Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

‱ > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions the ANS regulates?

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory airflow, pupillary diameter, digestion, energy metabolism, defecation, urination, sexual function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the ANS control?

A

Glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary target organs of ANS?

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity viscera, cutaneous blood vessels, sweat glands, piloerector muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What would happen if the nerve was severed from an autonomic organ?

A

It would continue working, but w/ exaggerated responses - denervation hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What would happen if the nerve was severed from a somatic organ?

A

It would exhibit flaccid paralysis and be unable to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are visceral reflexes?

A

Unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation. A bit slower than somatic reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Components of a visceral reflex arc?

A

Receptors (detect stretch, tissue damage, chemicals, body temp, etc) -> afferent neurons to CNS -> integrating center (interneurons) -> efferent neurons -> effector (gland or viscera)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How would a baroreflex work?

A

Baroreceptors sense increased BP, glossopharyngeal nerve transmits signals to medulla, vagus nerve transmits inhibitory signals to cardiac pacemaker, heart rate decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Divisions of ANS?

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How long are pre and postganglionic fibers in sympathetic nervous system?

A

Short pre, long post

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How long are pre and postganglionic fibers in parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Long pre, short post

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Increase heart rate, blood pressure, airflow, blood glucose levels, and pupillary dilation. Releases blood flow to skin, GI tract, and urinary output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Reduce energy expenditure, stimulate digestion, urination, defecation, glycogen synthesis. And bronchoconstriction and decreases cardiac contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is autonomic tone?

A

Normal background rate of activity that represents the balance of the 2 systems according to the body’s needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is sympathetic tone?

A

Keeps blood vessels partially constricted and maintains blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Difference between pathways in somatic and autonomic reflex arcs?

A

Somatic is CNS to skeletal muscle directly, autonomic is CNS to preganglionic fiber to postganglionic fiber to target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is parasympathetic tone?

A

Maintains smooth muscle tone in intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do sympathetic division nerve fibers arise from?

A

Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Another name for sympathetic division?

A

Thoracolumbar division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord and what do they lead to?

A

Exit via spinal nerves T1-L2 and lead to paravertebral ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What ramus is preganglionic fibers?

A

White

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What ramus is postganglionic fibers?

A

Gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do nerve fibers leave chain?

A

Spinal, sympathetic, or splanchnic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do nerve fibers exit via spinal?

A

Exit by way of gray ramus, return to spinal cord, travel rest of way to target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are muscles and body wall effectors innervated by?

A

Spinal fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do nerve fibers exit via sympathetic?

A

Via sympathetic nerves extending to heart/lungs/esophagus/thoracic blood vessels, forming carotid plexus around arteries, issuing fibers from there to effectors in the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are effectors in the head and thoracic cavity innervated by?

A

Sympathetic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do nerve fibers exit via splanchnic?

A

Pass through sympathetic ganglia without synapsing, continue beyond ganglia, lead to collateral ganglia, and synapse w/ postganglionics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are effectors in the abdominopelvic cavity innervated by?

A

Splanchnic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the abdominal aortic plexus?

A

A network of collateral ganglia wrapped around the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Major collateral ganglia?

A

Celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the solar plexus?

A

Collective name for celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is neural divergence?

A

When a preganglionic cell branches and synapses into multiple postganglionic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many postganglionic fibers are innervated by 1 preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division?

A

10-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How many postganglionic fibers are innervated by 1 preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division?

A

5 or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do?

A

Secrete steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do?

A

Essentially functions as a sympathetic ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are adrenal medullas made of?

A

Modified postganglionic neurons without dendrites or axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the sympathoadrenal system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla, they’re paired because they’re close in development and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

85% epinephrine and 15% norepinephrine, w/ a trace of dopamine, secreted by the adrenal medulla. Can function as neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is an intramural ganglion?

A

In the parasympathetic nervous system, preganglionic fibers that end in the wall of the target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where are somas/origins of preganglionic neurons located?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and S2-S4 of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How do fibers reaching target organs differ for sympathetic and parasympathetic divisons?

A

In sympathetic - postganglionic fiber reaches target organ. In parasympathetic - preganglionic fiber reaches target organ before there’s a divergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

From what nerves do fibers leave the brainstem?

A

Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do?

A

Narrow pupils and focus lenses

45
Q

What does the facial nerve do?

A

Control tear, nasal, and salivary glands

46
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A

Parotid salivary gland

47
Q

What does the vagus nerve do?

A

Carry 90% of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers; and control viscera as far as the proximal half of the colon

48
Q

What do the remaining fibers from S2 to S4 do?

A

Travel by pelvic nerves to terminal ganglia in distal half of colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

49
Q

What is the enternic nervous system?

A

The digestive tract; it doesn’t arise from brainstem or spinal cord but it does innervate smooth muscle and glands so it’s debatably part of the ANS

50
Q

What is the enternic nervous system made of?

A

100 million neurons in the walls of the digestive tract

51
Q

Does the enteric nervous system have reflex arcs?

A

Yes, but they’re not associated w/ the spinal cord

52
Q

What does the enteric nervous system do?

A

Regulate the motility of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, and regulate secretion of digestive enzymes and acid

53
Q

Where are paired adrenal glands?

A

Resting on the superior poles of the kidneys

53
Q

What are the glands of 1 adrenal gland?

A

Outer rind, or adrenal cortex, and inner core, or adrenal medulla

54
Q

How is digestion carried out?

A

By the enteric nervous system, but also the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

55
Q

What do sympathetic preganglionic fibers secrete?

A

ACh

56
Q

What do sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete?

