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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood?

A

Transport, protection, and regulation

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2
Q

What does blood regulate?

A

Fluid balance, pH, and temperature

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3
Q

Normal blood pH?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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4
Q

Components of blood?

A

Plasma and blood cells

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5
Q

Components of plasma?

A

Proteins, clotting factors, mostly water

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6
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

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7
Q

Solids in plasma?

A

Nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, gases

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8
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

White blood cells and platelets

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9
Q

Blood percentages?

A

55% plasma, 1% buffy coat, 45% erythrocytes

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10
Q

Major categories of plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

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11
Q

What is albumin responsible for?

A

Blood viscosity and osmolarity

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12
Q

What are globulins responsible for?

A

Antibodies

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13
Q

What is fibrinogen responsible for?

A

Precursor of fibrin threads

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14
Q

Formed elements of blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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15
Q

What are the different leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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16
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

AKA hematopoiesis, blood cell production

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17
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults?

A

Red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

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18
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in children?

A

All red bone marrow

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19
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

PPSCs, they give rise to the formed elements

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20
Q

Steps of RBC maturation?

A

Erythroblasts multiply and synthesize hemoglobin, nucleus is discarded, and they then become erythrocytes

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21
Q

2 principal functions of erythrocytes?

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to tissues, and pick up carbon dioxide from tissues and bring to lungs

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22
Q

What is different about erythrocytes from average cells?

A

They lack mitochondria and are filled with hemoglobin for gas transport

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23
Q

Components of hemoglobin?

A

Globins, protein chains, and heme groups, nonproteins

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24
Q

What do heme groups do?

A

Bind oxygen to ferrous ion of iron

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25
Q

What is needed for RBC production?

A

Iron

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26
Q

What is ferritin?

A

Excess iron stored in the liver

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27
Q

What is transferrin?

A

Protein that binds to iron and transports it around the body

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28
Q

Average hematocrit in men and women?

A

Men - 42-52%
Women - 37-48%

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29
Q

Average hemoglobin concentration in men and women?

A

Men - 13-18 g/dL
Women - 12-16 g/dL

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30
Q

Ways to count erythrocytes and hemoglobin quantities?

A

Hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, RBC count

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31
Q

How is erythrocyte homeostasis controlled?

A

Negative feedback

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32
Q

What happens to dying RBCs?

A

Macrophages engulf them in the spleen and liver

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33
Q

What happens to globins when RBCs are broken down?

A

They are turned into amino acids

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34
Q

What happens to heme groups when RBCs are broken down?

A

Iron is removed and saved

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35
Q

What happens to heme pigment when RBCs are broken down?

A

They get turned into bilirubin, which is yellow

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36
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Excess RBCs

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37
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

Excess RBCs from dehydration, physical conditioning, emphysema. Not as high as primary though

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38
Q

What can cause anemia?

A

Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis

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39
Q

What are hemorrhagic anemias?

A

Anemia caused by bleeding

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40
Q

What are hemolytic anemias?

A

Anemia caused by RBC destruction

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41
Q

Consequences of anemia?

A

Tissue hypoxia and necrosis, reduced blood osmolarity causing edema, low blood viscosity causing heart rate and pressure drop

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42
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

A hereditary hemoglobin defect caused by a recessive allele

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43
Q

Another name for antigens?

A

Agglutinogens

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44
Q

Another name for antibodies?

A

Agglutinins

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45
Q

What are antigens/agglutinogens?

A

Things on cells that determine your blood type. Antigen A and B

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46
Q

What are antibodies/agglutinins?

A

Things in the blood that attack antigens. Anti-A and anti-B

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47
Q

Universal recipient?

A

AB+, most rare

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48
Q

Universal donor?

A

O-, also the most common

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49
Q

What are D antigens?

A

They determine if you’re positive or not

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50
Q

What happens when Rh-negative mothers have Rh-positive babies?

A

First one causes the body to make anti-D antibodies, so the next baby will have their antigens be attacked

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51
Q

What can help stop formation of anti-D antibodies?

A

RhoGAM

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52
Q

How long are leukocytes in the bloodstream?

A

Only a few hours, then they migrate into connective tissue - lymph tissue

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53
Q

What do myeloblasts do?

A

Make neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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54
Q

What do monoblasts do?

A

Make monocytes

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55
Q

Components of leukopoiesis?

