Exam 2 part 2 Flashcards
What mean arterial pressure means your circulation is good?
60
General functions of WBCs?
Protect body from infections
Normal range of WBC count?
5000-10000 WBCs per microliter (u’s symbol)
Least abundant formed element of the blood?
Leukocytes
How long are WBCs in the blood vessels?
Not for long, they quickly migrate into connective tissue
What is the production of whole blood called?
Hemopoiesis
What is the production of red blood cells called?
Erythropoiesis
What is the production of white blood cells called?
Leukopoiesis
Another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
What do myeloblasts turn into?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What do monoblasts turn into?
Monocytes
What do lymphoblasts turn into?
Lymphocytes
What produces platelets?
Megakaryocytes
What makes WBCs immunocompetent?
The thymus
What do lymphocytes do?
Provide long-term immunity, lasting decades
What are the granulocytes?
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
Most abundant granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Least abundant granulocytes?
Basophils
What are the agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Most abundant agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
Least abundant agranulocytes?
Monocytes
What type of illness do neutrophils aid in?
Bacterial infections
What type of illness do eosinophils aid in?
Parasitic infections
What do basophils do?
Secrete histamine, a vasodilator, and heparin, an anticoagulant
What do lymphocytes do?
Provide immune memory
What do monocytes do?
Turn into macrophages in the connective tissue
General function of each WBC type?
Leukocytes - long-term immunity
Monocytes - turn into macrophages
Eosinophils - parasitic infections
Neutrophils - bacterial infections
Basophils - histamine and heparin
What is leukopenia?
A low WBC count, under 5,000 per microliter, due to poisons, disease, or radiation
What is leukocytosis?
A high WBC count, above 10,000 per microliter, due to allergies and certain diseases
What do thrombocytes secrete?
Procoagulants, chemicals that attract neutrophils, and growth factors
What is the cessation of bleeding called?
Hemostasis
Steps of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation
What is factor X?
A clotting factor for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of clotting
What is a thrombus?
A stationary clot
What is an embolus?
Anything that can travel in the blood and block blood vessels
What breaks down clots?
t-PA
What is the buffy coat?
The WBC and platelet layer in the blood
Most abundant plasma protein?
Albumin
Functions of albumin?
Viscosity and osmotic pressure of blood
Is glucose or glycogen in the blood?
Glucose. Remember blood sugar
What is agglutination?
Clumping of red blood cells
What causes agglutination in blood-typing?
Antibodies attacking antigens
What do erythrocytes transport?
Oxygen AND carbon dioxide
What is hemoglobin made of?
Heme and globin groups
What does heme do?
It has iron which binds oxygen for transport
What does globin do?
Transport carbon dioxide
How do RBCs die?
After about 120 days, they head to the spleen and liver and get broken down by the narrow blood vessels
What is polycythemia?
Excess RBC count
Hematocrit for men and women?`
42 to 52% for men, 37 to 48% for women
What triggers RBC production?
Erythropoietin, made by the liver when experiencing hypoxia
What is pernicious anemia?
Can’t absorb vitamin B12 because the stomach doesn’t make enough intrinsic factor
Hemoglobin concentration numbers?
13-18 g/dL for men and 12-16 g/dL for women
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
When an Rh- mother produces Rh+ antibodies due to a pregnancy or transfusion and then has an Rh+ baby, the antibodies will attack the baby’s antigens
Acronym for leukocytes concentration from most to least abundant?
NLMEB
Normal blood pH?
7.35 to 7.45, slightly basic/alkaline
Blood pressure equation
BP = cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance
What affects SVR?
Vasomotion
What does sepsis cause?
Massive vasodilation and very low BP
What is the mediastinum?
The space between the lungs where the heart is located
What is the base of the heart?
The superior, wide portion
What is the apex of the heart?
The inferior, pointy portion
What side of the heart is anterior?
Right side
Where do venae cavae attach to?
The right atrium
Pathway of blood through the heart?
Venae cavae -> right atrium -> AV valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> AV valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> ascending aorta -> organs -> venae cavae
What ventricle has thinner myocardium?
Right ventricle
What is the wall separating the ventricles?
The interventricular septum
What side of the heart is which circuit?
Right is pulmonary circuit, left is systemic circuit
What are the internal ridges of myocardium in the atria and both auricles?
Pectinate muscles
What are the internal ridges inside the ventricles?
The trabeculae
Layers OF the heart from outermost to innermost?
Epicardium/visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
What is SURROUNDING the heart?
The pericardium
Layers of pericardium from outermost to innermost?
Parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium
So what is the visceral pericardium?
AKA the epicardium, it is the outermost layer of the heart and basically surrounds it like a balloon, with a cavity filled w/ fluid before the parietal pericardium, the outermost layer surrounding the heart
What connects the valves to papillary muscles?
Tendinous cords
What is S1 sound?
Lubb, AV valve closure
What is S2 sound?
Dupp, semilunar valve closure
What does it mean that the heart is autorhythmic?
It doesn’t depend on the nervous system for its rhythm
What coordinates the heartbeat?
The conducting system, electrical stimulation
How does the pacemaker work?
The SA node has leaky sodium channels, so sodium naturally flows in, depolarizing the cell, leading to action potential
Steps of conducting system?
Sodium flows in, depolarizing cell, causing contraction. Potassium flows out, repolarizing the cell, causing relaxation. For a brief moment the charge is neutral and the heart plateaus
How long is the absolute refractory period of the heart compared to skeletal muscle?
Long, about 250ms compared to 1-2ms
Why is the long absolute refractory period of the heart important?
It makes it so the heart can’t stay contracted for a long time, because such a spasm would cause death
Where do ions involved in the conducting system move?
Sodium flows in, potassium flows out, calcium flows in
Conducting system pathway?
SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle/bundle of His -> right and left bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers -> cardiomyocytes of the ventricles
What happens during the P wave of an ECG?
Atrial depolarization - contraction
What happens during the QRS complex of an ECG?
Ventricular depolarization - contraction/systole
What happens during the T wave of an ECG?
Ventricular repolarization - relaxation/diastole
What sounds occur during the QRS wave?
Ventricular contraction causes S1 sound as AV node closes
What sounds occur during the T wave?
Ventricular relaxation causes S2 sound as semilunar valves close
Cardiac output equation?
Heart rate x stroke volume
How would the process of red blood cell production be affected by constricting the arteries that supply blood to the kidney? Hint- this would cause a low oxygen supply- how will kidneys react? What is a low oxygen supply called? Name two other situations that would cause a low oxygen supply to the kidneys.
1) Low oxygen stimulates release of erythropoietin
2) Low oxygen is called hypoxia
3) Erythropoietin is made in the kidneys so these would make more erythropoietin
4) The more RBCs lets oxygen be transported more efficiently
5) One situation is an embolus blocking blood vessles
6) Another situation is anemia
A 17-year-old black male is admitted to the hospital in sickle-cell crisis. Pain management is a top priority for patients in sickle-cell crisis. What has happened? Why did it occur and why is pain management a top priority? Why does sickle-cell disease exist?
1) Sickle cell disease evolved to fight malaria
2) Having 1 recessive allele for sickle cell disease renders you immune for malaria but 2 causes sickle cell disease which is deadly
3) It occurred because sickled cells block a blood vessel
4) The blockage causes intense pain
5) Dissolving the clot and minimizing pain is important to improve quality of life(?)
A man enters the hospital complaining of chest pain. His history includes smoking, a stressful job, a diet heavy in saturated fats, lack of exercise and high blood pressure. Although he is not suffering from a heart attack, his doctor explains that a heart attack is quite possible. What did the chest pain indicate (use the clinical term). Why is the man a prime candidate for heart attack (hint- what vascular diseases are caused by his life style?).
1) The chest pain occurred due to hypertension
2) His diet may cause atherosclerosis
3) The stress and smoking can also raise blood pressure
4) If his blood vessels are weakened from the high BP he can develop heart attack
5) The lipid deposits in his blood vessels may also cause a heart attack so he is a candidate
For each of the following situation, describe the anticipated effect on blood pressure and the physiological basis of the response: (1) a high-salt diet, (2) a blow on the head that damages (disables) the vasomotor center, (3) an attack by a mugger, and (4) ah hypothalamic tumor resulting in excess ADH production.
1) A lot of sodium pulls more water into the bloodstream because water follows sodium
2) Increased water in the bloodstream increases blood volume, which causes higher blood pressure
3) The vasomotor center being disabled will cause a drop in BP because the tone will be lost and vaosdilation will occur
4) An attack by a mugger would trigger the flight-or-fight response, causing sympathetic nervous system stimulation
5) Excess ADH would cause more water to be retained, also increasing blood volume
Gabriel, a heroin addict, is weak and feverish, and has vague aches and pains. Terrified that he has AIDs, he goes to to a doctor and is informed that he is not suffering from AIDS but from a heart murmur accompanied by endocarditis. What is a heart murmur? What is endocarditis and what is the most likely way Gabriel contracted endocarditis?
1) A heart murmur is a sound caused by backflow of blood in the valves
2) Endocartitis is inflammation of the endocardium of the heart
3) This inflammation can cause blockages in blood vessels, causing the pain he complained of
4) Endocarditis can be contracted from bacteria
5) He may have gotten the bacteria from a dirty needle
Do concept check 18
Done
Do concept check 19
Done
Do concept check 20
Done
Review final slide for 18
Done
Review final slide for 19
Done
Review final slide for 20
Done
What is high resting heart rate called?
Tachycardia
What is low resting heart rate called?
Bradycardia
What is the pulse?
A surge of pressure produced by each heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery
How do you calculate pulse pressure?
Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
Where are breathing and cardiovascular system reflexes controlled?
Medulla oblongata
What branch of the nervous system speeds and slows heart rate?
Speeds - sympathetic
Slows - parasympathetic
Heart rate with and without CNS?
With, 70-80bpm. Without, 100bpm
What is ventricular fibrillation?
An arrhythmia, or irregular beating, from randomly travelling electrical signals. Needs a defibrillator to reset the signals
What is a cardiac cycle?
One complete systole and diastole
What forces cause and oppose flow?
Pressure causes flow, resistance opposes it
What is Boyle’s law?
Pressure is inversely related to volume
Phases of a cardiac cycle?
Ventricular filling -> isovolumetric contraction -> ventricular ejection -> isovolumetric relaxation
Steps of ventricullar filling (in a cardiac cycle)?
1a - rapid filling
1b - diastasis (slow filling)
1c - atrial systole
What is end diastolic volume?
The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of a diastole - about 130mL
What is end systolic volume?
The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of a systole - about 60mL
What variables govern stroke volume?
Preload, contractility, and afterload
What is preload?
Stretch. Higher preload means more stroke volume
How does contractility affect stroke volume?
More contractility means more stroke volume
What is afterload?
Forces opposing contraction. More afterload means LESS stroke volume
What are the plasma proteins?
Albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin
What is filtration and what is it driven by?
Pushing fluids out of a capillary, driven by blood hydrostatic pressure
What is reabsorption and what is it driven by?
Moving fluid into a capillary, driven by colloid osmotic pressure
What is osmotic pressure regulated by?
Albumin
Mechanisms of venous return?
Pressure gradient, muscular pump, thoracic pump
What hormones cause vasoconstriction?
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin II
What hormones cause fluid retention or excretion?
Aldosterone, ADH - retention
ANP - excretion
What is pulse pressure?
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
What is hypertension?
Any resting BP above 140/90
Where are chemoreceptors?
In arteries
What do chemoreceptors do?
Detect pH, CO2, and O2
What blood vessel has the thickest tunica media?
Big arteries
What factors influence peripheral/systemic vascular resistance?
Flow characteristics, vessel length, vessel radius, and viscosity
What does angiotensin do to BP?
Increase
What does aldosterone do to BP?
Increase
What does ADH do to BP?
Increase
What does ANP do to BP?
Decrease
How do solutes move through a capillary wall?
Through membrane: diffusion and filtration/reabsorption
With carrier: transcytosis
What blood vessels have the highest blood pressure?
Large arteries
Where is the bulk of vasomotion?
In arterioles, due to precapillary sphincters
Layers of blood vessels?
Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna
What is the capillary wall made of?
Endothelial simple squamous cells
When blood flows through capillary bed, from arterial end to venule end, what does it flow through?
Thoroughfare channel
Most permeable capillaries?
Sinusoidal
Least permeable capillaries?
Continuous
Capillaries with complete linings are how permeable?
Low
Do pulmonary or systemic arteries have higher BP?
Systemic
What is hypovolemic shock?
Loss of blood volume
What is cardiogenic shock?
Heart not doing a good job
Where is the reflex center?
Medulla oblongata
How would the process of red blood cell production be affected by constricting the arteries that supply blood to the kidney? Hint- this would cause a low oxygen supply- how will kidneys react? What is a low oxygen supply called? Name two other situations that would cause a low oxygen supply to the kidneys.
1) Low oxygen stimulates release of erythropoietin
2) Low oxygen is called hypoxia
3) Erythropoietin is made in the kidneys so these would make more erythropoietin
4) The more RBCs lets oxygen be transported more efficiently
5) One situation is an embolus blocking blood vessles
6) Another situation is anemia
Types of arteries?
Conducting, distributing, and arterioles
Types of veins?
Large, medium, venule
Types of capillaries?
Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
