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Exam 2 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What mean arterial pressure means your circulation is good?

A

60

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2
Q

General functions of WBCs?

A

Protect body from infections

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3
Q

Normal range of WBC count?

A

5000-10000 WBCs per microliter (u’s symbol)

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4
Q

Least abundant formed element of the blood?

A

Leukocytes

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5
Q

How long are WBCs in the blood vessels?

A

Not for long, they quickly migrate into connective tissue

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6
Q

What is the production of whole blood called?

A

Hemopoiesis

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7
Q

What is the production of red blood cells called?

A

Erythropoiesis

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8
Q

What is the production of white blood cells called?

A

Leukopoiesis

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9
Q

Another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

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10
Q

What do myeloblasts turn into?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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11
Q

What do monoblasts turn into?

A

Monocytes

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12
Q

What do lymphoblasts turn into?

A

Lymphocytes

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13
Q

What produces platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes

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14
Q

What makes WBCs immunocompetent?

A

The thymus

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15
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Provide long-term immunity, lasting decades

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16
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

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17
Q

Most abundant granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

Least abundant granulocytes?

A

Basophils

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19
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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20
Q

Most abundant agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

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21
Q

Least abundant agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes

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22
Q

What type of illness do neutrophils aid in?

A

Bacterial infections

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23
Q

What type of illness do eosinophils aid in?

A

Parasitic infections

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24
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Secrete histamine, a vasodilator, and heparin, an anticoagulant

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25
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Provide immune memory

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26
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Turn into macrophages in the connective tissue

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27
Q

General function of each WBC type?

A

Leukocytes - long-term immunity
Monocytes - turn into macrophages
Eosinophils - parasitic infections
Neutrophils - bacterial infections
Basophils - histamine and heparin

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28
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

A low WBC count, under 5,000 per microliter, due to poisons, disease, or radiation

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29
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

A high WBC count, above 10,000 per microliter, due to allergies and certain diseases

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30
Q

What do thrombocytes secrete?

A

Procoagulants, chemicals that attract neutrophils, and growth factors

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31
Q

What is the cessation of bleeding called?

A

Hemostasis

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32
Q

Steps of hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation

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33
Q

What is factor X?

A

A clotting factor for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of clotting

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34
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A stationary clot

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35
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Anything that can travel in the blood and block blood vessels

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36
Q

What breaks down clots?

A

t-PA

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37
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

The WBC and platelet layer in the blood

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38
Q

Most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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39
Q

Functions of albumin?

A

Viscosity and osmotic pressure of blood

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40
Q

Is glucose or glycogen in the blood?

A

Glucose. Remember blood sugar

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41
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Clumping of red blood cells

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42
Q

What causes agglutination in blood-typing?

A

Antibodies attacking antigens

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43
Q

What do erythrocytes transport?

A

Oxygen AND carbon dioxide

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44
Q

What is hemoglobin made of?

A

Heme and globin groups

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45
Q

What does heme do?

A

It has iron which binds oxygen for transport

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46
Q

What does globin do?

A

Transport carbon dioxide

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47
Q

How do RBCs die?

A

After about 120 days, they head to the spleen and liver and get broken down by the narrow blood vessels

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48
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Excess RBC count

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49
Q

Hematocrit for men and women?`

A

42 to 52% for men, 37 to 48% for women

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50
Q

What triggers RBC production?

A

Erythropoietin, made by the liver when experiencing hypoxia

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51
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

Can’t absorb vitamin B12 because the stomach doesn’t make enough intrinsic factor

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52
Q

Hemoglobin concentration numbers?

A

13-18 g/dL for men and 12-16 g/dL for women

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53
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

When an Rh- mother produces Rh+ antibodies due to a pregnancy or transfusion and then has an Rh+ baby, the antibodies will attack the baby’s antigens

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54
Q

Acronym for leukocytes concentration from most to least abundant?

A

NLMEB

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55
Q

Normal blood pH?

A

7.35 to 7.45, slightly basic/alkaline

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56
Q

Blood pressure equation

A

BP = cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

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57
Q

What affects SVR?

A

Vasomotion

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58
Q

What does sepsis cause?

A

Massive vasodilation and very low BP

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59
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The space between the lungs where the heart is located

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60
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The superior, wide portion

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61
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

The inferior, pointy portion

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62
Q

What side of the heart is anterior?

A

Right side

63
Q

Where do venae cavae attach to?

A

The right atrium

64
Q

Pathway of blood through the heart?

A

Venae cavae -> right atrium -> AV valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> AV valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> ascending aorta -> organs -> venae cavae

65
Q

What ventricle has thinner myocardium?

A

Right ventricle

66
Q

What is the wall separating the ventricles?

A

The interventricular septum

67
Q

What side of the heart is which circuit?

A

Right is pulmonary circuit, left is systemic circuit

68
Q

What are the internal ridges of myocardium in the atria and both auricles?

A

Pectinate muscles

69
Q

What are the internal ridges inside the ventricles?

A

The trabeculae

70
Q

Layers OF the heart from outermost to innermost?

