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Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Principal functions of the spinal cord?

A

Conduction, locomotion, reflexes, neural integration

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2
Q

What is locomotion?

A

Simple, repetitive movements coordinated by central pattern generators

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3
Q

What are examples of reflexes?

A

Posture, coordination, protective responses to pain

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4
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Cylinder of nervous tissue taking up top 2/3 of vertebral canal, arises from brainstem

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5
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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6
Q

Regions of spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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7
Q

How are spinal cord regions named?

A

By the level of the vertebral column the nerves emerge from

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8
Q

What are the grooves on the anterior and posterior sides of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

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9
Q

What is the cervical enlargement?

A

Thicker cord where nerves of upper limbs come from

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10
Q

What is the lumbar enlargement?

A

Thicker cord where nerves of pelvic region and lower limbs come from

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11
Q

What is the medullary cone?

A

A tapered region of lumbar enlargement which gives rise to the cauda equina

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12
Q

What are meninges?

A

Fibrous membranes that enclose the spinal cord and brain

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13
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Outermost meninge, forms dural sheath around spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Space between sheath of dura mater and vertebral bones, where anesthetics for childbirth are administered

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15
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Middle layer of meninges, made of squamous to cuboidal cells

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16
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Gap in arachnoid mater filled w/ CSF

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17
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Innermost layer of meninges, follows contours of spinal cord and fuses w/ dura to form coccygeal ligament

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18
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Extensions anchoring the arachnoid to the dura to limit side-to-side movements

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19
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 or L2

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20
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

A congenital defect in which vertebrae fail to form an arch for enclosing the spinal cord

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21
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Nervous tissue made of unmyelinated neurons which serves as site of synaptic contact and all neural integration

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22
Q

What is white matter?

A

Nervous tissue made of myelinated axons which carry signals from one level of the CNS to another

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23
Q

What is the gray commissure?

A

Bridge in gray matter connecting right and left sides

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24
Q

What is the lateral horn?

A

In gray matter, it contains neurons of sympathetic nervous system

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25
Q

How dense are neurons in anterior horns?

A

Very, for motor control and limb sensation

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26
Q

How are white matter axons bundled?

A

3 pairs called columns or funiculi - posterior, lateral, and anterior

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27
Q

What are spinal tracts?

A

Tracts of myelinated axons that carry info to or from brainstem

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28
Q

What do ascending tracts do?

A

Carry information up cord

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29
Q

What do descending tracts do?

A

Carry motor impulses down cord

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30
Q

What is decussation?

A

Nerves crossing over from one side of body to the other. Ex: left side of brain gets sensory info from right side of body

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31
Q

What are the sensory neurons in ascending tracts?

A

First-order, second-order, and third-order

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32
Q

What do first-order neurons do?

A

Detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem

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33
Q

What do second-order neurons do?

A

Carry signal to thalamus

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34
Q

What do third-order neurons do?

A

Carry signal from thalamus to sensory region of cerebral cortex

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35
Q

What are the major ascending tracts?

A

Gracile fasciculus, cuneate fasciculus, spinothalamic tract, spinoreticular tract, and posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts

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36
Q

What does gracile fasciculus do?

A

Proprioception - nonvisual sense of position and movements of body

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37
Q

What does cuneate fasciculus do?

A

Carry sensory signals from upper limb and chest

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38
Q

What does spinothalamic tract do?

A

Carry signals of pain, pressure, temperature, light touch, tickle, and itch

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39
Q

What does spinoreticular tract do?

A

Carry pain signals resulting from tissue injury

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40
Q

What do posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts do?

A

Provide cerebellum w/ feedback to coordinate muscle actions

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41
Q

What are the major descending tracts?

A

Corticospinal tracts, tectospinal tract, lateral and medial reticulospinal tracts, and lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts

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42
Q

What do corticospinal tracts do?

A

Carry signals from cerebral cortex for precise, finely coordinated movements

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43
Q

What do tectospinal tracts do?

A

Reflex of turning head in response to sights and sounds

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44
Q

What do lateral and medial reticulospinal tracts do?

A

Control muscles of upper and lower limbs (esp for balance), reduce transmission of pain signals to brain

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45
Q

What do lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts do?

A

Receive impulses for balance from inner ear

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46
Q

What do poliomyelitis and ALS do?

A

Cause destruction of motor neurons, causing skeletal muscle atrophy

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47
Q

A bundle of parallel axons within CNS is called a

A

Tract

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48
Q

A groove on the cerebral cortex is called a

A

Sulcus

49
Q

A bump on the cerebral cortex is called a

A

Gyrus

50
Q

An interneuron carries impulsed where?

A

Only within CNS

51
Q

What separated the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Transverse fissure

52
Q

Where is the primary auditory area?

A

Temporal lobe

53
Q

What white matter structure connects 2 central hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

54
Q

What are the components of the brainstem?

A

Medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons

55
Q

What part of brain coordinates skeletal muscle movements?

A

Cerebellum

56
Q

In PNS, myelin sheath is formed by what?

A

Schwann cells

57
Q

A bundle of myelinated axons is a

A

Nerve

58
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS is a

A

Ganglion

59
Q

Regions of spinal cord

A

Thoracic, lumbar, cervical, sacral

60
Q

What is made of gray matter?

A

Anterior, posterior, and lateral horns

61
Q

Sequence of structures in a reflex arc?

A

Receptor, sensory nerve, interneuron, motor nerve, effector

62
Q

What section of the spinal cord doesn’t form a nerve plexus?

A

Thoracic

63
Q

What structure is richest in lipid content?

A

White matter

64
Q

What tracts carry information up to the brain in the spinal cord?

A

Sensory nerves

65
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Cordlike organ composed of axons bound together by connective tissue

66
Q

What are peripheral nerves?

A

Branches of nerves

67
Q

Order of nerve wrappings?

A

Endoneurium, fascicles, perineurium, epineurium

68
Q

What surrounds a single nerve fiber?

A

Endoneurium

69
Q

What is a bundle of nerve fibers?

A

Fascicle

70
Q

What is a bundle of nerve fibers, or a fascicle, wrapped in?

A

Perineurium

71
Q

What are several fascicles wrapped together in?

A

Epineurium

72
Q

What are most nerve fibers type?

A

Mixed, not purely sensory or motor

73
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A cluster of neurosomas in the peripheral nervous system

74
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

75
Q

What do posterior roots do?

A

Send sensory input to spinal cord

76
Q

What do anterior roots do?

A

Output motor command of spinal cord

77
Q

What root has a ganglion?

A

Posterior

78
Q

What is the anterior ramus?

A

Branch which gives rise to nerves of limbs

79
Q

What is the posterior ramus?

A

Branch which innervates muscles and joints in skin of back

80
Q

What is the meningeal branch?

A

Branch which innervates meninges and vertebrae

81
Q

What is the intercostal nerve?

A

A nerve which travels along rib and innervates skin and intercostal muscles for breathing

82
Q

What are the nerve plexuses?

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

83
Q

What is somatosensory?

A

Carrying sensory signals from bones, joints, muscles, and skin (opposed to viscera)

84
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Brain receives information about body’s position from nerve endings in muscles, tendons, and joints

85
Q

Nerve of cervical plexus?

A

Phrenic

86
Q

Nerves of brachial plexus?

A

Median and radial

87
Q

Nerve of lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral

88
Q

Nerve of sacral and coccygeal plexuses?

A

Sciatic

89
Q

What is sciatica?

A

Sharp pain travelling from gluteal region, thigh and leg, to ankle

90
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A specific area of skin that conveys a sensory input to a spinal nerve

91
Q

What is a dermatome map?

A

A diagram of cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve

92
Q

What surrounds a single nerve fiber?

A

Endoneurium

93
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Quick, involuntary, stereotypes reactions of glands or muscles to stimulation

94
Q

What nervous system are reflexes of skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic nervous system

95
Q

Steps of a reflex arc?

A

Somatic receptors > afferent nerve fibers > integrating center > efferent nerve fibers > effectors

96
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Stretch receptors embedded in muscles

97
Q

What is the function of muscle spindles?

A

Informing brain of muscle length and body movements

98
Q

Where are muscle spindles abundant?

A

Muscles w/ fine control

99
Q

What is the stretch reflex?

A

When a muscle is stretch, it “fights back” and contracts

100
Q

What is the knee-jerk reflex?

A

A monosynaptic reflex with one synapse between afferent and efferent neurons

101
Q

What is a flexor reflex?

A

Quick contraction of flexor muscles, resulting in withdrawal of limb from an injurous stimulus

102
Q

What is crossed extension reflex?

A

Contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn

103
Q

What are tendon organs?

A

Proprioceptors in a tendon near its junction with a muscle

104
Q

What is a tendon reflex?

A

A reflex in response to excessive tension on the tendon, inhibiting the muscle from contracting strongly

105
Q

Spinal cord trauma facts?

A

10k-12k ppl in US each year, 55% from motor accidents, risk group men 16-30

106
Q

What is complete transection?

A

Complete severance of the spinal cord

107
Q

What area of spinal cord severance poses threat of respiratory failure?

A

Above C4

108
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Paralysis of both lower limbs

109
Q

What is quadriplegia?

A

Paralysis of all 4 limbs

110
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Paralysis on 1 side of body

111
Q

What is paresis?

A

Partial paralysis or weakness of limbs

112
Q

What are tendon organs?

A

Proprioceptors

113
Q

What branch of a spinal nerve has somas of only sensory neurons?

A

Posterior root

114
Q

Where are ganglions?

A

PNS. Neurosomas

115
Q

What does somatosensory NOT refer to?

A

Signals from viscera

116
Q

Signals that control your handwriting travels down spinal cord in what tracts?

A

Corticospinal

117
Q

Components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

118
Q

Components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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