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Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

4 tissue types?

A

Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure with discreet boundaries that is composed of 2 or more tissue types

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3
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

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4
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ

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5
Q

How do the 4 tissue types vary from one another?

A

Types and functions of their cells, characteristics of the matrix, and relative amount of space occupied by cells vs matrix

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6
Q

What is the cell matrix made up of?

A

Fibrous proteins and a clear gel known as ground substance OR tissue fluid, ECF, interstitial fluid, or tissue gel

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7
Q

What is a longitudinal section (l.s.)?

A

Tissue cut on its’ long axis

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8
Q

What is a cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.)?

A

Tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ

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9
Q

What is an oblique section?

A

Tissue cut at an angle between cross and longitudinal sections

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10
Q

How do epithelial tissues look?

A

Sheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick

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11
Q

Where are epithelial tissues found?

A

Body surfaces and lining body cavities

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12
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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13
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protect deeper tissues from injury and infection, produce and release chemical secretions, excrete wastes, absorb chemicals and nutrients, selectively filter substances, sense stimuli

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14
Q

What is a basement membrane?

A

A layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue. Anchors the 2 together

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15
Q

How close are cells in epithelial tissue?

A

Very close

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16
Q

Mitosis rate of epithelial tissue?

A

High

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17
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

Surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane

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18
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

Surface of epithelial cell that faces away from basement membrane

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19
Q

Structure of simple epithelia?

A

1 layer of cells, named by shape, all cells touch basement membrane

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20
Q

Structure of stratified epithelia?

A

More than 1 layer, named by shape of apical cells, some cells rest on top and don’t touch basement membrane

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21
Q

What are the types of epithelia with only one layer of cells?

A

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, psuedostratified columnar

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22
Q

How do pseudostratified columnar cells work?

A

Every cell reaches the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the free surface

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23
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia

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24
Q

Stop! Go look at a simple squamous epithelium slide

A

Done

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25
Q

What does simple squamous epithelium do?

A

Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes serous fluid

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26
Q

Simple squamous epithelium locations?

A

Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa

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27
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium functions?

A

Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement

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28
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium locations?

A

Liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules

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29
Q

Simple columnar epithelium functions?

A

Absorption and secretion, secretion of mucus

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30
Q

Simple columnar epithelium additional structures?

A

Oval nuclei in basal half of cell, brush border of microvilli, sometimes ciliated, may possess goblet cells

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31
Q

Simple columnar epithelium locations?

A

Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes

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32
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium additional structure?

A

Nuclei at several layers, has cilia and goblet cells

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33
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium functions?

A

Secretes and propels mucus

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34
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium locations?

A

Respiratory tract, portions of male urethra

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35
Q

Types of stratified epithelia?

A

Stratified squamous (common), stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar (rare). And, transitional epithelium

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36
Q

Types of stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Keratinized and nonkeratinized

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37
Q

Difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Keratinized - found on skin surface, abrasion resistant
Nonkeratinized - lacks surface layer of dead cells

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38
Q

Functions of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Resists abrasion, retards water loss through skin, resists penetration by pathogenic organisms

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39
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium locations?

A

Epidermis. Palms and soles are heavily keratinized

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40
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium functions?

A

Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens

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41
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium locations?

A

Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina

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42
Q

Transitional epithelium structure?

A

Multilayered epithelium w/ surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched

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43
Q

Transitional epithelium function?

A

Allows for filling of urinary tract

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44
Q

Transitional epithelium locations?

A

Ureter and urinary bladder

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45
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

A diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix. Most cells aren’t in direct contact w/ each other

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46
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Support, connect, and protect organs

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47
Q

Vascularity of connective tissue?

A

Highly variable. Loose connective tissues have a lot of blood vessels, cartilage has few or no blood vessels

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48
Q

Functions of connective tissue?

A

Connecting organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transport

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49
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Produce fibers and ground substance of matrix

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50
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens)

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51
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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52
Q

Types of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils and lymphocytes

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53
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Attack bacteria

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54
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

React against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents

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55
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Synthesize antibodies (proteins)

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56
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Secrete heparin and histamine

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57
Q

What do adipocytes do?

A

Store triglycerides (fat molecules)

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58
Q

What are collagenous fibers?

