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Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How do erythrocytes look on a blood cell slide?

A

Biconcave discs

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2
Q

General functions of erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen and CO2

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3
Q

How do neutrophils look on a blood cell slide?

A

S-shaped nucleus with 3-5 lobes

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4
Q

General functions of neutrophils?

A

Fight bacterial infections

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5
Q

How do lymphocytes look on a blood cell slide?

A

The nucleus takes up most of the cell

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6
Q

General functions of lymphocytes?

A

Provide long-term immunity

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7
Q

How do monocytes look on a blood cell slide?

A

Clumpy, U-shaped nucleus

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8
Q

General functions of monocytes?

A

Migrate into connective tissues and become macrophages

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9
Q

How do eosinophils look on a blood cell slide?

A

Bilobed nucleus with a thin connecting strand

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10
Q

General functions of eosinophils?

A

Fight against parasitic infections

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11
Q

How do basophils look on a blood cell slide?

A

The nucleus is hard to see because there’s so many granules

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12
Q

General functions of basophils?

A

Secrete histamine and heparin

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13
Q

How do thrombocytes look on a blood cell slide?

A

Small little clumps

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14
Q

General functions of thrombocytes?

A

Stop bleeding

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15
Q

What is the average leukocyte count?

A

5,000-10,000 WBCs/microliter

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16
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

A low WBC count, under 5,000 WBCs/microliter

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17
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

A high WBC count, over 10,000WBCs/microliter

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18
Q

Identify a sickle cell anemia slide

A

Done

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19
Q

Identify the different blood cells and WBCs on a slide

A

Done

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20
Q

How do slides with sickle cell anemia look?

A

They have sickle-shaped RBCs scattered

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21
Q

Difference between sickle-celled and normal RBCs?

A

The sickle-celled RBCs get sticky and clump together

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22
Q

What are antigens?

A

They make your blood type

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23
Q

What are antibodies?

A

They are present in the absence of antigens (like type A blood has B antigens)

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24
Q

What does agglutination mean

A

When a serum is added to a blood sample, that formed element is present

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25
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Rh- mother, Rh+ father, Rh+ baby

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26
Q

What is Rho-GAM?

A

Blood doesn’t make the antibodies in hemolytic disease of the newborn

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27
Q

Universal donor?

A

O-

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27
Q

Universal recipient?

A

AB+

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28
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Clumping of antibodies to antigens in blood

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29
Q

What is agglutinogen?

A

Antigen

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30
Q

What is agglutinin?

A

Antibodies/gamma immunoglobins

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31
Q

What are transfusion reactions?

A

Adverse reactions to transfusions of blood, like infection and sickness

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32
Q

What is the difference between agglutination and coagulation?

A

Agglutination is a clump in the blood, coagulation is a full platelet plug and then clot

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33
Q

How do you calculate hematocrit?

A

RBC (mm) / total blood volume (mm) x 100

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34
Q

Normal hematocrit for females?

A

37-48%

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35
Q

Normal hematocrit for males?

A

45-52%

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36
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Excess RBC count, over 48% for women and 52% for men

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37
Q

What is anemia?

A

Low RBC count, below 37% for women and 45% for men

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38
Q

What is a heme group?

A

Non-protein group that holds iron and binds oxygen

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39
Q

What is a globin group?

A

Protein group that binds carbon dioxide

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40
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Outermost layer of the heart. Made of simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue, sometimes with adipose tissue

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41
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Muscle of the heart, middle layer. Simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue

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42
Q

What is endocardium?

A

Innermost layer of the heart. Made of cardiac muscle

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43
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

The pointy inferior part

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44
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The superior wide part

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45
Q

What is the ascending aorta?

A

Straight bid middle artery in anterior view, more medial

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46
Q

Identify ascending aorta on a diagram

A

Done

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47
Q

Where is the aortic arch?

A

Arch on anterior view of the heart

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48
Q

Identify the aortic arch on a diagram

A

Done

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49
Q

Where is the brachiocephalic branch of the heart?

A

Leftmost branch of aorta

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50
Q

Identify the brachiocephalic branch on a diagram

A

Done

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51
Q

Where is the left common carotid?

A

Middle of aorta

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52
Q

Identify the left common carotid on a diagram

A

Done

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52
Q

Where is the left subclavian artery?

A

Rightmost branch of aorta from posterior view

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53
Q

Identify the left subclavian artery on a diagram

A

Done

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54
Q

Where is the descending aorta?

A

Large artery leading out of the heart, more lateral

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55
Q

Identify the descending aorta on a diagram

A

Done

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56
Q

Where is the superior vena cava?

A

Large vein on superior portion of heart, opposite side of apex

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57
Q

Identify the superior vena cava on a diagram

A

Done

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58
Q

Where is the inferior vena cava?