A

Myeloblasts, monoblasts, and lymphoblasts

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56
Q

What do lymphoblasts do?

A

Make lymphocytes

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57
Q

Where do lymphocytes finish development?

A

Thymus

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58
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Provide immunity that lasts decades

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59
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Fight bacterial infections

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60
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Fight parasitic infections

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61
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Secrete histamine, a vasodilator, and heparin, an anticoagulant

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62
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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63
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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64
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Secrete vasoconstrictors, procoagulants, chemicals to attract neutrophils, and growth factors

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65
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Cessation of bleeding

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66
Q

What is coagulation of the extrinsic pathway?

A

Thromboplastin

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67
Q

What is coagulation of the intrinsic pathway?

A

Hageman factor

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68
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A clot

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69
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Anything that can travel and block blood vessels

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70
Q

Go fill in the chapter 19 concept check

A

Done

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71
Q

Leukocytes from most to least numerous?

A

Neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils

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72
Q

What is needed for blood clotting?

A

Calcium and vitamin K

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73
Q

What is hypoplastic anemia?

A

Decline in erythropoiesis

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74
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Cessation of erythropoiesis

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75
Q

Mechanisms of hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation

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76
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

When you can’t make an effective clot so you bleed for longer

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77
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Abnormally low platelet count

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78
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Breakdown of clots in blood

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79
Q

What is plasmin?

A

An enzyme that breaks up blood clots

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80
Q

How much of plasma is water?

A

90%

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81
Q

Blood pressure formula?

A

BP = cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

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82
Q

What triggers under low oxygen levels?

A

Erythropoietin

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83
Q

How do babies develop jaundice?

A

Their RBCs have a shorter lifespan so more bilirubin accumulates

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84
Q

What determines SVR?

A

Vessel radius

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85
Q

Where is the heart?

A

In the mediastinum, between the lungs

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86
Q

Base of the heart?

A

At the top, wide

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87
Q

Apex of the heart?

A

Tapered, lower, left-pointing end of the heart

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88
Q

What circuit is the left side of the heart?

A

Systemic

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89
Q

What circuit is the right side of the heart?

A

Pulmonary

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90
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Blood to the whole body

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91
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Blood to the lungs

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92
Q

What is the pericardial sac/parietal pericardium?

A

Fibrous and serous layers with pericardial cavity between

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93
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Painful inflammation of the pericardial membranes

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94
Q

What is visceral pericardium/epicardium?

A

Serous membrane covering the heart

95
Q

Valves of the heart?

A

2 Atrioventricular and 2 semilunar

96
Q

What is the S1 sound?

A

Closure of AV valves, lubb

97
Q

What is the S2 sound?

A

Closure of semilunar valves, dupp

98
Q

What is valvular stenosis?

A

Stiffened cusps, constricting opening and increasing the afterload

99
Q

What is a mitral valve prolapse?

A

One or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction

100
Q

How many heart chambers?

101
Q

What separates atria from ventricles?

A

Coronary sulcus

102
Q

What separates the left and right ventricles?

A

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

103
Q

Branches of the right coronary artery?

A

Right marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch

104
Q

Branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch

105
Q

How does the heart make ATP?

A

Aerobic respiration, allowing it to be fatigue resistant

106
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow

107
Q

What does the coronary sinus collect blood from?

A

Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and left marginal vein

108
Q

Physiology of cardiac muscle?

A

Cardiomyocytes, and joined at the ends by intercalated discs

109
Q

How do cardiomyocytes join?

A

Mechanical junctions (desmosomes) and electrical junctions (gap junctions)

110
Q

What does autorhythmic mean?

A

The heart doesn’t depend on the nervous system for its rhythm

111
Q

What coordinates the heartbeat?

A

Conducting system, electrical stimulation

112
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

Modified cardiomyocytes acting as a pacemaker

113
Q

Cardiomyocyte action potential stages?

A

Depolarization phase, plateau phase, and repolarization phase

114
Q

What does the AV node branch into?

A

The AV bundle, or bundle of His

115
Q

What do Purkinje fibers do?

A

Conduct electrical impulses, allowing for coordinated contraction of cardiac muscle

116
Q

What is a systole?

A

Contraction

117
Q

What is a diastole?

A

Relaxation

118
Q

What is a cardiac cycle?