A

Epicardium/visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

71
Q

What is SURROUNDING the heart?

A

The pericardium

72
Q

Layers of pericardium from outermost to innermost?

A

Parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium

73
Q

So what is the visceral pericardium?

A

AKA the epicardium, it is the outermost layer of the heart and basically surrounds it like a balloon, with a cavity filled w/ fluid before the parietal pericardium, the outermost layer surrounding the heart

74
Q

What connects the valves to papillary muscles?

A

Tendinous cords

75
Q

What is S1 sound?

A

Lubb, AV valve closure

76
Q

What is S2 sound?

A

Dupp, semilunar valve closure

77
Q

What does it mean that the heart is autorhythmic?

A

It doesn’t depend on the nervous system for its rhythm

78
Q

What coordinates the heartbeat?

A

The conducting system, electrical stimulation

79
Q

How does the pacemaker work?

A

The SA node has leaky sodium channels, so sodium naturally flows in, depolarizing the cell, leading to action potential

80
Q

Steps of conducting system?

A

Sodium flows in, depolarizing cell, causing contraction. Potassium flows out, repolarizing the cell, causing relaxation. For a brief moment the charge is neutral and the heart plateaus

81
Q

How long is the absolute refractory period of the heart compared to skeletal muscle?

A

Long, about 250ms compared to 1-2ms

82
Q

Why is the long absolute refractory period of the heart important?

A

It makes it so the heart can’t stay contracted for a long time, because such a spasm would cause death

83
Q

Where do ions involved in the conducting system move?

A

Sodium flows in, potassium flows out, calcium flows in

84
Q

Conducting system pathway?

A

SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle/bundle of His -> right and left bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers -> cardiomyocytes of the ventricles

85
Q

What happens during the P wave of an ECG?

A

Atrial depolarization - contraction

86
Q

What happens during the QRS complex of an ECG?

A

Ventricular depolarization - contraction/systole

87
Q

What happens during the T wave of an ECG?

A

Ventricular repolarization - relaxation/diastole

88
Q

What sounds occur during the QRS wave?

A

Ventricular contraction causes S1 sound as AV node closes

89
Q

What sounds occur during the T wave?

A

Ventricular relaxation causes S2 sound as semilunar valves close

90
Q

Cardiac output equation?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

91
Q

How would the process of red blood cell production be affected by constricting the arteries that supply blood to the kidney? Hint- this would cause a low oxygen supply- how will kidneys react? What is a low oxygen supply called? Name two other situations that would cause a low oxygen supply to the kidneys.

A

1) Low oxygen stimulates release of erythropoietin
2) Low oxygen is called hypoxia
3) Erythropoietin is made in the kidneys so these would make more erythropoietin
4) The more RBCs lets oxygen be transported more efficiently
5) One situation is an embolus blocking blood vessles
6) Another situation is anemia

92
Q

A 17-year-old black male is admitted to the hospital in sickle-cell crisis. Pain management is a top priority for patients in sickle-cell crisis. What has happened? Why did it occur and why is pain management a top priority? Why does sickle-cell disease exist?

A

1) Sickle cell disease evolved to fight malaria
2) Having 1 recessive allele for sickle cell disease renders you immune for malaria but 2 causes sickle cell disease which is deadly
3) It occurred because sickled cells block a blood vessel
4) The blockage causes intense pain
5) Dissolving the clot and minimizing pain is important to improve quality of life(?)

93
Q

A man enters the hospital complaining of chest pain. His history includes smoking, a stressful job, a diet heavy in saturated fats, lack of exercise and high blood pressure. Although he is not suffering from a heart attack, his doctor explains that a heart attack is quite possible. What did the chest pain indicate (use the clinical term). Why is the man a prime candidate for heart attack (hint- what vascular diseases are caused by his life style?).

A

1) The chest pain occurred due to hypertension
2) His diet may cause atherosclerosis
3) The stress and smoking can also raise blood pressure
4) If his blood vessels are weakened from the high BP he can develop heart attack
5) The lipid deposits in his blood vessels may also cause a heart attack so he is a candidate

94
Q

For each of the following situation, describe the anticipated effect on blood pressure and the physiological basis of the response: (1) a high-salt diet, (2) a blow on the head that damages (disables) the vasomotor center, (3) an attack by a mugger, and (4) ah hypothalamic tumor resulting in excess ADH production.

A

1) A lot of sodium pulls more water into the bloodstream because water follows sodium
2) Increased water in the bloodstream increases blood volume, which causes higher blood pressure
3) The vasomotor center being disabled will cause a drop in BP because the tone will be lost and vaosdilation will occur
4) An attack by a mugger would trigger the flight-or-fight response, causing sympathetic nervous system stimulation
5) Excess ADH would cause more water to be retained, also increasing blood volume

95
Q

Gabriel, a heroin addict, is weak and feverish, and has vague aches and pains. Terrified that he has AIDs, he goes to to a doctor and is informed that he is not suffering from AIDS but from a heart murmur accompanied by endocarditis. What is a heart murmur? What is endocarditis and what is the most likely way Gabriel contracted endocarditis?

