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Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemodynamics?

A

The forces that circulate blood throughout the body

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2
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

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3
Q

Components of cardiac output?

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

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4
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The blood volume ejected from the heart with each heartbeat

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5
Q

How does blood vessel radius affect systemic vascular resistance?

A

Vasoconstriction increases SVR, vasodilation decreases SVR

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6
Q

What happens if you go septic?

A

Vasodilation occurs and blood pressure decreases

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7
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

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8
Q

Functions of blood?

A

Transportation, protection, and regulation (of pH, fluids, and temperature)

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9
Q

What is hematology?

A

The study of blood

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10
Q

What is the usual blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

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11
Q

What is acidosis?

A

When the blood is too acidic, leading to arrhythmias and cardiac arrest

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12
Q

Causes of acidosis?

A

Diabetes (metabolic acidosis) and lung disease (respiratory acidosis)

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13
Q

Formed elements of blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

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14
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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15
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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16
Q

What are thrombocytes also known as?

A

Platelets

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17
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Plasma and blood cells

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18
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The amount of red blood cell volume per amount of blood volume (ex: 45mL of RBCs in 100mL of blood is .45 hematocrit)

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19
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

The layer of white blood cells and platelets that lies between plasma and blood cells in separated blood

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20
Q

What is in plasma?

A

Nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and gases

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21
Q

Major categories of plasma proteins that are formed by the liver?

A

Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

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22
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Contributes to viscosity and osmolarity of blood. Influencing blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance

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23
Q

What do globulins do?

A

Act as antibodies and provide immune system functions

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24
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

A

Acts as a precursor of fibrin threads which help with blood clot formation

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25
Q

What is hemopoiesis (or hematopoiesis)?

A

Blood cell production

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26
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults?

A

Red bone marrow of the axial skeleton, girdles, and humerus and femur

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27
Q

Where does hemopoiesus of children occur?

A

In all red bone marrow

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28
Q

Components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

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29
Q

Components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart and blood vessels

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30
Q

What blood vessel carries blood to the heart?

A

Veins

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31
Q

What blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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32
Q

What is blood serum?

A

All of the components of blood plasma, except fibrinogen

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33
Q

What is myeloid hemopoiesis?

A

Blood formation in bone marrow

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34
Q

What is lymphoid hemopoiesis?

A

Blood formation in lymphatic organs

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35
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

The stem cells that give rise to the formed elements of blood. Hormones and growth factors push cells toward a specific cell type

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36
Q

Simple steps of RBC production?

A

Erythropoietin hormone, nucleus is discarded, cell matures

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37
Q

What do erythroblasts do?

A

Multiple and synthesize hemoglobin

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38
Q

What synthesizes hemoglobin?

A

Erythroblasts

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39
Q

What happens for cells to become reticulocytes?

A

The nucleus is discarded

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40
Q

Do mature RBCs have nuclei?

A

No

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41
Q

What do reticulocytes turn into?

A

Erythrocytes

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42
Q

Functions of erythrocytes?

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues, pick up carbon dioxide from tissues and bring it to the lungs

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43
Q

How do erythrocytes make ATP?

A

With anaerobic fermentation, they lack mitochondria

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44
Q

Function of hemoglobin?

A

Gas transport

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45
Q

What are globins?

A

Protein chains (2 alpha 2 beta) found in hemoglobin. 4 total

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46
Q

What are heme groups?

A

Nonprotein moieties that bind oxygen to ferrous ion at its center. 4 total in hemoglobin

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47
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Fully loaded heme with 4 oxygen molecules

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48
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Unloaded heme

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49
Q

What is necessary for RBC production?

A

Iron

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50
Q

What is Ferritin?

A

Excess iron stored in the liver

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51
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs

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52
Q

Hematocrit of men and women?

A

42-52% in men, 37-48% in women

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53
Q

Ways to measure quantities of erythrocytes and hemoglobin?

A

Hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC count

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54
Q

Hemoglobin concentration of men and women?

A

13-18 g/dL in men, 12-16 g/dL in women

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55
Q

RBC count in men and women?

A

4.6-6.2 million/microliter in men, 4.2-5.4 million/microliter in women

56
Q

How does negative feedback work for erythrocytes?

A

Drop in RBC count causes kidney hypoxemia, kidney production of erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow, RBC count increases in 3-4 days

57
Q

How are erythrocytes disposed of?

A

Macrophages engulf and lyse dying RBCs in the spleen and liver

58
Q

What happens to globins when RBCs are dying?

A

They get hydrolyzed into amino acids

59
Q
A
60
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An excess of RBCs

61
Q

What is primary polycythemia?

A

Due to cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow. RBC count as high as 11 million RBCs/microliter

62
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

Due to dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning. RBC count as high as 8 million RBCs/microliter

63
Q

What is anemia?

A

Deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin

64
Q

Causes of anemia?

A

Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhagic anemias, and hemolytic anemias

65
Q

What is hemolytic anemias?

A

RBC destruction

66
Q

Consequences of anemia?

A

Tissue hypoxia and necrosis, reduced blood osmolarity, and lowered blood viscosity

67
Q

What is sickle-cell disease?

A

A hereditary hemoglobin defect primarily affecting African-Americans

68
Q

Genetic info about sickle-cell disease?

A

It’s caused by a recessive allele. Sickle cell anemia is homozygous recessive, sickle cell trait is heterozygous

69
Q

What are antigens?