A

One complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 chambers of the heart

119
Q

Variables governing fluid movement?

A

Pressure (causes flow) and resistance (opposes flow)

120
Q

Formula for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

121
Q

Variables governing stroke volume?

A

Preload, contractility, and afterload

122
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Resting adult heart rate above 100bpm

123
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Resting adult heart rate below 60bpm

124
Q

What is pulse?

A

Surge of pressure produced by heart beat

125
Q

What is the cardiac center?

A

In the medulla oblongata, it can have a cardiostimulatory effect via sympathetic pathway or cardioinhibitory effect via parasympathetic pathway

126
Q

Intrinsic rate of the SA node?

127
Q

Vagal tone of the heart?

128
Q

What is preload?

129
Q

What are inotropic agents?

A

Agents that increase or reduce contractility

130
Q

What is afterload?

A

Sum of forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricle

131
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Right ventricular failure due to pulmonary vasoconstriction

132
Q

Do the chapter 19 concept check

133
Q

What is between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

The tricuspid valve

134
Q

What makes up the bulk of the heart wall?

A

Myocardium

135
Q

What happens during the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave?

A

Depolarization of atria, depolarization of ventricles, repolarization of ventricles

136
Q

How long is the refractory period of cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

137
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

Serious arrhythmia caused by uncoordinated, irregular electrical activity in the ventricles

138
Q

Systemic circuit pathway?

A

Left ventricle -> aorta -> venae cavae -> right atrium

139
Q

Pulmonary circuit pathway?

A

Right ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium

140
Q

Conducting system of the heart pathway?

A

SA node -> AV node -> bundle of His -> bundle branches -> Purkinje Fibers

141
Q

What does the heart being myogenic mean?

A

Signal for contraction originates within the heart itself

142
Q

What is ventricular filling?

A

Ventricles fill with blood during diastole

143
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction?

A

During systole, ventricles reach max blood volume

144
Q

What is ventricular ejection?

A

During systole, blood is ejected from heart

145
Q

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

A

During diastole, blood volume is at its lowest

146
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

Maximal amount of blood possible in ventricles

147
Q

What is end systolic volume?

A

Lowest amount of blood possible in ventricles

148
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

Failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively

149
Q

Route of blood through heart?

A

Heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins. Only 1 network of capillaries

150
Q

What are portal systems?

A

When blood passes through 2 consecutive capillary networks interconnected by a vein. 3 in the body

151
Q

Are veins low or high pressure?

152
Q

Are arteries low or high pressure?

153
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

Away from the heart

154
Q

Where do veins carry blood?

A

Back to the heart

155
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Connect the smallest arteries and veins

156
Q

Alternative name for arteries?

A

Resistance vessels

157
Q

Types of arteries?

A

Elastic/large, muscular/medium, small

158
Q

What do small arteries do?

A

Control amount of blood to organs and vasomotion

159
Q

What does the tunica interna of arteries do?

A

Act as a selectively permeable barrier, repelling blood cells and containing endothelium and basement membrane

160
Q

What does the tunica media of arteries do?

A

Consists of smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic tissue and controls vasomotion

161
Q

What are vasa vasorum?

A

In the tunica externa, small vessels that supply blood to outer half of larger vessels

162
Q

What are the aortic and carotid bodies?

A

Chemoreceptors

163
Q

What are the aortic and carotid sinuses?

A

Baroreceptors

164
Q

What factors influence peripheral/systemic vascular resistance?

A

Blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius, flow characteristics

165
Q

Most powerful control over peripheral resistance?

A

Vessel radius

166
Q

Only site where nutrients, wastes, and hormones are exchanged between blood and tissue fluid?

A

Capillaries

167
Q

Capillary types?

A

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids

168
Q

Traits of continuous capillaries?

A

Least permeable, found in most tissues, they contract and regulate blood flow

169
Q

Traits of fenestrated capillaries?

A

They’re found in the kidneys and small intestine

170
Q

Traits of sinusoid capillaries?

A

Most permeable, found in liver, bone marrow, and spleen. Allow large proteins and vblood cells through

171
Q

Mechanisms of capillary exchange?

A

Diffusion, transcytosis, filtration and reabsorption

172
Q

Traits of diffusion?

A

Lipid-soluble go through plasma membrane, and lipid-soluble substances go through filtration pores and intercellular clefts

173
Q

What is transcytosis for?