A

Tough, flexible, and stretch-resistant protein fibers. Make up tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of skin

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59
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. Form framework of spleen and lymph nodes

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60
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

Thinner than collagenous fibers, they branch and rejoin each other. Made of protein called elastin. Allows stretch and recoil

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61
Q

What is the matrix made up of?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins

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62
Q

Types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar and reticular

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63
Q

Types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular connective and dense irregular connective

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64
Q

How does loose connective tissue generally look?

A

Gel-like ground substance between cells

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65
Q

How does dense connective tissue generally look?

A

Fibers filling spaces between cells

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66
Q

What is areolar tissue?

A

Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, a lot of seemingly empty space. Possess all 6 cell types, fibers in random directions. Found almost everywhere in body

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67
Q

How does areolar tissue look?

A

Like a bunch of strings with clumps in them. Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels. Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles

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68
Q

How does reticular tissue look?

A

Squiggly with dots. Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts. Forms supportive stroma for lymphatic organs.

69
Q

How does dense regular connective tissue look?

A

Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers. Squiggly. Nuclei in the middle. Compressed fibroblast nuclei. Make up tendons and ligaments

70
Q

How does dense irregular connective tissue look?

A

A lot of like swirls all around each other. Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells. Withstands unpredictable stresses. Deepest layer of skin, capsules around organs

71
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Cells that store fat

71
Q

What is adipose tissue (fat)?

A

Tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type

72
Q

What fills the space between adipocytes?

A

Areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries

73
Q

What is white fat?

A

The only fat adults have, it provides thermal insulation and cushions organs and contributes to body contours

74
Q

What is brown fat?

A

Only in fetuses, infants, and children. Color is from blood vessels and enzymes. Generates heat

75
Q

How does adipose tissue look?

A

Like a net with a bunch of holes and some blood vessels where the “net” meets

76
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Stiff connective tissue w/ flexible matrix

77
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

Cartilage cells that produce the matrix that will trap them

78
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities)

79
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage

80
Q

How does cartilage receive materials?

A

No blood vessels, gets nutrients and removes waste via diffusion

81
Q

Types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

82
Q

How does hyaline cartilage look?

A

Clear, glassy. FIne collagen fibers.

83
Q

What does hyaline cartilage do?

A

Ease joint movement, hold airway open, move vocal chords, grow young long bones

84
Q

Hyaline cartilage location?

A

Articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton

85
Q

Elastic cartilage appearance?

A

Has an abundance of elastic fibers and is covered w/ perichondrium

86
Q

What does elastic cartilage do?

A

Provide flexible, elastic support

87
Q

Elastic cartilage locations?

A

External ear and epiglottis

88
Q

Fibrocartilage appearance?

A

Cartilage w/ long, coarse bundles of collagen fibers. KInd of oval-ish, but some clumps too

89
Q

Fibrocartilage function?

A

Resists compression and absorbs shock

90
Q

Fibrocartilage locations?

A

Pubic symphysis, menisci, intervertebral discs

91
Q

What type of tissue is bone?

A

Calcified connective tissue

92
Q

Types of osseous tisse?

A

Spongy bone and compact bone

93
Q

How does spongy bone look?

A

Porous. Delicate struts called trabeculae, covered by compact bone, found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones

94
Q

How does compact bone look?

A

Dense, no visible spaces. More complex arrangement, cells and matrix surround vertical blood vessels. Like a lot of rings/cylinders

95
Q

What are central canals?

A

In dense bone, vertical shafts that have blood vessels and nerves

96
Q

What are concentric lamellae?

A

Onion-like layers around central canals in compact bone

97
Q

What are osteons?

A

The central canal and its surrounding lamellae

98
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells within lacunae. The clumps on the rings

99
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its’ neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other

100
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Cavities

101
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Tough fibrous connective tissue covering whole bone

102
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

Fluid connective tissue

103
Q

Purpose of blood?

A

Transport cells and dissolved matter like nutrients, ions, gases, and waste, from place to place

104
Q

What is plasma?

A

The blood’s ground substance

105
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells that transport O2 and CO2

106
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells that defend against infection and disease

107
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cell fragments involved in clotting

108
Q

Define excitability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential

109
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

Electrical charge difference that occurs across cell membrane

110
Q

What happens w/ excitability in nerve cells?

A

Changes in voltage result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells

111
Q

What happens w/ excitability in muscle cells?

A

Change in voltage results in contraction, shortening of the cell

112
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals

113
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Detect stimuli, respond quickly, transmit coded info rapidly to other cells

114
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

Protect and assist neurons. More numerous than neurons

115
Q

What is a neurosoma?

A

Cell body of neuron; houses nucleus and other organelles and controls protein synthesis

116
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Short, branched processes on neuron. Receive signals from other cells and transmit messages to neurosoma

117
Q

What are axons?

A

Long thing on neuron, sends outgoing signals to other cells

118
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation. Exert physical forces on other tissues and organs

119
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Create movements, help w/ digestion, eliminate waste, help w/ breathing, help w/ blood circulation

120
Q

Types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

121
Q

How does skeletal muscle look?

A

Long, striated tubes with oval nuclei.

122
Q

Where is skeletal tissue and is it voluntary?

A

Attached to bone, voluntary

123
Q

How does cardiac tissue look?

A

Short little rectangular fibers w/ nucleus in gap. Branched, meet at ends. Striated

124
Q

Where is cardiac tissue found and is it voluntary?

A

Around the heart, and involuntary

125
Q

How does smooth muscle look?

A

Diamond shaped kind of, with oval nuclei. Not striated

126
Q

Where is smooth muscle located and is it voluntary?

A

In organs, and it is involuntary

127
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

Connections between 2 cells

128
Q

What do cell junctions allow?

A

Communication between cells, resisting of mechanical stress, and control over what moves between gaps

129
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

A linkage between 2 adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins. Seals off intercellular space

130
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

A patch that holds cells together. Not continuous, substances pass them. Keeps cells from pulling apart.

131
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane

132
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane

133
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Formed by ring-like connexons, they let ions, nutrients, and solutes pass between cells

134
Q

How do connexons look?

A

6 transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around a water-filled pore

135
Q

What is a gland?

A

A cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body, or releases them for elimination from the body

136
Q

What is a secretion?

A

Product useful to the body

137
Q

What is an excretion?

A

A waste product

138
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete things to the epithelium using a duct

139
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Things that secrete hormones directly into the blood

140
Q

What are serous glands?

A

Glands that make thin, watery secretions. Ex: sweat, milk, tears, digestive tissues

141
Q

What are mucous glands?

A

Glands that make the glycoprotein mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus

142
Q

What are mixed glands?

A

Glands w/ both serous and mucous cell types that produce a mixture of those 2 secretions

143
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

Eccrine glands. Use vesicles that release secretion by exocytosis

144
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

Lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface

145
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

Cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate

146
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane?

A

Largest membrane in the body. External membrane. Epidermis and dermis

147
Q

What is the mucous membrane?

A

Internal membrane, lines passages that open to external environment

148
Q

What is the serous membrane?

A

Internal membrane, covers organs and lines walls of body cavities. Produces serous fluid

149
Q

Sublayers of mucous membrane?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

150
Q

Serous membrane structure?

A

Simple squamous epithelium resting on layer of areolar tissue

151
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Growth through cell multiplication

152
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Enlargement of preexisting cells (muscle and fat growth)

153
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Development of a tumor

154
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue

155
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing a specialized function. Can mature into different types of cells

156
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Pluripotent - can develop into any type of cell in the embryo

157
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Stem cells in mature organs. Can be multipotent - can become different cell types, or can be unipotent - can only turn into 1 cell type

158
Q

Define regeneration

A

Replacement of dead or damaged cells by same type of cell as before. Restores normal function

159
Q

Define fibrosis

A

Replacement of damaged cells w/ scar tissue. Holds organs together, does not restore function

160
Q

Stages of healing a wound?

A

1 - severed vessels bleed into cut. blood plasma comes in carrying antibodies and clotting proteins
2 - scab formation. blood clot and macrophages prevent infection
3 - granulation tissue forms. new capillaries sprout. clot is removed and new collagen comes in
4 - connective tissue undergoes fibrosis. epithelium regenerates

161
Q

What is tissue engineering?

A

Artificial production of tissues and organs in a lab for implantation in human body

162
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number

163
Q

Types of atrophy?

A

Senile and disuse

164
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections

165
Q

What is infarction necrosis?

A

Sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

166
Q

What is gangrene necrosis?

A

Necrosis due to insufficient blood supply (usually bc of infection)

167
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death. Occurs when they’re done w their purpose and their best option is to get out of the way

168
Q

What process takes out cells in apoptosis?

A

Macrophages phagocytize them. The extracellular suicide signal binds receptor protein in plasma membrane called Fas, which activates endonuclease to chop up DNA and protease to destroy proteins

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