

89
Q

Scientific name for the back of hand?

A

Dorsum of hand

90
Q

Scientific name for the buttcrack region?

A

Perineal

91
Q

Scientific name for the back of knee region?

A

Popliteal

92
Q

Scientific name for the foot heel region?

A

Calcaneal

93
Q

What are the 4 body quadrants?

A

Right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant (directions according to being the person)

94
Q

Organs in the right upper quadrant include…

A

Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, and part of the pancreas and colon

95
Q

Organs in the right lower quadrant include…

A

Appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, and part of the colon

96
Q

Organs in the left upper quadrant include…

A

Stomach, spleen, adrenal gland, parts of the liver, pancreas, kidney, and colon

97
Q

Organs in the left lower quadrant include…

A

Left ovary, left fallopian tube, sigmoid colon, part of the colon

98
Q

What are the top 3 abdominal regions?

A

Right hypochondriac, epigastric region, left hypochondriac

99
Q

What are the middle 3 abdominal regions?

A

Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar

100
Q

What are the bottom 3 abdominal regions?

A

Right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

101
Q

Organs of the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, some small intestine

102
Q

Organs of the left hypochondriac region?

A

Spleen, some colon, left kidney, some pancreas

103
Q

Organs of the epigastric region?

A

Stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands

104
Q

Organs of the right lumbar region?

A

Gallbladder, liver, right colon

105
Q

Organs of the left lumbar region?

A

Descending colon, left kidney

106
Q

Organs of the umbilical region?

A

Umbilicus, jejunum, ileum, duodenum

107
Q

Organs of the right iliac region?

A

Appendix, cecum

108
Q

Organs of the left iliac region?

A

Descending colon, sigmoid colon

109
Q

Organs of the hypogastric region?

A

Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs

110
Q

What is the ocular lens?

A

Part you look at that magnifies x10

111
Q

What is the body tube?

A

The tube the eyepiece is connected to to hold it in place

112
Q

What is the revolving nosepiece?

A

What you twist to get different magnification lenses

113
Q

What is the objective lens?

A

The magnification lens. Captures and refracts light to magnify object

114
Q

What is the arm of a microscope?

A

You pick up the microscope by it

115
Q

What is the mechanical stage?

A

Holds the slide and moves it around

116
Q

What is the coarse-focus knob?

A

Large knob that gets focused roughly

117
Q

What is the fine-focus knob?

A

A smaller knob that focuses more precisely

118
Q

What is the condenser?

A

Located right beneath the stage, it focuses light onto the specimen

119
Q

What is the iris diaphragm lever?

A

Under the condenser, it regulates the amount of the light going through the condenser

120
Q

What is the light source on a microscope?

A

Illuminates the subject

121
Q

What is the base of a microscope?

A

The bottom, holds things in place and you can use it to move the microscope

122
Q

What is the stage clip?

A

Holds the slide in place

123
Q

What are the x and y-axis control knobs?

A

They move the stage upon either axis

124
Q

What are the powers of the objective lenses?

A

4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

125
Q

How much does the eyepiece alone magnify?

A

10x

126
Q

What is field of view?

A

Maximum area visible

127
Q

What is depth of field?

A

The depth of the object space that is simultaneously in acceptable focus

128
Q

How do you calculate total magnification?

A

The eyepiece (always 10x) times the objective lens power

129
Q

What is a microvillus and what does it do?

A

Little protrusions on the membrane that increase membrane surface area so things can be absorbed better

130
Q

What are microfilaments and what do they do?

A

Inside microvilli. Form terminal web

131
Q

What are secretory vesicles and what do they do?

A

Round thing that approaches cell membrane to form a fusion pore and secrete (exocytosis) whatever it was carrying

132
Q

What are Golgi complexes and what do they do?

A

System of tunnels that synthesize carbs and put finishing touches on protein synthesis. Packages proteins into Golgi vesicles for delivery

133
Q

What are intermediate filaments and what do they do?

A

Fibers found throughout the cytoplasm that give the cell shape and resist stress

134
Q

What are lysosomes and what do they do?

A

Lysosomes are usually-round packages of enzymes that break down materials that’s old or no longer needed

135
Q

What are microtubules and what do they do?

A

Fibers radiating from the centrosome which maintain cell shape, act as railroad tracks, make axonemes for cilia and flagella, and form mitotic spindle

136
Q

What is the rough ER and what does it do?