A

Large vein on inferior portion of heart on opposite side of apex

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59
Q

Identify the inferior vena cava on a diagram

A

Done

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60
Q

Where is the pulmonary trunk?

A

Large vein in the middle of anterior view kinda leaning towards apex

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61
Q

Identify the pulmonary trunk on a diagram

A

Done

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62
Q

Where is the left atrium?

A

Top chamber on side of apex

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63
Q

Identify the left atrium on a diagram

A

Done

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64
Q

Where is the left ventricle?

A

Lower chamber on same side as apex

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65
Q

Identify the left ventricle on a diagram

A

Done

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66
Q

Where is the right atrium?

A

Top chamber on opposite side of apex

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67
Q

Identify the right atrium on a diagram

A

Done

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68
Q

Where is the right ventricle?

A

Bottom chamber on opposite side of apex

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69
Q

Identify the right ventricle on a diagram

A

Done

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70
Q

Identify the left coronary artery on a diagram

A

Done

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71
Q

Identify the anterior interventricular artery on a diagram

A

Done

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72
Q

Identify the circumflex artery on
a diagram

A

Done

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73
Q

Identify the right marginal artery on a diagram

A

Done

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74
Q

Identify the posterior interventricular artery on a diagram

A

Done

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75
Q

Identify the great cardiac vein on a diagram

A

Done

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76
Q

Identify the small cardiac vein on a diagram

A

Done

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77
Q

Identify the middle cardiac vein on a diagram

A

Done

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78
Q

Identify the coronary sinus on a diagram

A

Done

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79
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

White part under atrium on side away from apex

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80
Q

Identify the tricuspid valve on a diagram

A

Done

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81
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

White part in middle of heart, inside middle vein

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82
Q

Identify the pulmonary valve on a diagram

A

Done

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83
Q

Where is the bicuspid/mitral valve?

A

White part under atrium on side of apex

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84
Q

Identify the bicuspid/mitral valve on a diagram

A

Done

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85
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

Tiny part between middle vein and bicuspid valve in the ventricle near the top on the side of the apex

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86
Q

Identify the aortic valve on a diagram

A

Done

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87
Q

Where are the pectinate muscles?

A

Inside atria

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88
Q

Identify the pectinate muscles on a diagram

A

Done

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89
Q

Where are the chordae tendineae?

A

Stringy white parts between ventricles and valves

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90
Q

Identify the chordae tendineae on a diagram

A

Done

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91
Q

Where are the trabeculae carneae?

A

Inside ventricles

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92
Q

Identify the trabeculae carneae on a diagram

A

Done

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93
Q

Where are the papillary muscles?

A

What the chordae tendineae connect to on the bottom

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94
Q

Identify the papillary muscles on a diagram

A

Done

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95
Q

Where is the interventricular septum?

A

Divider between ventricles

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96
Q

Identify the interventricular septum on a diagram

A

Done

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97
Q

Where are the adipose deposits?

A

Fatty part in the middle of the heart

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98
Q

Identify the adipose deposits on a diagram

A

Done

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99
Q

Label pig heart

A

Done

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100
Q

Identify a cardiac muscle slide

A

Done

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101
Q

Identify a skeletal muscle slide

A

Done

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102
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated discs with gap junctions, nuclei, striations, branches, and it’s involuntary

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103
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Nuclei, striations, parallel fibers, and is voluntary

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104
Q

Diff/sims between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

A

Cardiac has longer absolute refractory period and is involuntary but both are striated and have sarcomeres

105
Q

Pathway of blood through the heart?

A

Venae cavae -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> semilunar valve -> aorta -> systemic arteries -> systemic capillaries -> systemic veins -> venae cavae

106
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node?

A

Upper portion of right atrium

107
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node?

A

In the right atrium, closer to interventricular septum

108
Q

Where is the bundle of His?

A

In the middle of the interventricular septum

109
Q

Where are the bundle branches?

A

Leading down the interventricular septum

110
Q

Where are the Purkinje fibers?

A

Near the apex

111
Q

Where is the P wave on an ECG?

A

Little wave before big spike

112
Q

Where is the QRS complex on an ECG?

A

Big spike

113
Q

Where is the T wave on an ECG?

A

Little wave after big spike

114
Q

What is the P wave signifying?

A

Atrial depolarization

115
Q

What is the QRS complex signifying?

A

Ventricular depolarization

116
Q

What is the T wave signifying?

A

Ventricular repolarization

117
Q

What does atrial depolarization lead to?

A

Atrial systole

118
Q

What does ventricular depolarization lead to?

A

Ventricular systole

119
Q

What does atrial repolarization lead to?

A

Atrial diastole

120
Q

What does ventricular repolarization lead to?

A

Ventricular diastole

121
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

Irregular rhythm of the heart

122
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

High resting heart rate, above 100bpm

123
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Low resting heart rate, below 60bpm

124
Q

What does a sinus rhythm ECG look like?