A

Fatty acids, albumin, and hormones like insulin

174
Q

Traits of filtration and reabsorption?

A

For water-soluble substances

175
Q

What is blood hydrostatic pressure?

A

Drives fluid out of capillary

176
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Draws fluid into capillary

177
Q

What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure?

A

Negative pressure from lymphatic system

178
Q

What is tissue osmotic pressure?

A

Proteins present in tissue pulls fluid from capillaries

179
Q

What is edema?

A

Accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue

180
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

A suffocation threat

181
Q

What is cerebral edema?

A

Headaches, nausea, seizures, coma

182
Q

Types of veins?

A

Postcapillary venules, medium veins, large veins

183
Q

Another name for veins?

A

Capacitance vessels

184
Q

Mechanisms of venous return?

A

Pressure gradient, muscular pump, thoracic pump, gravity, cardiac suction

185
Q

What is venous return?

A

Flow of blood back to heart

186
Q

Ways to control vasomotion?

A

Local control, neural control, hormonal control

187
Q

How does local control affect vasomotion?

A

Tissue releases vasodilators

188
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

The ability of tissues to self-regulate their own blood supply

189
Q

What causes inflammation?

A

Vasodilation

190
Q

What is reactive hyperemia?

A

When blood supply is cut off and restored, flow increases above normal

191
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Growth of new blood vessels

192
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

193
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3rd of pulse pressure

194
Q

Why is MAP important?

A

Influences risk for edema, fainting, atherosclerosis, and kidneys failure, plus acts as a measure for how good circulation is

195
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure. Primary and secondary (secondary rarer, concurrent w/ disease)

196
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Weak point in artery or heart wall, making sac that may rupture

197
Q

What is a dissecting aneurysm?

A

Blood accumulates between tunics of artery and separates them. Common in abdominal aorta, renal arteries, and arterial circle at base of brain

198
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack?

A

Brief episode of cerebral ischemia

199
Q

What is a stroke/cerebral vascular accident?

A

Sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia

200
Q

What is circulatory shock?

A

Cardiac output is insufficient to meet body’s metabolic needs

201
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Inadequate pumping of heart causing low CO

202
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

Most common, loss of blood volume causing low CO

203
Q

What is neurogenic shock?

A

Loss of vasomotor tone and vasodilation

204
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Bacterial toxins triggering vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

205
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

Immune reaction to an antigen, causing generalized vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

206
Q

Do the chapter 20 concept check

207
Q

What blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood?

208
Q

Where does blood flow into capillary beds from?

A

Metarterioles

209
Q

What hormone can cause a drop in BP?

210
Q

Why is blood flow faster in venules than capillaries?

A

Larger diameters

211
Q

Longest blood vessel?

A

Great saphenous vein

212
Q

What blood vessels have valves?

213
Q

Where is blood flow pulsatile and steady?

A

Pulsatile in arteries, steady in veins and capillaries

214
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

Temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly standing

215
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Hardening of arteries

216
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Growth of lipid deposits in arterial walls

217
Q

What is net filtration pressure?

A

Opposing forces between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure

218
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Difference between colloid osmotic pressure of blood and tissue fluid

219
Q

What is primary polycythemia?

A

Overproduction of RBCs due to mutation or biological factor

220
Q

Vein types (large to small)?

A

Large, medium, and venules (small)

221
Q

Artery types (large to small)?

A

Conducting, distributing, arteriole

222
Q

What do veins have that other blood vessels don’t?

223
Q

Blood pressure equation?

A

Cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

224
Q

Effect of vasomotion on SVR?

A

Vasoconstriction raises SVR, vasodilation lowers SVR

225
Q

Cardiac output equation?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

226
Q

What supplies the blood vessels with oxygen?

A

Vasa vasorum

227
Q

What are some hormones of vasomotion?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine and angiotensin II cause vasoconstriction

228
Q

What are some hormones of water retention?

A

Aldosterone - raises
ANP - lowers
ADH - raises

229
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Fast flow that builds up resistance

230
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Slow flow that does not build resistance

231
Q

Another name for SVR?

A

Peripheral vascular resistance

232
Q

What is a thoroughfare channel?

A

A long blood vesel between artery and vein where blood flows when precapillary sphincters are constricted

‱ (40 decks)

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