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Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cytology?

A

The scientific study of cells

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2
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All organisms are composed of cells, cells are the simplest unit of life, cells only come from preexisting cells, cells all have similarities

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3
Q

What does a squamous cell look like?

A

Thin, flat, and scaly

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4
Q

What do cuboidal cells look like?

A

Square

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5
Q

What do columnar cells look like?

A

Taller than wide

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6
Q

What do stellate cells look like?

A

Star-like

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7
Q

What do fusiform cells look like?

A

Thick in the middle, tapered toward ends (kinda like a diamond)

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8
Q

3 basic components of a cell?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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9
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Define cell boundaries, govern interactions with cells, and control passage of materials in and out of the cell

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10
Q

How is the cell membrane made?

A

Phospholipids w/ hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

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11
Q

What else composes the cell membrane, besides phospholipids?

A

Cholesterol, glycolipids, and membrane proteins

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12
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins that adhere to one face of the membrane but don’t penetrate it

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13
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Bind chemical signals

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14
Q

What are second messenger systems?

A

A first messenger binds to a surface receptor, triggering a change within cell to produce second messenger in cytoplasm

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15
Q

What do enzymes do in the membrane?

A

Catalyze reactions like digesting molecules and producing second messengers

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16
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

Proteins that allow hydrophilic solutes and water to pass through the membrane

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17
Q

What do ligand-gated channel proteins respond to?

A

Chemical messengers

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18
Q

What do voltage-gated channel proteins respond to?

A

Charge changes

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19
Q

What do mechanically-gated channel proteins respond to?

A

Physical stress on cell

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20
Q

What are membrane protein carriers?

A

A transmembrane protein which binds solutes and transfers them across the membrane

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21
Q

What are cell-identity markers?

A

Glycoproteins acting as ID tags to distinguish self from foreign

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22
Q

What do cell-adhesion molecules do?

A

Mechanically link cell to extracellular material or another cell

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23
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane. Unique in everybody but identical twins

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24
Q

Functions of the glycocalyx?

A

Protection, immunity to infection, defense against cancer, transplant compatibility, cell adhesion, fertilization, embryonic development

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25
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Extensions of the membrane which increase a cell’s surface area

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26
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hairlike processes which monitor nearby conditions

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27
Q

What do motile cilia do?

A

They sweep material across a surface in one direction, specifically they mostly move mucus or dust

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28
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A recessive disease where cells can’t create the saline layer for mucus to float on top of, so tracts get plugged

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29
Q

What is the only flagellum in humans?

A

The tail of a sperm cell

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30
Q

What membrane transportation mechanisms do not require ATP?

A

Filtration, diffusion, osmosis

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31
Q

Which membrane transportation mechanisms require ATP?

A

Active transport and vesicular transport

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32
Q

What are carrier-mediated mechanisms?

A

Using a membrane protein to transport a substance across a membrane

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33
Q

What is filtration?

A

Particles are driven through membrane by physical pressure

34
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Net movement of particles from place of high concentration to place of lower concentration

35
Q

What factors affect simple diffusion rates?

A

Temperature, molecular weight, steepness of gradient, membrane surface area, membrane permeability

36
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane

37
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Channel proteins specialized for water passage for osmosis, speeds up process

38
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The concentration of a solution, # of solutes per liter

39
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Ability of a surrounding solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell

40
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

The cell absorbs water and swells, ECF has lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes

41
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Cell loses water and shrivels, ECF has higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes

42
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Causes no change in cell volume, concentrations of nonpermeating solutes in and outside cell are the same

43
Q

What does it mean for carrier-mediated transport to be saturated?

A

All carriers are occupied

44
Q

What are the types of carriers for transport?

A

Uniport, symport, and antiport

45
Q

How do uniports move solutes?

A

It carries only one type

46
Q

How do symports move solutes?

A

It carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction

47
Q

How do antiports move solutes?

A

It carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in opposite directions

48
Q

What are the methods of carrier-mediated transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport

49
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

A method of carrier-mediated transport which moves a solute down its’ gradient. Does not use ATP

50
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

A method of carrier-mediated transport which moves solute through a membrane up the gradient. Uses ATP

51
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A

A pump that consumes one ATP to exchange 3 Na+ out for two K+ in, necessary because they constantly leak

52
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

A

Maintains steep gradient for transport, regulates solute concentration, maintains membrane potential, produces heat

53
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Carrier moves solute through membrane but only uses ATP indirectly

54
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

Moves large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in bubble-like enclosures called vesicles

55
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Vesicular processes that bring material into cell

56
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

A form of endocytosis, “cell-eating”, engulfing large particles

57
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

A form of endocytosis, “cell drinking”, taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell

58
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane

59
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

Transport of material across the cell by capturing it on one side and releasing it on the other

60
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Secreting material, replacing plasma membrane removed by endocytosis

61
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of protein filaments and cylinders that determines cell shape, supports structure, organizes cell contents, directs movement of materials within cell, contributes to movement of the cell as a whole.

62
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

63
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

Form terminal web

64
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A

Give cell shape, resist stress

65
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Maintain cell shape, hold organelles, act as railroad tracks for walking motor proteins, make axonemes of cilia and flagella, form mitotic spindle

66
Q

What are the membranous organelles?

A

Nucleus, mitrochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex

67
Q

What are the nonmembranous organelles?

A

Ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies

68
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Genetic control center, direct protein synthesis, shelter DNA

69
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

Protect the nucleus, regulate molecular traffic through

70
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

System of channels (cisternae) enclosed by membrane

71
Q

What does rough ER do?

A

Synthesizes proteins

72
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

Synthesizes steroids and other lipids

73
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Read genetic messages from mRNA and assemble amino acids into the specified proteins. Protein synthesis

74
Q

What does the Golgi complex do?

A

Synthesizes carbohydrates and finishes protein synthesis

75
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Hydrolytic digestion, autophagy (digests cell’s extra organelles), and autolysis (digests entire extra cell)

76
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Granules of protein and RNA

77
Q

What are lysosomes made of?

A

Package of enzymes bound by a membrane

78
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules. Neutralize free radicals, detoxify drugs

79
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Synthesize ATP

80
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

Form basal bodies of cilia and flagella, which anchor them to cell membrane

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