A

System of channels enclosed by a membrane, studded w/ ribosomes. Produces phospholipids and proteins for plasma membrane and synthesizes proteins

137
Q

What is the smooth ER and what does it do?

A

System of channels enclosed by a membrane, NO ribosomes. Synthesizes steroids and other lipids, stores calcium, detoxifies drugs

138
Q

What is the plasma membrane and what does it do?

A

Border of the cell. Holds everything in and controls what gets in and out

139
Q

What is the intracellular space and what does it do?

A

The space inside the plasma membrane. It has to stay balanced for the cell to be healthy

140
Q

What is the centrosome and what does it do?

A

A small clear area near the nucleus containing a pair of centrioles. It duplicates and moves to opposite ends of the cell for division

141
Q

What are centrioles and what do they do?

A

Short cylindrical bodies made of 9 triplets of microtubules. They form basal bodies of cilia and flagella and form mitotic spindle during cell division

142
Q

What are ribosomes and what do they do?

A

Small granules of protein and RNA found throughout the cell and on rough ER that read genetic messages and assemble amino acids into specified proteins

143
Q

What is the nucleus and what does it do?

A

Large organelle surrounded by a porous membrane which directs protein synthesis and shelters DNA

144
Q

What is the nucleolus and what does it do?

A

Large structure inside nucleus which synthesizes ribosomes

145
Q

What is the nuclear envelope and what does it do?

A

Double membrane around nucleus that protects it and has pores to regulate molecular traffic

146
Q

What are mitochondria and what do they do?

A

Oval shaped organelles with cristae matrix specialized for synthesizing ATP

147
Q

What are 7 components of the plasma membrane?

A

Glycolipids, glycoproteins, channel proteins, cholesterol, phospholipid bilayer, ICF and ECF

148
Q

How do glycolipids look?

A

Chains attached to lipids of the bilayer that are on the outside of the membrane

149
Q

How do glycoproteins look?

A

Chains attached to proteins on the membrane

150
Q

How does cholesterol look?

A

Chains inside the phospholipid bilayer among the tails

151
Q

How does the phospholipid bilayer look?

A

Molecules arranged in layers so hydrophilic heads are on outside and hydrophobic tails are inside

152
Q

How does ICF look?

A

Fluid inside cell membrane

153
Q

How does ECF look?

A

Fluid outside of cell membrane

154
Q

What are the phases of interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

155
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Cells grow, replicate their chromosomes, and prepare for cell division

156
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

The cell replicates its nucleus and forms 2 daughter cells

157
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm is divided into the 2 cells

158
Q

How do kinetochores look?

A

Little bumps on the side of chromosome, near centrosome

159
Q

How do centrosomes look?

A

Center of chromosome

160
Q

How do sister chromatids look?

A

Legs of chromosome

161
Q

Way to remember steps of mitosis?

A

PPMAT C

162
Q

How does prophase look?

A

The cell is fairly normal, the nucleus is intact with chromosomes inside

163
Q

How does prometaphase look?

A

Spindle poles develop and the nuclear envelope dissipates, leaving chromosomes scattered around

164
Q

How does metaphase look?

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Poles are still present

165
Q

How does anaphase look?

A

Chromatids start being separated from each other

166
Q

How does telophase look?

A

The chromatids are entirely separate and very close to the poles, which are also far away from each other

167
Q

How does cytokinesis look?

A

The nuclear envelope is reformed, with chromosomes inside, and the cell begins to separate into 2 different cells

168
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Cells divide their duplicated DNA (from interphase) and cytoplasm to form 2 new cells

169
Q

Role of plasma membrane and its’ embedded proteins?

A

The membrane provides protection and holds everything inside, stopping unwanted things from getting in. The embedded proteins are there to selectively transport molecules and recognize other cells around it.

170
Q

Lactose enzyme lab summary

A

Lactose is the sugar found in milk, composed of glucose and galactose. Lactase is the enzyme that is specific to lactose, and breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose. People who are lactose intolerant lack the lactase enzyme and their bodies cannot break down the sugar into its monosaccharides. What we found in the experiment was that lactase cannot break down any other sugars than lactose, and the lactase must be intact and not denatured in order to work. When the milk (containing lactose) and lactase (still intact) meet, the lactose will break down into glucose and galactose.

‱ (40 decks)

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