A

Normal. Small wave, big spike, small wave

125
Q

What does nodal rhythm look like on an ECG?

A

P wave is missing

126
Q

What does heart block look like on a diagram?

A

QRS and T waves are missing

127
Q

What does ventricular fibrillation look like on a diagram?

A

Really irregular waves

128
Q

Step 1 of cardiac muscle action potential?

A

Sodium flows in and depolarizes membrane

129
Q

Step 2 of cardiac muscle action potential?

A

When cell is depolarized, sodium channels close

130
Q

Step 3 of cardiac muscle action potential

A

Calcium enters membrane and prolongs depolarization and some potassium leaks out

131
Q

Step 4 of cardiac muscle action potential?

A

Potassium rapidly flows out and calcium channels close and it exits the cell

132
Q

Where do the different ions flow during a cardiac muscle action potential?

A

Potassium flows out, sodium flows in, calcium flows in

133
Q

What is a plateau?

A

Calcium entering the cell prolongs depolarization of the cell

134
Q

What is pulse rate?

A

The number of times your heart beats per minute

135
Q

Where is the superficial temporal artery?

A

Temple of the head

136
Q

Where is the facial artery?

A

Lower face, near jaw

137
Q

Where is the common carotid artery?

A

Side of neck

138
Q

Where is the radial artery?

A

On the forearm, on the side of the thumb

139
Q

Where is the brachial artery?

A

Upper arm

140
Q

Where is the femoral artery?

A

Upper leg

141
Q

Where is the popliteal artery?

A

Knee

142
Q

Where is the posterior tibial artery?

A

Back of leg

143
Q

Where is the dorsal pedal artery?

A

Top of the foot

144
Q

What is lubb?

A

S1, AV valve closure

145
Q

What is dupp?

A

S2, semilunar valve closure

146
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Listening to the internal sounds of the heart

147
Q

Identify artery and vein on a slide

A

Done

148
Q

Identify the tunica interna on an artery/vein slide

A

Done

149
Q

Identify the tunica externa on an artery/vein slide

A

Done

150
Q

Identify the tunica media on an artery/vein slide

A

Done

151
Q

Difference between vein and artery?

A

Vein has a larger diameter, arteries are smaller and have thicker walls

152
Q

Tunica interna makeup?

A

Simple squamous epithelium over loose connective tissue. Endothelium

153
Q

Tunica media makeup?

A

Smooth muscle and collagen

154
Q

Tunica externa makeup?

A

Loose connective tissue

155
Q

Draw arteries and veins diagram

A

Done

156
Q

Identify the left and right radial arteries

A

Done

157
Q

Identify the left and right ulnar arteries

A

Done

158
Q

Identify the left and right brachial arteries

A

Done

159
Q

Identify the left and right axillary arteries

A

Done

160
Q

Identify the left and right subclavian arteries

A

Done

161
Q

Identify the left and right facial arteries

A

Done

162
Q

Identify the right common carotid artery

A

Done

163
Q

Identify the right external carotid artery

A

Done

164
Q

Identify the right internal carotid artery

A

Done

165
Q

Identify the left common carotid artery

A

Done

166
Q

Identify the left external carotid artery

A

Done

167
Q

Identify the left external carotid artery

A

Done

168
Q

Identify the left internal carotid artery

A

Done

169
Q

Identify the left subclavian artery

A

Done

170
Q

Identify the ascending aorta

A

Done

171
Q

Identify the aortic arch

A

Done

172
Q

Identify the descending aorta

A

Done

173
Q

Identify the pulmonary trunk

A

Done

174
Q

Identify the pulmonary arteries

A

Done

175
Q

Identify the celiac trunk

A

Done

176
Q

Identify the superior mesenteric artery

A

Done

177
Q

Identify the left and right renal arteries

A

Done

178
Q

Identify the inferior mesenteric artery

A

Done

179
Q

Identify the left and right common iliac arteries

A

Done

180
Q

Identify the left and right external iliac arteries

A

Done

181
Q

Identify the left and right femoral arteries

A

Done

182
Q

Identify the left and right internal iliac arteries

A

Done

183
Q

Identify the left and right median antebrachial veins

A

Done

184
Q

Identify the left and right median cubital veins

A

Done

185
Q

Identify the left and right brachial veins

A

Done

186
Q

Identify the left and right basilic veins

A

Done

187
Q

Identify the left and right axillary veins

A

Done

188
Q

Identify the left and right cephalic veins

A

Done

189
Q

Identify the left and right subclavian veins

A

Done

190
Q

Identify the left and right facial veins

A

Done

191
Q

Identify the left and right external jugular veins

A

Done

192
Q

Identify the left and right internal jugular veins

A

Done

193
Q

Identify the left and right brachiocephalic veins

A

Done

194
Q

Identify the superior vena cava

A

Done

195
Q

Identify the pulmonary veins

A

Done

196
Q

Identify the coronary sinus

A

Done

197
Q

Identify the inferior vena cava

A

Done

198
Q

Identify the superior mesenteric vein

A

Done

199
Q

Identify the left and right renal veins

A

Done

200
Q

Identify the left and right gonadal veins

A

Done

201
Q

Identify the left and right common iliac veins

A

Done

202
Q

Identify the left and right external iliac veins

A

Done

203
Q

Identify the left and right femoral veins

A

Done

204
Q

Identify the left and right great saphenous veins

A

Done

205
Q

Identify the left and right internal iliac veins

A

Done

206
Q

Steps of taking blood pressure?