A

Norepinephrine mostly, sometimes ACh

57
Q

What do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers secrete?

A

ACh

58
Q

What do parasympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete?

A

ACh

59
Q

What does cholinergic mean?

A

Secretes ACh

60
Q

What does adrenergic mean?

A

Secretes norepinephrine

61
Q

Can divisions of the ANS have contrasting effects on organs?

A

Yeah

62
Q

Why do autonomic neurons have different effects?

A

Symp. and parasymp. fibers secrete diff neurotransmitters + target cells respond in diff ways even to the same neurotransmitter just depending on what receptors they have for it

63
Q

What do autonomic nerve fibers secrete?

A

Acetylcholine or norepinephrine

64
Q

What sympathetic postganglionics secrete ACh?

A

Ones innervating sweat glands and some blood vessels

65
Q

What are cholinergic fibers?

A

Any nerve fiber that secretes ACh

66
Q

What are cholinergic receptors?

A

Any receptor that binds ACh

67
Q

Categories of cholinergic receptors?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic

68
Q

What are muscarinic receptors?

A

Type of ACh receptor; found in cardiac and smooth muscle and gland cells. Excitatory or inhibitory

69
Q

What are nicotinic receptors?

A

Type of ACh receptor; in all ANS postganglionic neurons + adrenal medulla + neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle. Always excitatory

70
Q

What are adrenergic fibers?

A

Fibers that secrete norepinephrine

71
Q

What are adrenergic receptors?

A

Receptors that bind norepinephrine

72
Q

What are alpha-adrenergic receptors?

A

NE receptor; usually excitatory and promoted labor contractions, stimulates piloerection, constricts dermal blood vessels, and inhibits intestinal motility

73
Q

Types of norepinephrine receptors?

A

Alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic

74
Q

What are beta-adrenergic receptors?

A

NE receptor; usually inhibitory, relaxes and dilates bronchioles while exciting cardiac muscle - useful for exercise

75
Q

What effects last longer, sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

76
Q

How is secretion affected by blood flow?

A

Secretions begin as a filtrate of blood, so increasing blood flow through a gland increases secretion, and vice versa

77
Q

What happens to ACh after it’s secreted?

A

It quickly is broken down by AChE

78
Q

What happens to NE after it’s secreted?

A

It gets broken down by MAO or COMT, or it circulates in the bloodstream for a bit before the liver degrades it

79
Q

What can sympathetic fibers secrete?

A

Enkephalin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, neurotensin, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone

80
Q

What can parasympathetic fibers secrete?

A

Nitric oxide

81
Q

What is nitric oxide necessary for?

A

Penile erection

82
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

When viscera receive nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

83
Q

What is an antagonist effect?

A

When 2 effects oppose each other

84
Q

What is a cooperative effect?

A

When 2 divisions act on different effectors for an overall unified effect

85
Q

What is sympathetic vasomotor tone?

A

A state of partial constriction in blood vessels

86
Q

How is blood pressure regulated?

A

Without dual innervation - the sympathetic fibers maintain a partial contraction so increasing firing rate constricts the vessel and vice versa

87
Q

How are antagonistic effects exerted?

A

Dual innervation of the same effector cells, or each division innervating different effector which have opposite effects

88
Q

What can influence the ANS?

A

Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

89
Q

How does the cerebral cortex influence the ANS?

A

Powerful emotions influence the ANS because of connections between our limbic system and the hypothalamus. Like anger raises blood pressure, fear makes heart race, etc

90
Q

How does the hypothalamus impact the ANS?

A

It’s a major visceral control center containing nuclei that control primitive functions such as hunger, thirst, and sex

91
Q

How do the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata influence the ANS?

A

They contain nuclei for cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, bladder control, and pupillary changes

92
Q

How are defecation and urination and ejaculation controlled?

A

Via spinal cord reflexes, but if those are severed, the autonomic reflexes then take over

93
Q

What is neuropharmacology?

A

The study of effects of drugs on the nervous system

94
Q

What do sympathomimetics do?

A

Enhance sympathetic activity. Stimulate receptors or increase norepinephrine release

95
Q

What do sympatholytics do?

A

Suppress sympathetic activity. Block receptors or inhibit norepinephrine release

96
Q

What do parasympathomimetics do?

A

Enhance activity of parasympathetic nervous system

97
Q

What do parasympatholytics do?

A

Suppress activity of parasympathetic nervous system

98
Q

How does Prozac work?

A

It acts like a neurotransmitter on the CNS, blocking reuptake of serotonin to prolong its mood-elevating effect

99
Q

How does caffeine work?

A

It competes with adenosine (which, when present, causes sleepiness) by binding to its receptors

100
Q

What is autonomic tone?

A

The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

101
Q

Sympathetic fibers arise from what regions of the spinal cord?

A

Thoracic and lumbar

102
Q

Why do parasympathetic effects last longer?

A

When parasymp. releases ACh, it quickly is broken down. Meanwhile, NE gets to circulate

103
Q

Do all sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic fibers secrete adrenaline?

A

Yes

104
Q

Autonomic nervous system fibers are not involved in:

A

Maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck

105
Q

Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are ____ and secrete _____

A

Myelinated, acetylcholine

106
Q

Does acetylcholine always have an excitatory effect?

A

No

107
Q

Where do fibers of the vagus nerve end?

A

Very near or within their target organs

108
Q

Antagonistic effects of the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of…

A

Gastrointestinal motility

109
Q

If a cell as alpha 1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to….

A

Adrenaline and norepinephrine

110
Q

In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called ____ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to ____ its beats per minute

A

Baroreceptors, decrease

‱ (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions