Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is the axial skeleton?
The trunk of the body - skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Limbs - pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity
How many bones do adults have?
206
How many bones do newborns have?
270
What are bone markings?
A variety of ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surface
What is a condyle?
A rounded knob that articulates with another bone
What is a head of a bone?
The expanded end, sometimes round
What is a foramen?
A hole through a bone for passages of nerves or blood vessels
What is a meatus?
A canal
What is a process?
Any bony prominence
What is a spine?
A sharp, slender, or narrow process
What is a fossa?
A shallow, broad, or elongated basin
What is a sulcus?
A groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel
What is the most complex part of the skeleton?
The skull
How many bones make up the skull?
22
How is the skull held together?
By sutures (immovable joints)
How many cranial bones are there?
8
How many facial bones are there?
14
What are the cavities of the skull?
Cranial, orbits (eyes), nasal, oral, middle and inner ear cavities
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary
What do the paranasal sinuses do?
They’re lined by mucous membranes and air-filled, and add resonance to the voice and lighten the skull
What is the order of sinuses from superior to inferior?
Sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, maxillary
What cranial bones are there doubles of?
Parietal and temporal
What do the cranial bones do?
Protects the brain and organs
What separates the brain from bones?
Meninges. Most superior is dura mater
What in the base of the skull opens for the spinal cord?
The foramen magnum
What is the occipital condyle?
Knob resting on spinal column, articulates with atlas vertebra
What are the only facial bones with only 1 copy?
Vomer and mandible
Purpose of facial bones?
Support teeth, give shape to face, form part of orbital and nasal cavities, and provide attachments for muscles of facial expression and chewing
How does cleft lip happen?
2 maxillae (upper jaw) fail to join at the intermaxillary suture
What sinus is in the maxillae bone?
Maxillary sinus, also the biggest sinus
What are the palatine bones?
2 L-shaped bones that divide the oral and nasal cavities
What is the zygomatic arch?
The line where the temporal and zygomatic bones meet
Vomer location?
Interior half of nasal septum, pretty thin and between nostrils
Inferior nasal conchae location?
Separate from the other conchae of the ethmoid bone, lowest
What is the mandible?
The lower jaw
What does the body of the mandible do?
Support teeth
What does the ramus of the mandible do?
Articulate with the cranium
What does the angle of the mandible do?
It’s where the body and ramus meet
What are auditory ossicles?
Bones in the middle ear cavity, there’s 3 - malleus, incus, and stapes
What is the hyoid bone?
A U-shaped bone between chin and larynx, has no articulations but is suspended by styloid process
What are fontanelles?
Spaces between unfused cranial bones w/ a fibrous membrane that allow bones to shift during birth and the brain to grow. Only on children!
What happens to a child’s skull at different ages?
By 6, 2 frontal bones fuse. By 8 or 9, the skull approaches adult size
Functions of the spine?
Support skull and trunk and let those move, protect spinal corn, absorb stress of movement, provide attachment for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles
How many vertebrae are there? What fills in the gaps?
33, and intervertebral discs (for most)
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
How many sacral vertebrae?
5, all fused
How many coccygeal vertebrae?
4, all fused
What is scoliosis?
Most common abnormal spinal curvature, usually in thoracic region
What is kyphosis?
Hunchback, an exaggerated thoracic curvature usually from osteoporosis
What is lordosis?
Swayback, exaggerated lumbar curvature from pregnancy or obesity
What is the body of the vertebra?
The centrum, made of spongy bone covered w/ compact bone, bears the weight
What is the vertebral foramina?
Forms vertebral canal for spinal cord
What are the types of vertebral arch?
Pedicle - pillar-like
Lamina - plate-like
2 of each, stubby kinda attachments
What is the spinous process of the vertebra?
Projects from arch, bump that’s visible under skin
Where is the transverse process of vertebra?
Extends laterally from where pedicle and lamina meet
Where are the superior articular processes of the vertebra?
They project upward from one vertebra and meet the inferior articular processes from the vertebra above
What are facets of vertebra?
Flat articular surfaces covered w/ hyaline cartilage
Where are intervertebral foramen?
Opening between 2 pedicles of adjoining vertebrae, passageway for spinal nerves
How many intervertebral discs are there?
23
What are intervertebral discs made of?
Nucleus pulposus, and anulus fibrosus
What do intervertebral discs do?
Bind vertebrae together, support body weight, absorb shock
What do thoracic vertebrae look like?
Pointed and sharply angled downward
What do lumbar vertebrae look like?
Thick, stout body and blunt, squarish spinous process
What is the sacrum?
Bony plate that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity
What is the coccyx?
4 (sometimes 5) small vertebrae that fuse into a single bone by age 20-30
What makes up the thoracic cage?
Thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs
Function of the thoracic cage?
Enclose lungs and heart, provide some protection for spleen, liver, and kidneys. Provide attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs. Moves to allow inhalation
What is the superior portion of the sternum?
Manubrium
What is the middle portion of the sternum?
Body/gladiolus
What is the inferior portion of the sternum?
Xiphoid
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
What are costal cartilages?
Hyaline cartilage which attaches ribs to the sternum
What is the head of the rib?
Articulates w/ bodies of vertebrae. Has superior and inferior articular facets
What is the neck of the rib?
The narrow distal portion to the head
What is the tubercle of the rib?
A wider, rough area distal to the neck
What is the angle of a rib?
The lateral curve
What is the shaft of a rib?
The long, flat, blade-like portion
What ribs are true?
1-7, the ones attached directly to sternum
What ribs are false?
8-12, ones attached via cartilage to sternum
What ribs are floating?
11-12, not attached to sternum in the front at all
What is the pectoral girdle/what does it do?
AKA shoulder girdle, supports the arm
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula
What does the clavicle look like?
S-shaped, somewhat flat
What is the sternal end of the clavicle?
The hammer-like head
What is the acromial end of the clavicle?
The flattened end
What bones are separated by the squamous suture?
Temporal and parietal
What bones are separated by the lambdoid suture?
Occipital and parietal
What bones are separated by the sagittal suture?
Parietal bones
What bones are separated by the coronal suture?
Frontal and parietal bones
What is the spine of the scapula?
The transverse ridge on the posterior surface
What are the 3 angles of the scapula?
Superior (on the L shaped part), inferior (bottom point), and lateral (near spine)
Where is the supraspinous fossa of the scapula?
Above spine
Where is the infraspinous fossa of the scapula?
Below spine
Where is the subscapular fossa of the scapula?
Concave, anterior surface of scapula
What is the brachium?
The region that extends from shoulder to elbow
What bones are in the brachium?
Humerus
What is the antebracium?
Region that extends from elbow to wrist
What bones are in the antebrachium?
Radius and ulna
What is the hand region?
The hand.. full of 27 bones, 19 are hand only and 8 are wrist
What is the carpal region?
The wrist. 8 bones
What are the bones of the hand (only)?
5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges
What is the head of the humerus?
The proximal end, rounded
What are tubercles of the humerus?
Bumps in the middle near the head, there’s a greater and lesser
What is the neck of the humerus?
The round part below the head
What is the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?
The little bump on the side of the diaphysis
What is the distal end of the humerus?
The one with the 2 round bumps
What is the capitulum of the humerus?
On the distal end, smaller round bump
What is the radus?
The smaller bone of the forearm, distal
What is the ulna?
The bigger bone of the arm, medial
What are the trochlea of the humerus?
The larger bump on the distal end
What are the epicondyles of the humerus?
The edges going over the bumps. Medial and lateral (medial is aligned w/ head)
What is the olecranon fossa of the humerus?
The crescent-shaped thing above the bumps of the distal end, on one side
What is the coronoid fossa of the humerus?
The dark thing above the trochlea (larger bump) of distal end, on one side
What is the radial fossa of the humerus?
The dark thing above the capitulum (smaller bump) of distal end, on one side
What is the styloid process of the radius?
Bumpy thing at the end near the thumb
What is the olecranon of the ulna?
The bony point at the back of the elbow
What is the coronoid process of the ulna?
