Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is a joint/articulation?
Any point where 2 bones meet (whether movable or not)
What is arthrology?
Science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction
What is kinesiology?
The study of musculoskeletal movement
How are joints named?
Typically derived from the names of bones involved (ex: radioulnar joint)
How are joints classified?
According to the way the bones are bound together
4 major joint categories?
Bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
What is a bony joint/synostosis?
An immobile joint formed when the gap between 2 bones ossifies and they become one
What are fibrous joints/synarthrosis?
Adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers emerging from one bone and penetrating into the other
3 kinds of fibrous joints?
Sutures(skull), gomphosis(teeth), and syndesmosis(fibula/tibia, radius/ulna)
What are sutures?
Immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints in which short collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other
What is a serrate suture?
Interlocking wavy lines. Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid
What is a lap/squamous suture?
Overlapping beveled edges. Temporal and parietal
What is a plane/butt suture?
Straight, non-overlapping edges. Palatine processes of the maxillae
What is gomphosis? (type of fibrous joint)
Attachment of a tooth to its socket. The only joint kind not to join 2 bones. Held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament
What is syndesmosis? (type of fibrous joint)
A fibrous joint at which 2 bones are bound by long collagen fibers. For example, membrane between radius and ulna or tibia to fibula
What is a cartilaginous/amphiarthrosis joint?
2 bones linked together by cartilage. 2 types
2 kinds of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses and symphyses
What is synchondrosis?
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
What is symphysis?
Bones joined by fibrocartilage
Examples of synchondrosis?
Temporary joints in epiphyseal plates of kids, first rib attachment to sternum
Examples of symphysis?
Left and right pubic bones, bodies of vertebrae
What are synovial joints/diarthrosis?
Joint in which 2 bones are separated by a joint cavity
Some facts about synovial joints?
Most moveable, structurally complex, and familiar. Most important for quality of life and fitness. Most likely to develop painful dysfunction
What is articular cartilage?
Layer of smooth, hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of 2 bones. Part of synovial joints
What is a joint/articular cavity?
A cavity which separates articular surfaces. Part of synovial joints
What is synovial fluid?
Viscous, slippery lubricant in joint cavity. Makes movement almost frictionless and nourishes cartilage/removes waste
What is a joint/articular capsule?
Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid of a synovial joint
What is an outer fibrous capsule?
One which is continuous with the periosteum of adjoining bones
What is a synovial membrane made of?
Cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages that remove debris. A type of joint capsule
What is an articular disc?
A pad that forms between articulating bones. Crosses the entire joint capsule. In synovial joints
What is a meniscus?
The moon-shaped cartilage in the knee. They absorb shock and pressure and stabilize joints
What are the accessory structures of synovial joints?
Tendons, ligaments, bursa, tendon sheaths
What is a tendon?
Strip of collagenous tissue attaching muscle to bone
What is a ligament?
Strip of collagenous tissue attaching one bone to another
What is a bursa?
Fibrous sac filled w/ synovial fluid, located between muscles, where tendons pass over bone, or between bone and skin
What do bursas do?
Cushion muscles, help tendons slide over joints more easily, and modifies direction of tendon pull
What is a tendon sheath?
An elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon found in hand and foot
How does exercise affect articular cartilage?
It warms synovial fluid to be more easily absorbed by cartilage, which then swells. Repetitive exercise squeezes fluid and metabolic waste out of the cartilage, when weight is removed, cartilage absorbs synovial fluid like a sponge and takes in nutrients. So exercise helps cartilage to not deteriorate and helps it get nutrition
What is meant by lever?
Long bones act as levers to enhance the speed or power of limb movements
What is a lever?
Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point, called a fulcrum. Effort is applied to the lever to overcome the resistance
How do levers differ?
W/ respect to whether the fulcrum, effort, or resistance is in the middle
What is range of motion?
The degrees through which a joint can move
What determines ROM?
Structure of the articular surfaces, strength and stiffness of ligaments and joint capsules, and action of the muscles and tendons
What are the classes of synovial joints?
Ball and socket, condylar, saddle, plane, hinge, and pivot
How do ball-and-socket joints work?
Smooth, hemispherical head fits within cup-like socket. Only multiaxial joints in the body.
How do ellipsoid joints work?
Oval convex surface of one bone fits into a complementary-shaped depression on the other. Biaxial (movement in 2 planes)
How do saddle joints work?
Both joints have an articular surface shaped like a saddle. One concave, one convex. Biaxial
How do plane/gliding joints work?
Flat articular surfaces, bones slide over each other. Usually biaxial
How do hinge joints work?
One bone w/ a convex surface fits into a concave depression of another bone. Monoaxial
How do pivot joints work?
A bone spins on its longitudinal axis. Monoaxial
What is zero position?
The position of a joint when the person is in the standard anatomical position
What is a flexion?
A movement that decreases joint angle
What is an extension?
A movement that straightens a joint and returns a body part to the zero position
What is hyperextension?
An extension of a joint beyond the zero position
What is an abduction?
A movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
What is an adduction?
A movement of a body part in the frontal plane back toward the midline
What is a hyperabduction example?
Raising arm over head
What is a hyperadduction example?