A

1) A heart murmur is a sound caused by backflow of blood in the valves
2) Endocartitis is inflammation of the endocardium of the heart
3) This inflammation can cause blockages in blood vessels, causing the pain he complained of
4) Endocarditis can be contracted from bacteria
5) He may have gotten the bacteria from a dirty needle

96
Q

Do concept check 18

A

Done

97
Q

Do concept check 19

A

Done

98
Q

Do concept check 20

A

Done

99
Q

Review final slide for 18

A

Done

100
Q

Review final slide for 19

A

Done

101
Q

Review final slide for 20

A

Done

102
Q

What is high resting heart rate called?

A

Tachycardia

103
Q

What is low resting heart rate called?

A

Bradycardia

104
Q

What is the pulse?

A

A surge of pressure produced by each heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery

105
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

106
Q

Where are breathing and cardiovascular system reflexes controlled?

A

Medulla oblongata

107
Q

What branch of the nervous system speeds and slows heart rate?

A

Speeds - sympathetic
Slows - parasympathetic

108
Q

Heart rate with and without CNS?

A

With, 70-80bpm. Without, 100bpm

109
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

An arrhythmia, or irregular beating, from randomly travelling electrical signals. Needs a defibrillator to reset the signals

110
Q

What is a cardiac cycle?

A

One complete systole and diastole

111
Q

What forces cause and oppose flow?

A

Pressure causes flow, resistance opposes it

112
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

Pressure is inversely related to volume

113
Q

Phases of a cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular filling -> isovolumetric contraction -> ventricular ejection -> isovolumetric relaxation

114
Q

Steps of ventricullar filling (in a cardiac cycle)?

A

1a - rapid filling
1b - diastasis (slow filling)
1c - atrial systole

115
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of a diastole - about 130mL

116
Q

What is end systolic volume?

A

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of a systole - about 60mL

117
Q

What variables govern stroke volume?

A

Preload, contractility, and afterload

118
Q

What is preload?

A

Stretch. Higher preload means more stroke volume

119
Q

How does contractility affect stroke volume?

A

More contractility means more stroke volume

120
Q

What is afterload?

A

Forces opposing contraction. More afterload means LESS stroke volume

121
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin

122
Q

What is filtration and what is it driven by?

A

Pushing fluids out of a capillary, driven by blood hydrostatic pressure

123
Q

What is reabsorption and what is it driven by?

A

Moving fluid into a capillary, driven by colloid osmotic pressure

124
Q

What is osmotic pressure regulated by?

A

Albumin

125
Q

Mechanisms of venous return?

A

Pressure gradient, muscular pump, thoracic pump

126
Q

What hormones cause vasoconstriction?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin II

127
Q

What hormones cause fluid retention or excretion?

A

Aldosterone, ADH - retention
ANP - excretion

128
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

129
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Any resting BP above 140/90

130
Q

Where are chemoreceptors?

A

In arteries

131
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Detect pH, CO2, and O2

132
Q

What blood vessel has the thickest tunica media?

A

Big arteries

133
Q

What factors influence peripheral/systemic vascular resistance?

A

Flow characteristics, vessel length, vessel radius, and viscosity

134
Q

What does angiotensin do to BP?

A

Increase

135
Q

What does aldosterone do to BP?

A

Increase

136
Q

What does ADH do to BP?

A

Increase

137
Q

What does ANP do to BP?

A

Decrease

138
Q

How do solutes move through a capillary wall?

A

Through membrane: diffusion and filtration/reabsorption
With carrier: transcytosis

139
Q

What blood vessels have the highest blood pressure?

A

Large arteries

140
Q

Where is the bulk of vasomotion?

A

In arterioles, due to precapillary sphincters

141
Q

Layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna

142
Q

What is the capillary wall made of?

A

Endothelial simple squamous cells

143
Q

When blood flows through capillary bed, from arterial end to venule end, what does it flow through?

A

Thoroughfare channel

144
Q

Most permeable capillaries?

A

Sinusoidal

145
Q

Least permeable capillaries?

A

Continuous

146
Q

Capillaries with complete linings are how permeable?

A

Low

147
Q

Do pulmonary or systemic arteries have higher BP?

A

Systemic

148
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

Loss of blood volume

149
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Heart not doing a good job

150
Q

Where is the reflex center?

A

Medulla oblongata

151
Q

How would the process of red blood cell production be affected by constricting the arteries that supply blood to the kidney? Hint- this would cause a low oxygen supply- how will kidneys react? What is a low oxygen supply called? Name two other situations that would cause a low oxygen supply to the kidneys.

A

1) Low oxygen stimulates release of erythropoietin
2) Low oxygen is called hypoxia
3) Erythropoietin is made in the kidneys so these would make more erythropoietin
4) The more RBCs lets oxygen be transported more efficiently
5) One situation is an embolus blocking blood vessles
6) Another situation is anemia

152
Q

Types of arteries?

A

Conducting, distributing, and arterioles

153
Q

Types of veins?

A

Large, medium, venule

154
Q

Types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

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