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Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The trunk of the body - skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid

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2
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Limbs - pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity

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3
Q

How many bones do adults have?

A

206

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4
Q

How many bones do newborns have?

A

270

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5
Q

What are bone markings?

A

A variety of ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surface

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6
Q

What is a condyle?

A

A rounded knob that articulates with another bone

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7
Q

What is a head of a bone?

A

The expanded end, sometimes round

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8
Q

What is a foramen?

A

A hole through a bone for passages of nerves or blood vessels

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9
Q

What is a meatus?

A

A canal

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10
Q

What is a process?

A

Any bony prominence

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11
Q

What is a spine?

A

A sharp, slender, or narrow process

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12
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A shallow, broad, or elongated basin

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13
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

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14
Q

What is the most complex part of the skeleton?

A

The skull

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15
Q

How many bones make up the skull?

A

22

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16
Q

How is the skull held together?

A

By sutures (immovable joints)

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17
Q

How many cranial bones are there?

A

8

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18
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

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19
Q

What are the cavities of the skull?

A

Cranial, orbits (eyes), nasal, oral, middle and inner ear cavities

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20
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

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21
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses do?

A

They’re lined by mucous membranes and air-filled, and add resonance to the voice and lighten the skull

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22
Q

What is the order of sinuses from superior to inferior?

A

Sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, maxillary

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23
Q

What cranial bones are there doubles of?

A

Parietal and temporal

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24
Q

What do the cranial bones do?

A

Protects the brain and organs

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25
Q

What separates the brain from bones?

A

Meninges. Most superior is dura mater

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26
Q

What in the base of the skull opens for the spinal cord?

A

The foramen magnum

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27
Q

What is the occipital condyle?

A

Knob resting on spinal column, articulates with atlas vertebra

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28
Q

What are the only facial bones with only 1 copy?

A

Vomer and mandible

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29
Q

Purpose of facial bones?

A

Support teeth, give shape to face, form part of orbital and nasal cavities, and provide attachments for muscles of facial expression and chewing

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30
Q

How does cleft lip happen?

A

2 maxillae (upper jaw) fail to join at the intermaxillary suture

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31
Q

What sinus is in the maxillae bone?

A

Maxillary sinus, also the biggest sinus

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32
Q

What are the palatine bones?

A

2 L-shaped bones that divide the oral and nasal cavities

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33
Q

What is the zygomatic arch?

A

The line where the temporal and zygomatic bones meet

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34
Q

Vomer location?

A

Interior half of nasal septum, pretty thin and between nostrils

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35
Q

Inferior nasal conchae location?

A

Separate from the other conchae of the ethmoid bone, lowest

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36
Q

What is the mandible?

A

The lower jaw

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37
Q

What does the body of the mandible do?

A

Support teeth

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38
Q

What does the ramus of the mandible do?

A

Articulate with the cranium

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39
Q

What does the angle of the mandible do?

A

It’s where the body and ramus meet

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40
Q

What are auditory ossicles?

A

Bones in the middle ear cavity, there’s 3 - malleus, incus, and stapes

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41
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

A U-shaped bone between chin and larynx, has no articulations but is suspended by styloid process

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42
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Spaces between unfused cranial bones w/ a fibrous membrane that allow bones to shift during birth and the brain to grow. Only on children!

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43
Q

What happens to a child’s skull at different ages?

A

By 6, 2 frontal bones fuse. By 8 or 9, the skull approaches adult size

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44
Q

Functions of the spine?

A

Support skull and trunk and let those move, protect spinal corn, absorb stress of movement, provide attachment for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles

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45
Q

How many vertebrae are there? What fills in the gaps?

A

33, and intervertebral discs (for most)

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46
Q

How many cervical vertebrae?

A

7

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47
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

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48
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

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49
Q

How many sacral vertebrae?

A

5, all fused

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50
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae?

A

4, all fused

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51
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Most common abnormal spinal curvature, usually in thoracic region

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52
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Hunchback, an exaggerated thoracic curvature usually from osteoporosis

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53
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Swayback, exaggerated lumbar curvature from pregnancy or obesity

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54
Q

What is the body of the vertebra?

A

The centrum, made of spongy bone covered w/ compact bone, bears the weight

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55
Q

What is the vertebral foramina?

A

Forms vertebral canal for spinal cord

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56
Q

What are the types of vertebral arch?

A

Pedicle - pillar-like
Lamina - plate-like
2 of each, stubby kinda attachments

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57
Q

What is the spinous process of the vertebra?

A

Projects from arch, bump that’s visible under skin

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58
Q

Where is the transverse process of vertebra?

A

Extends laterally from where pedicle and lamina meet

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59
Q

Where are the superior articular processes of the vertebra?

A

They project upward from one vertebra and meet the inferior articular processes from the vertebra above

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60
Q

What are facets of vertebra?

A

Flat articular surfaces covered w/ hyaline cartilage

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61
Q

Where are intervertebral foramen?

A

Opening between 2 pedicles of adjoining vertebrae, passageway for spinal nerves

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62
Q

How many intervertebral discs are there?

A

23

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63
Q

What are intervertebral discs made of?

A

Nucleus pulposus, and anulus fibrosus

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64
Q

What do intervertebral discs do?

A

Bind vertebrae together, support body weight, absorb shock

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65
Q

What do thoracic vertebrae look like?

A

Pointed and sharply angled downward

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66
Q

What do lumbar vertebrae look like?

A

Thick, stout body and blunt, squarish spinous process

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67
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

Bony plate that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity

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68
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

4 (sometimes 5) small vertebrae that fuse into a single bone by age 20-30

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69
Q

What makes up the thoracic cage?

A

Thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs

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70
Q

Function of the thoracic cage?

A

Enclose lungs and heart, provide some protection for spleen, liver, and kidneys. Provide attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs. Moves to allow inhalation

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71
Q

What is the superior portion of the sternum?

A

Manubrium

72
Q

What is the middle portion of the sternum?

A

Body/gladiolus

73
Q

What is the inferior portion of the sternum?

A

Xiphoid

74
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

75
Q

What are costal cartilages?

A

Hyaline cartilage which attaches ribs to the sternum

76
Q

What is the head of the rib?

A

Articulates w/ bodies of vertebrae. Has superior and inferior articular facets

77
Q

What is the neck of the rib?

A

The narrow distal portion to the head

78
Q

What is the tubercle of the rib?

A

A wider, rough area distal to the neck

79
Q

What is the angle of a rib?

A

The lateral curve

80
Q

What is the shaft of a rib?

A

The long, flat, blade-like portion

81
Q

What ribs are true?

A

1-7, the ones attached directly to sternum

82
Q

What ribs are false?

A

8-12, ones attached via cartilage to sternum

83
Q

What ribs are floating?

A

11-12, not attached to sternum in the front at all

84
Q

What is the pectoral girdle/what does it do?

A

AKA shoulder girdle, supports the arm

85
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapula

86
Q

What does the clavicle look like?

A

S-shaped, somewhat flat

87
Q

What is the sternal end of the clavicle?

A

The hammer-like head

88
Q

What is the acromial end of the clavicle?

A

The flattened end

89
Q

What bones are separated by the squamous suture?

A

Temporal and parietal

90
Q

What bones are separated by the lambdoid suture?

A

Occipital and parietal

91
Q

What bones are separated by the sagittal suture?

A

Parietal bones

92
Q

What bones are separated by the coronal suture?

A

Frontal and parietal bones

93
Q

What is the spine of the scapula?

A

The transverse ridge on the posterior surface

94
Q

What are the 3 angles of the scapula?

A

Superior (on the L shaped part), inferior (bottom point), and lateral (near spine)

95
Q

Where is the supraspinous fossa of the scapula?

A

Above spine

96
Q

Where is the infraspinous fossa of the scapula?

A

Below spine

97
Q

Where is the subscapular fossa of the scapula?

A

Concave, anterior surface of scapula

98
Q

What is the brachium?

A

The region that extends from shoulder to elbow

99
Q

What bones are in the brachium?

A

Humerus

100
Q

What is the antebracium?

A

Region that extends from elbow to wrist

101
Q

What bones are in the antebrachium?

A

Radius and ulna

102
Q

What is the hand region?

A

The hand.. full of 27 bones, 19 are hand only and 8 are wrist

103
Q

What is the carpal region?

A

The wrist. 8 bones

104
Q

What are the bones of the hand (only)?

A

5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges

105
Q

What is the head of the humerus?

A

The proximal end, rounded

106
Q

What are tubercles of the humerus?

A

Bumps in the middle near the head, there’s a greater and lesser

107
Q

What is the neck of the humerus?

A

The round part below the head

108
Q

What is the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?

A

The little bump on the side of the diaphysis

109
Q

What is the distal end of the humerus?

A

The one with the 2 round bumps

110
Q

What is the capitulum of the humerus?

A

On the distal end, smaller round bump

111
Q

What is the radus?

A

The smaller bone of the forearm, distal

112
Q

What is the ulna?

A

The bigger bone of the arm, medial

113
Q

What are the trochlea of the humerus?

A

The larger bump on the distal end

114
Q

What are the epicondyles of the humerus?

A

The edges going over the bumps. Medial and lateral (medial is aligned w/ head)

115
Q

What is the olecranon fossa of the humerus?

A

The crescent-shaped thing above the bumps of the distal end, on one side

116
Q

What is the coronoid fossa of the humerus?

A

The dark thing above the trochlea (larger bump) of distal end, on one side

117
Q

What is the radial fossa of the humerus?

A

The dark thing above the capitulum (smaller bump) of distal end, on one side

118
Q

What is the styloid process of the radius?

A

Bumpy thing at the end near the thumb

119
Q

What is the olecranon of the ulna?

A

The bony point at the back of the elbow

120
Q

What is the coronoid process of the ulna?