A

Found on red blood cells, the determinator for what a person’s blood type is

70
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Found in the plasma, they are the opposite of a person’s blood type. They bind to like-lettered blood cells and mark them for destruction

71
Q

What is agglutination?

A

When antibodies attack antigens and mark them for destruction

72
Q

What determines your blood type?

A

Your antigens

73
Q

What is the universal recipient?

A

AB+

74
Q

What is the universal donor?

A

O-

75
Q

What is notable about blood plasma?

A

The blood plasma may have antibodies, so it needs to be separated from the blood so it doesn’t attack the antigens

76
Q

What is the Rhesus factor?

A

The Rh group, whether you’re + or -

77
Q

Most reactive antigen for Rh group?

A

Anti-D / antigen-D

78
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

A

When an Rh- woman is pregnant with an Rh+ fetus, her second Rh+ baby will be attacked by the mother’s developed antibodies

79
Q

How can you prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

By taking an Rh immune globulin such as RhoGAM

80
Q

What does RhoGAM do?

A

It binds to the fetus’s antigens during the first pregnancy, preventing the mother’s immune system from recognizing them and forming antibodies

81
Q

Least abundant formed element?

A

Leukocytes

82
Q

What do leukocytes do?

A

Protect against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens

83
Q

Where are WBCs found?

A

In the bloodstream for a few hours; afterward they migrate to connective tissue

84
Q

What do myeloblasts make?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

85
Q

What is the production of WBCs called?

A

Leukopoiesis

86
Q

What do monoblasts make?

A

Monocytes

87
Q

What do lymphoblasts make?

A

Lymphocytes

88
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

89
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

90
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Phagocytize bacteria and release antimicrobial chemicals

91
Q

When do neutrophils raise in number?

A

During bacterial infections

92
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Treat parasitic infections, collagen diseases, allergies, and spleen or CNS diseases

93
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Secrete histamine to speed flow of blood, and heparin to promote mobility of other WBCs in the area

94
Q

When does number of basophils increase?

A

During chickenpox, sinusitis, and diabetes

95
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Destroy cancer, foreign, and virally infected cells, coordinate actions of other immune cells, and secrete antibodies and provide immune memory

96
Q

When do lymphocyte numbers increase?

A

During diverse infections and immune responses

97
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Leave the bloodstream to become macrophages, which phagocytize pathogens and debris

98
Q

When do monocytes increase in number?

A

During viral infections and inflammation

99
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Low WBC count

100
Q

Causes and effects of leukopenia?

A

Causes: radiation, poisons, infectious disease
Effects: elevated risk of infection

101
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

High WBC count

102
Q

Causes of leukocytosis?

A

Infection, allergy, and disease

103
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer of hemopoietic tissue that produces an extraordinarily high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors

104
Q

What is acute leukemia?

A

Suddenly appearing, rapidly progressing leukemia that causes death within months

105
Q

What is chronic leukemia?

A

Leukemia that stays undetected for months and has a survival time of 3 years

106
Q

What is plasma mostly made up of?

A

Water

107
Q

Average lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

4 months / 120 days

108
Q

What plasma protein is necessary for blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen

109
Q

Most numerous white blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

110
Q

Least numerous white blood cell?

A

Basophils

111
Q

White blood cells in order from most numerous to least numerous?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

112
Q

Universal recipient?

A

AB+

113
Q

What is acidosis?

A

When blood pH is below 7.35-7.45

114
Q

What is most carbon dioxide transported as?

A

HCO3-, or bicarbonate

115
Q

What is oxygen attached to on hemoglobin?

A

The heme group

116
Q

What vitamins are needed for blood clotting?

A

Calcium and Vitamin K

117
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

118
Q

What are the steps of thrombopoiesis?

A

Stem cells become megakaryoblasts, and then megakaryocytes

119
Q

What do thrombocytes do?

A

Secrete vasoconstrictors to reduce blood loss, stick together to form platelet plugs against small breaks, secrete procoagulants or clotting factors to promote clotting, initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme, secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation, and secrete growth factors to stimulate mitosis to repair blood vessels

120
Q

Steps of hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation

121
Q

What happens during vascular spasm?

A

The blood vessel constricts to stop blood loss

122
Q

What happens during platelet plug formation?

A

The broken vessel exposes collagen, which allows platelet pseudopods to stick to the damaged vessel and other platelets, contracting to pull the vessel walls together

123
Q

What happens during coagulation?

A

Plasma protein fibrinogen is converted into fibrin threads to form the framework of a clot

124
Q

What is needed for both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?

A

Calcium

125
Q

How does positive feedback have a role in blood clotting?

A

Thrombin speeds up formation of the prothrombin activator

126
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A deficiency of a clotting factor, causing you to bleed for longer

127
Q

What is hemophilia A?

A

Missing factor VIII, 83% of cases

128
Q

What is hemophilia B?

A

Missing factor IX, 15% of cases

129
Q

What is hemophilia C?

A

Missing factor XI, autosomal and not sex-linked

130
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Abnormal clotting in an unbroken blood vessel

131
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A clot

132
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Anything that can travel in the blood and block blood vessels

133
Q

What is pulmonary embolism?

A

When a clot breaks free and travels from the veins to the lungs

134
Q

What is an infarction?

A

Tissue death caused by blockage of blood supply

135
Q

What breaks down clots?

A

t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator

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