Crossing fingers, crossing ankles
What is an elevation?
A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane
What is a depression?
A movement that lowers a body part in the frontal plane
What is a protraction?
The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse(horizontal) plane
What is a retraction?
A posterior movement of a body part in the transverse(horizontal) plane
What is a circumduction?
One end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
What is a rotation?
A movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
What is a medial/internal rotation?
Turning a bone inward
What is a lateral/external rotation?
Turning a bone outward
What is supination?
A forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward
What is pronation?
A forearm movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward
How do the radius and ulna sit during supination and pronation?
Supination - parallel to one another
Pronation - the radius crosses the (stationary) ulna, like an X
What is a flexion of the head or trunk?
A forward-bending movement at the waist or neck
What is an extension of the head or trunk?
Straightening the trunk or neck
What is a hyperextension of the head or trunk?
Bending over backward
What is a lateral flexion of the head or trunk?
Tilting the head or trunk to the right or left at the midline
What is a lateral excursion of the mandible?
Right or left movement from the zero position
What is a medial excursion of the mandible?
A movement back to the median, zero position
What is a protraction of the mandible?
Moving the jaw forward
What is a retraction of the mandible?
Moving the jaw backward
What is a depression of the mandible?
Moving the jaw downward
What is an elevation of the mandible?
Moving the jaw upward
What is a radial flexion of the hand?
Tilting the hand toward the thumb
What is an ulnar flexion of the hand?
Tilting the hand toward the pinkie
What is abduction and adduction of the fingers?
Spreading them apart, and bringing them together
What is flexion and extension of the fingers?
Curling, and straightening them
What is a palmar abduction?
Moving thumb away from hand and pointing it anteriorly
What is a radial abduction?
Moving thumb away from index finger at 90 degrees
What is a flexion of thumb?
Tip of thumb directed toward palm
What is an extension of thumb?
Straightening the thumb (from being flexion)
What is an opposition of the thumb?
Moving the thumb to touch a fingertip
What is a reposition of the thumb?
Returning to zero position (from an opposition)
What is dorsiflexion of the foot?
Elevating toes, like when swinging foot forward to take a step
What is a plantar flexion?
Extending the foot so the toed point downward (like when standing on tiptoes)
What is an inversion of the foot?
Turning the soles medially
What is an eversion of the foot?
Turning the soles laterally
What is a supination of foot?
Complex combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction
What is a pronation of foot?
Complex combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction
What is the temporomandibular joint? (TMJ)
Articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
What are the chambers of the TMJ?
Superior and inferior, divided by an articular disc in the synovial joint
Symptoms of TMJ syndrome?
Clicking sounds in jaw, imitation of jaw movement. Pain radiating from jaw down the neck, shoulders, and back. Moderate intermittent facial pain, severe headaches, vertigo, tinnitus
Causes of TMJ syndrome?
Psychological tension and malocclusion (misalignment of teeth)
Treatment for TMJ syndrome?
Psychological management, physical therapy, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, corrective dental appliances
What is the glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint?
Hemispherical head of humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Most freely movable joint in the body
What is the glenoid labrum?
A fibrocartilage ring that deepens the glenoid cavity in the scapula
What is the humeroulnar joint?
An elbow joint; trochlea of humerus joints trochlear notch of the ulna
What is a humeroradial joint?
An elbow joint; capitulum of humerus meets head of radius
What is the proximal radioulnar joint?
In the elbow, like a pivot. Allows for pronation and supination
What is the coxal/hip joint?
Head of femur inserts into acetabulum of hip bone. Most stable joint
What is the acetabular labrum?
Horseshoe-shaped ring of fibrocartilage that deepens the hip joint socket
What is the round ligament/ligamentum teres?
A ligament that arises from the fovea capitis and attaches to the lower margin of the acetabulum. Contains artery that supplies blood to head of femur
What is the tibiofemoral (knee) joint?
The largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body. Primarily a hinge joint
What kind of joint is the patellofemoral joint?
A gliding joint
What is the knee joint?
The popliteal (posterior) region
Where are the bursae in the knee joint?
4 around the patella, 2 in the popliteal region, nad 7 on lateral and medial sides (13 total)
What is arthroscopy?
A procedure in which interior of joint (knee) is viewed with a pencil-thin arthoscope inserted through a small incision. Less tissue damage and faster recovery
What are the articulations of the talocrural (ankle) joint?
Medial - between tibia and talus
Lateral - between fibula and talus
What do the anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments do?
Bind tibia to fibula
What do the multipart medial (deltoid) ligaments do?
Bind tibia to foot on medial side
What do the multipart lateral (collateral) ligaments do?
Bind fibula to foot on lateral side
Where is the calcaneal (achilles) tendon?
Extends from calf muscles to calcaneus
What is arthritis?
A broad term for pain and inflammation of joints
What are rheumatologists?
Physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders
what is osteoarthritis?
Most common form, results from years of joint wear
what is osteoarthritis?
Most common form, results from years of joint wear
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
An autoimmune attack against the joint tissues
What is arthroplasty?
Replacement of diseased joint w/ artificial device called prothesis
