Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
How do erythrocytes look on a blood cell slide?
Biconcave discs
General functions of erythrocytes?
Transport oxygen and CO2
How do neutrophils look on a blood cell slide?
S-shaped nucleus with 3-5 lobes
General functions of neutrophils?
Fight bacterial infections
How do lymphocytes look on a blood cell slide?
The nucleus takes up most of the cell
General functions of lymphocytes?
Provide long-term immunity
How do monocytes look on a blood cell slide?
Clumpy, U-shaped nucleus
General functions of monocytes?
Migrate into connective tissues and become macrophages
How do eosinophils look on a blood cell slide?
Bilobed nucleus with a thin connecting strand
General functions of eosinophils?
Fight against parasitic infections
How do basophils look on a blood cell slide?
The nucleus is hard to see because there’s so many granules
General functions of basophils?
Secrete histamine and heparin
How do thrombocytes look on a blood cell slide?
Small little clumps
General functions of thrombocytes?
Stop bleeding
What is the average leukocyte count?
5,000-10,000 WBCs/microliter
What is leukopenia?
A low WBC count, under 5,000 WBCs/microliter
What is leukocytosis?
A high WBC count, over 10,000WBCs/microliter
Identify a sickle cell anemia slide
Done
Identify the different blood cells and WBCs on a slide
Done
How do slides with sickle cell anemia look?
They have sickle-shaped RBCs scattered
Difference between sickle-celled and normal RBCs?
The sickle-celled RBCs get sticky and clump together
What are antigens?
They make your blood type
What are antibodies?
They are present in the absence of antigens (like type A blood has B antigens)
What does agglutination mean
When a serum is added to a blood sample, that formed element is present
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Rh- mother, Rh+ father, Rh+ baby
What is Rho-GAM?
Blood doesn’t make the antibodies in hemolytic disease of the newborn
Universal donor?
O-
Universal recipient?
AB+
What is agglutination?
Clumping of antibodies to antigens in blood
What is agglutinogen?
Antigen
What is agglutinin?
Antibodies/gamma immunoglobins
What are transfusion reactions?
Adverse reactions to transfusions of blood, like infection and sickness
What is the difference between agglutination and coagulation?
Agglutination is a clump in the blood, coagulation is a full platelet plug and then clot
How do you calculate hematocrit?
RBC (mm) / total blood volume (mm) x 100
Normal hematocrit for females?
37-48%
Normal hematocrit for males?
45-52%
What is polycythemia?
Excess RBC count, over 48% for women and 52% for men
What is anemia?
Low RBC count, below 37% for women and 45% for men
What is a heme group?
Non-protein group that holds iron and binds oxygen
What is a globin group?
Protein group that binds carbon dioxide
What is the epicardium?
Outermost layer of the heart. Made of simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue, sometimes with adipose tissue
What is myocardium?
Muscle of the heart, middle layer. Simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue
What is endocardium?
Innermost layer of the heart. Made of cardiac muscle
What is the apex of the heart?
The pointy inferior part
What is the base of the heart?
The superior wide part
What is the ascending aorta?
Straight bid middle artery in anterior view, more medial
Identify ascending aorta on a diagram
Done
Where is the aortic arch?
Arch on anterior view of the heart
Identify the aortic arch on a diagram
Done
Where is the brachiocephalic branch of the heart?
Leftmost branch of aorta
Identify the brachiocephalic branch on a diagram
Done
Where is the left common carotid?
Middle of aorta
Identify the left common carotid on a diagram
Done
Where is the left subclavian artery?
Rightmost branch of aorta from posterior view
Identify the left subclavian artery on a diagram
Done
Where is the descending aorta?
Large artery leading out of the heart, more lateral
Identify the descending aorta on a diagram
Done
Where is the superior vena cava?
Large vein on superior portion of heart, opposite side of apex
Identify the superior vena cava on a diagram
Done
Where is the inferior vena cava?
Large vein on inferior portion of heart on opposite side of apex
Identify the inferior vena cava on a diagram
Done
Where is the pulmonary trunk?
Large vein in the middle of anterior view kinda leaning towards apex
Identify the pulmonary trunk on a diagram
Done
Where is the left atrium?
Top chamber on side of apex
Identify the left atrium on a diagram
Done
Where is the left ventricle?
Lower chamber on same side as apex
Identify the left ventricle on a diagram
Done
Where is the right atrium?
Top chamber on opposite side of apex
Identify the right atrium on a diagram
Done
Where is the right ventricle?
Bottom chamber on opposite side of apex
Identify the right ventricle on a diagram
Done
Identify the left coronary artery on a diagram
Done
Identify the anterior interventricular artery on a diagram
Done
Identify the circumflex artery on
a diagram
Done
Identify the right marginal artery on a diagram
Done
Identify the posterior interventricular artery on a diagram
Done
Identify the great cardiac vein on a diagram
Done
Identify the small cardiac vein on a diagram
Done
Identify the middle cardiac vein on a diagram
Done
Identify the coronary sinus on a diagram
Done
Where is the tricuspid valve?