A

Record pressure during ventricular contraction and relaxation for systolic and diastolic pressures. You can inflate the cuff and take it from the brachial artery for this

207
Q

What is a stethoscope?

A

A tool to measure audible heart sounds

208
Q

What are korotkoff sounds?

A

Sounds when a blood pressure cuff changes the flow of blood through an artery

209
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Growth of lipid deposits in arterial walls

210
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High BP, over 140/90

211
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low BP, under 120/80

212
Q

What is a systole?

A

Contraction

213
Q

What is a diastole?

A

Relaxation

214
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

215
Q

What is a brachial artery?

A

The artery that blood pressure is measured from

216
Q

Where are the cervical lymph nodes?

A

Back of head/throat

217
Q

Identify the cervical lymph nodes

A

Done

218
Q

Where is the right lymphatic duct?

A

Near collarbone on left side when looking at a person head on

219
Q

Identify the right lymphatic duct

A

Done

220
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

Above the heart, grayish organ

221
Q

Identify the thymus

A

Done

222
Q

Where is the cisterna chyli?

A

Middle of torso, big trunk thing

223
Q

Identify the cisterna chyli

A

Done

224
Q

Where are the abdominal lymph nodes?

A

All the little nodes all over the stomach

225
Q

Identify the abdominal lymph nodes

A

Done

226
Q

Where is red bone marrow?

A

In the epiphyses of bones

227
Q

Identify the red bone marrow

A

Done

228
Q

Where are the popliteal lymph nodes?

A

In the knees

229
Q

Identify the popliteal lymph nodes

A

Done

230
Q

Where are the lymphatic vessels?

A

The long vessels in the legs

231
Q

Identify the lymphatic vessels

A

Done

232
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils?

A

In the mouth

233
Q

Identify the palatine tonsils

A

Done

234
Q

Where is the thoracic duct?

A

Little loop on right side (front view) near collarbone

235
Q

Identify the thoracic duct

A

Done

236
Q

Where are the axillary lymph nodes?

A

In the armpit

237
Q

Identify the axillary lymph nodes

A

Done

238
Q

Where is the spleen?

A

Dark bean shaped organ on right upper side (front view)

239
Q

Identify the spleen

A

Done

240
Q

Where are the inguinal lymph nodes?

A

Near reproductive organs

241
Q

Identify the inguinal lymph nodes

A

Done

242
Q

Identify or draw a lymph node slide

A

Done

243
Q

Identify the capsule, cortex, and medulla of a lymph node

A

Done

244
Q

Where is the capsule on a lymph node slide?

A

Outer edge

245
Q

Where is the cortex on a lymph node slide?

A

Grainy part on the edge, still dark

246
Q

Where is the medulla on a lymph node slide?

A

Whiteish part in the center

247
Q

Function of lymph nodes?

A

Filters out harmful substances and wastes from the blood

248
Q

Identify/draw a lymphatic vessel slide

A

Done

249
Q

Where is a valve on a lymphatic vessel?

A

Whiteish space

250
Q

Function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Transport and filter lymphatic fluid from body’s cells and tissues

251
Q

Identify/draw a spleen slide

A

Done

252
Q

Identify the red pulp, white pulp, and cerebral artery of a spleen slide

A

Done

253
Q

Where is the red pulp of a spleen slide?

A

The “background” basically

254
Q

Where is the white pulp of a spleen slide?

A

Cluster of differently colored cells

255
Q

Where is the central artery of a spleen slide?

A

Light oval inside white pulp

256
Q

Function of spleen?

A

Kill old RBCs

257
Q

Identify/draw a tonsil slide

A

Done

258
Q

Identify tonsillar crypts and lymphatic nodules on a tonsil slide

A

Done

259
Q

Where are tonsillar crypts on a tonsil slide?

A

White crack

260
Q

Where are lymphatic nodules on a tonsil slide?

A

Round cluster of differently colored cells

261
Q

Function of tonsils?

A

Stop germs from entering body

262
Q

Difference between jugular and carotid veins/arteries?

A

There are only carotid arteries, no carotid veins, and only jugular veins, no jugular arteries

‱ (40 decks)

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