A

The pointy thing at the top under the trochlear notch

121
Q

What is the radial notch of the ulna?

A

A notch at the top that holds the head of the radius

122
Q

What is the interosseous membrane of the ulna?

A

The membrane in the middle of the ulna and radius

123
Q

How many bones form the wrist, and what is their orientation?

A

8, made up of 2 rows of 4 bones

124
Q

What are the bones of the proximal row of the wrist?

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform (from inward to outward)

125
Q

What are the bones of the distal row of the wrist?

A

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate (from inward to outward)

126
Q

What are metacarpals?

A

Bones of the palm

127
Q

How are bones of the palm numbered?

A

I is proximal to the base of the thumb, V is proximal to the base of the pinkie

128
Q

What are phalanges?

A

Bones of the fingers

129
Q

How are the phalanges named?

A

Proximal, middle, and distal phalanxes. The number corresponds to the metacarpal number

130
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

3 bones. The 2 hip (coxal) bones, and one sacrum

131
Q

What is the pelvis?

A

The pelvic girdle plus ligaments and muscles that line the pelvic cavity and form its floor

132
Q

What is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Joins coxal bone to vertebral column (ileum meets sacrum)

133
Q

Where is the greater/true pelvis?

A

Between the flare of the hips

134
Q

Where is the lesser/true pelvis?

A

Narrower and below the greater pelvis

135
Q

What is the pelvic brim?

A

A round margin that separates the greater and lesser pelvises

136
Q

What is the pelvic inlet?

A

Opening circumscribed by brim that infant’s head must pass through during birth

137
Q

What is the pelvic outlet?

A

The lower margin of the lesser pelvis

138
Q

Where is the ilium?

A

Top portion of pelvis, from top to coccyx kinda

139
Q

Where is the ischium?

A

Middle portion of the pelvis, coccyx to pubic symphysis (middle bottom thingy)

140
Q

Where is the pubis?

A

Bottom of the pelvis, mostly just the little round things on the bottom

141
Q

What is the iliac crest?

A

Superior crest of hip

142
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

The hip socket

143
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

Large hole below acetabulum

144
Q

Sex differences of pelvic girdle?

A

Men have heavier and thicker pelvises, women have wider and shallower pelvises

145
Q

What are the lower limb regions?

A

Thigh/femoral, leg proper/crural, foot

146
Q

What is the femoral region?

A

Hip to knee region

147
Q

What bones are in the femoral region?

A

Femur and patella

148
Q

What is the crural region?

A

Knee to ankle

149
Q

What bones are in the crural region?

A

Tibia and fibula

150
Q

How many bones are in the metatarsal region?

A

5

151
Q

How many bones are in the toe/digit region?

A

14 phalanges

152
Q

What is the fovea capitis of the femur?

A

The pit in the head that a ligament attaches to

153
Q

What are the trochanters of the femur?

A

Little bumps near the head, greater is on top and lesser is on the side

154
Q

What is the linea aspera of the femur?

A

Ridge on the posterior of the shaft

155
Q

What are the patellar and popliteal surfaces of the femur?

A

Popliteal is posterior, patellar is anterior

156
Q

What is the patella?

A

A triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of knee. Ossifies at 3-6 years old

157
Q

What is the base of the patella?

A

Broad, superior portion

158
Q

What is the apex of the patella?

A

Pointed, inferior portion

159
Q

What are the articular facets of the patella?

A

Shallow, posterior portion

160
Q

Where is the quadriceps tendon?

A

Extending from front of thigh to patella, continues as patellar ligament from patella to tibia

161
Q

What is the tibia?

A

The thick medial leg bone

162
Q

What is the tibial tuberosity of the tibia?

A

Attachment of patellar ligament, bumpy part on the side of top portion

163
Q

What is the medial malleolus of the tibia?

A

Bony knob on inside of ankle (smaller than the lateral one!)

164
Q

What is the fibula?

A

The slender lateral strut that stabilies the ankle

165
Q

What is the head of the fibula?

A

The proximal end

166
Q

What is the apex of the fibula?

A

The point of the head

167
Q

What is the lateral malleolus of the fibula?

A

Distal expansion, bony knob on lateral side of ankle

168
Q

Where are tarsal bones?

A

In the ankle

169
Q

What is the calcaneus?

A

The largest tarsal bone, forms the heel

170
Q

What is the talus?

A

Most superior tarsal bone

171
Q

What bones make up the proximal row of tarsal bones?

A

Talus, calcaneus, navicular

172
Q

What bones make up the distal row of tarsal bones?

A

Medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiforms, and cuboid

173
Q

How are metatarsals named?

A

1-5 from big toe to pinkie toe

174
Q

How many phalanges in fingers and toes?

A

2 in big toe and thumb, 3 in all other toes/fingers

175
Q

What is the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Arch of foot, from heel to hallux (big toe)

176
Q

What is the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Arch of foot, from heel to little toe

177
Q

What is the transverse arch?

A

Arch of foot, across middle of foot

‱ (40 decks)

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