The pointy thing at the top under the trochlear notch
What is the radial notch of the ulna?
A notch at the top that holds the head of the radius
What is the interosseous membrane of the ulna?
The membrane in the middle of the ulna and radius
How many bones form the wrist, and what is their orientation?
8, made up of 2 rows of 4 bones
What are the bones of the proximal row of the wrist?
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform (from inward to outward)
What are the bones of the distal row of the wrist?
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate (from inward to outward)
What are metacarpals?
Bones of the palm
How are bones of the palm numbered?
I is proximal to the base of the thumb, V is proximal to the base of the pinkie
What are phalanges?
Bones of the fingers
How are the phalanges named?
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanxes. The number corresponds to the metacarpal number
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
3 bones. The 2 hip (coxal) bones, and one sacrum
What is the pelvis?
The pelvic girdle plus ligaments and muscles that line the pelvic cavity and form its floor
What is the sacroiliac joint?
Joins coxal bone to vertebral column (ileum meets sacrum)
Where is the greater/true pelvis?
Between the flare of the hips
Where is the lesser/true pelvis?
Narrower and below the greater pelvis
What is the pelvic brim?
A round margin that separates the greater and lesser pelvises
What is the pelvic inlet?
Opening circumscribed by brim that infant’s head must pass through during birth
What is the pelvic outlet?
The lower margin of the lesser pelvis
Where is the ilium?
Top portion of pelvis, from top to coccyx kinda
Where is the ischium?
Middle portion of the pelvis, coccyx to pubic symphysis (middle bottom thingy)
Where is the pubis?
Bottom of the pelvis, mostly just the little round things on the bottom
What is the iliac crest?
Superior crest of hip
What is the acetabulum?
The hip socket
What is the obturator foramen?
Large hole below acetabulum
Sex differences of pelvic girdle?
Men have heavier and thicker pelvises, women have wider and shallower pelvises
What are the lower limb regions?
Thigh/femoral, leg proper/crural, foot
What is the femoral region?
Hip to knee region
What bones are in the femoral region?
Femur and patella
What is the crural region?
Knee to ankle
What bones are in the crural region?
Tibia and fibula
How many bones are in the metatarsal region?
5
How many bones are in the toe/digit region?
14 phalanges
What is the fovea capitis of the femur?
The pit in the head that a ligament attaches to
What are the trochanters of the femur?
Little bumps near the head, greater is on top and lesser is on the side
What is the linea aspera of the femur?
Ridge on the posterior of the shaft
What are the patellar and popliteal surfaces of the femur?
Popliteal is posterior, patellar is anterior
What is the patella?
A triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of knee. Ossifies at 3-6 years old
What is the base of the patella?
Broad, superior portion
What is the apex of the patella?
Pointed, inferior portion
What are the articular facets of the patella?
Shallow, posterior portion
Where is the quadriceps tendon?
Extending from front of thigh to patella, continues as patellar ligament from patella to tibia
What is the tibia?
The thick medial leg bone
What is the tibial tuberosity of the tibia?
Attachment of patellar ligament, bumpy part on the side of top portion
What is the medial malleolus of the tibia?
Bony knob on inside of ankle (smaller than the lateral one!)
What is the fibula?
The slender lateral strut that stabilies the ankle
What is the head of the fibula?
The proximal end
What is the apex of the fibula?
The point of the head
What is the lateral malleolus of the fibula?
Distal expansion, bony knob on lateral side of ankle
Where are tarsal bones?
In the ankle
What is the calcaneus?
The largest tarsal bone, forms the heel
What is the talus?
Most superior tarsal bone
What bones make up the proximal row of tarsal bones?
Talus, calcaneus, navicular
What bones make up the distal row of tarsal bones?
Medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiforms, and cuboid
How are metatarsals named?
1-5 from big toe to pinkie toe
How many phalanges in fingers and toes?
2 in big toe and thumb, 3 in all other toes/fingers
What is the medial longitudinal arch?
Arch of foot, from heel to hallux (big toe)
What is the lateral longitudinal arch?
Arch of foot, from heel to little toe
What is the transverse arch?
Arch of foot, across middle of foot