White part under atrium on side away from apex
Identify the tricuspid valve on a diagram
Done
Where is the pulmonary valve?
White part in middle of heart, inside middle vein
Identify the pulmonary valve on a diagram
Done
Where is the bicuspid/mitral valve?
White part under atrium on side of apex
Identify the bicuspid/mitral valve on a diagram
Done
Where is the aortic valve?
Tiny part between middle vein and bicuspid valve in the ventricle near the top on the side of the apex
Identify the aortic valve on a diagram
Done
Where are the pectinate muscles?
Inside atria
Identify the pectinate muscles on a diagram
Done
Where are the chordae tendineae?
Stringy white parts between ventricles and valves
Identify the chordae tendineae on a diagram
Done
Where are the trabeculae carneae?
Inside ventricles
Identify the trabeculae carneae on a diagram
Done
Where are the papillary muscles?
What the chordae tendineae connect to on the bottom
Identify the papillary muscles on a diagram
Done
Where is the interventricular septum?
Divider between ventricles
Identify the interventricular septum on a diagram
Done
Where are the adipose deposits?
Fatty part in the middle of the heart
Identify the adipose deposits on a diagram
Done
Label pig heart
Done
Identify a cardiac muscle slide
Done
Identify a skeletal muscle slide
Done
Characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Intercalated discs with gap junctions, nuclei, striations, branches, and it’s involuntary
Characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Nuclei, striations, parallel fibers, and is voluntary
Diff/sims between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Cardiac has longer absolute refractory period and is involuntary but both are striated and have sarcomeres
Pathway of blood through the heart?
Venae cavae -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> semilunar valve -> aorta -> systemic arteries -> systemic capillaries -> systemic veins -> venae cavae
Where is the sinoatrial node?
Upper portion of right atrium
Where is the atrioventricular node?
In the right atrium, closer to interventricular septum
Where is the bundle of His?
In the middle of the interventricular septum
Where are the bundle branches?
Leading down the interventricular septum
Where are the Purkinje fibers?
Near the apex
Where is the P wave on an ECG?
Little wave before big spike
Where is the QRS complex on an ECG?
Big spike
Where is the T wave on an ECG?
Little wave after big spike
What is the P wave signifying?
Atrial depolarization
What is the QRS complex signifying?
Ventricular depolarization
What is the T wave signifying?
Ventricular repolarization
What does atrial depolarization lead to?
Atrial systole
What does ventricular depolarization lead to?
Ventricular systole
What does atrial repolarization lead to?
Atrial diastole
What does ventricular repolarization lead to?
Ventricular diastole
What is an arrhythmia?
Irregular rhythm of the heart
What is tachycardia?
High resting heart rate, above 100bpm
What is bradycardia?
Low resting heart rate, below 60bpm
What does a sinus rhythm ECG look like?
Normal. Small wave, big spike, small wave
What does nodal rhythm look like on an ECG?
P wave is missing
What does heart block look like on a diagram?
QRS and T waves are missing
What does ventricular fibrillation look like on a diagram?
Really irregular waves
Step 1 of cardiac muscle action potential?
Sodium flows in and depolarizes membrane
Step 2 of cardiac muscle action potential?
When cell is depolarized, sodium channels close
Step 3 of cardiac muscle action potential
Calcium enters membrane and prolongs depolarization and some potassium leaks out
Step 4 of cardiac muscle action potential?
Potassium rapidly flows out and calcium channels close and it exits the cell
Where do the different ions flow during a cardiac muscle action potential?
Potassium flows out, sodium flows in, calcium flows in
What is a plateau?
Calcium entering the cell prolongs depolarization of the cell
What is pulse rate?
The number of times your heart beats per minute
Where is the superficial temporal artery?
Temple of the head
Where is the facial artery?
Lower face, near jaw
Where is the common carotid artery?
Side of neck
Where is the radial artery?
On the forearm, on the side of the thumb
Where is the brachial artery?
Upper arm
Where is the femoral artery?
Upper leg
Where is the popliteal artery?
Knee
Where is the posterior tibial artery?
Back of leg
Where is the dorsal pedal artery?
Top of the foot
What is lubb?
S1, AV valve closure
What is dupp?
S2, semilunar valve closure
What is auscultation?
Listening to the internal sounds of the heart
Identify artery and vein on a slide
Done
Identify the tunica interna on an artery/vein slide
Done
Identify the tunica externa on an artery/vein slide
Done
Identify the tunica media on an artery/vein slide
Done
Difference between vein and artery?
Vein has a larger diameter, arteries are smaller and have thicker walls
Tunica interna makeup?
Simple squamous epithelium over loose connective tissue. Endothelium
Tunica media makeup?
Smooth muscle and collagen
Tunica externa makeup?
Loose connective tissue
Draw arteries and veins diagram
Done
Identify the left and right radial arteries
Done
Identify the left and right ulnar arteries
Done
Identify the left and right brachial arteries
Done
Identify the left and right axillary arteries
Done
Identify the left and right subclavian arteries
Done
Identify the left and right facial arteries
Done
Identify the right common carotid artery
Done
Identify the right external carotid artery
Done
Identify the right internal carotid artery
Done
Identify the left common carotid artery
Done
Identify the left external carotid artery
Done
Identify the left external carotid artery
Done
Identify the left internal carotid artery
Done
Identify the left subclavian artery
Done
Identify the ascending aorta
Done
Identify the aortic arch
Done
Identify the descending aorta
Done
Identify the pulmonary trunk
Done
Identify the pulmonary arteries
Done
Identify the celiac trunk
Done
Identify the superior mesenteric artery
Done
Identify the left and right renal arteries
Done
Identify the inferior mesenteric artery
Done
Identify the left and right common iliac arteries
Done
Identify the left and right external iliac arteries
Done
Identify the left and right femoral arteries
Done
Identify the left and right internal iliac arteries
Done
Identify the left and right median antebrachial veins
Done
Identify the left and right median cubital veins
Done
Identify the left and right brachial veins
Done
Identify the left and right basilic veins
Done
Identify the left and right axillary veins
Done
Identify the left and right cephalic veins
Done
Identify the left and right subclavian veins
Done
Identify the left and right facial veins
Done
Identify the left and right external jugular veins
Done
Identify the left and right internal jugular veins
Done
Identify the left and right brachiocephalic veins
Done
Identify the superior vena cava
Done
Identify the pulmonary veins
Done
Identify the coronary sinus
Done
Identify the inferior vena cava
Done
Identify the superior mesenteric vein
Done
Identify the left and right renal veins
Done
Identify the left and right gonadal veins
Done
Identify the left and right common iliac veins
Done
Identify the left and right external iliac veins
Done
Identify the left and right femoral veins
Done
Identify the left and right great saphenous veins
Done
Identify the left and right internal iliac veins
Done
Steps of taking blood pressure?
Record pressure during ventricular contraction and relaxation for systolic and diastolic pressures. You can inflate the cuff and take it from the brachial artery for this
What is a stethoscope?
A tool to measure audible heart sounds
What are korotkoff sounds?
Sounds when a blood pressure cuff changes the flow of blood through an artery
What is atherosclerosis?
Growth of lipid deposits in arterial walls
What is hypertension?
High BP, over 140/90
What is hypotension?
Low BP, under 120/80
What is a systole?
Contraction
What is a diastole?
Relaxation
What is pulse pressure?
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
What is a brachial artery?
The artery that blood pressure is measured from
Where are the cervical lymph nodes?
Back of head/throat
Identify the cervical lymph nodes
Done
Where is the right lymphatic duct?
Near collarbone on left side when looking at a person head on
Identify the right lymphatic duct
Done
Where is the thymus?
Above the heart, grayish organ
Identify the thymus
Done
Where is the cisterna chyli?
Middle of torso, big trunk thing
Identify the cisterna chyli
Done
Where are the abdominal lymph nodes?
All the little nodes all over the stomach
Identify the abdominal lymph nodes
Done
Where is red bone marrow?
In the epiphyses of bones
Identify the red bone marrow
Done
Where are the popliteal lymph nodes?
In the knees
Identify the popliteal lymph nodes
Done
Where are the lymphatic vessels?
The long vessels in the legs
Identify the lymphatic vessels
Done
Where are the palatine tonsils?
In the mouth
Identify the palatine tonsils
Done
Where is the thoracic duct?
Little loop on right side (front view) near collarbone
Identify the thoracic duct
Done
Where are the axillary lymph nodes?
In the armpit
Identify the axillary lymph nodes
Done
Where is the spleen?
Dark bean shaped organ on right upper side (front view)
Identify the spleen
Done
Where are the inguinal lymph nodes?
Near reproductive organs
Identify the inguinal lymph nodes
Done
Identify or draw a lymph node slide
Done
Identify the capsule, cortex, and medulla of a lymph node
Done
Where is the capsule on a lymph node slide?
Outer edge
Where is the cortex on a lymph node slide?
Grainy part on the edge, still dark
Where is the medulla on a lymph node slide?
Whiteish part in the center
Function of lymph nodes?
Filters out harmful substances and wastes from the blood
Identify/draw a lymphatic vessel slide
Done
Where is a valve on a lymphatic vessel?
Whiteish space
Function of lymphatic vessels?
Transport and filter lymphatic fluid from body’s cells and tissues
Identify/draw a spleen slide
Done
Identify the red pulp, white pulp, and cerebral artery of a spleen slide
Done
Where is the red pulp of a spleen slide?
The “background” basically
Where is the white pulp of a spleen slide?
Cluster of differently colored cells
Where is the central artery of a spleen slide?
Light oval inside white pulp
Function of spleen?
Kill old RBCs
Identify/draw a tonsil slide
Done
Identify tonsillar crypts and lymphatic nodules on a tonsil slide
Done
Where are tonsillar crypts on a tonsil slide?
White crack
Where are lymphatic nodules on a tonsil slide?
Round cluster of differently colored cells
Function of tonsils?
Stop germs from entering body
Difference between jugular and carotid veins/arteries?
There are only carotid arteries, no carotid veins, and only jugular veins, no jugular arteries
