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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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2
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

Number of protons in an element’s nucleus

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3
Q

What atoms are found in the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What atom is found outside the nucleus?

A

Electrons

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5
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons in the outermost shell that determine an atom’s chemical bonding properties

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6
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons

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7
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Varieties of an element that differ in number of neutrons (and atomic mass)

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8
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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9
Q

What is an anion?

A

A particle with a net negative charge (more electrons than protons)

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10
Q

What is a cation?

A

A particle with a new positive charge (less electrons than protons)

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11
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric currents

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12
Q

Why are electrolytes important?

A

Chemical reactivity, osmosis, electrical excitability of nerve and muscle

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13
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Short-lived particles with an unusual number of electrons, can trigger destructive and harmful reactions

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14
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Chemicals that neutralize free radicals

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15
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A chemical particle composed of two or more atoms

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16
Q

What is a compound?

A

A molecule composed of 2 or more different elements

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17
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

Something that holds atoms together within a molecule or attracts molecules to each other

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18
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Attractions between anions and cations where they exchange electrons. Easily broken by water

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19
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

2 molecules sharing electrons. Polar and non-polar

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20
Q

When is a covalent bond polar?

A

When the electrons are not shared equally between the molecules

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21
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

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22
Q

How are water molecules attracted to one another?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Something physically blended but not chemically combined

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24
Q

What are the 5 properties of water?

A

Solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, and thermal stability

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25
Q

Solvency is

A

The ability to dissolve other chemicals

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26
Q

Adhesion is

A

Tendency of one substance to cling to another

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27
Q

Cohesion is

A

Tendency of like molecules to cling to each other

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28
Q

Chemical reactivity is

A

The ability to participate in chemical reactions

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29
Q

Thermal stability is

A

Ability of water to absorb heat without changing much in temperature

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30
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mix of solute combined with a more abundant substance, solvent

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31
Q

What are colloids?

A

Mixtures of protein and water

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32
Q

What are the properties of colloids?

A

Medium size particles, permanently mixed, opaque

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33
Q

What are suspensions?

A

Mixes with really big particles that can’t remain mixed, can’t penetrate membranes either. Cloudy or opaque, separates upon standing

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34
Q

What are suspensions?

A

Mixes with really big particles that can’t remain mixed, can’t penetrate membranes either. Cloudy or opaque, separates upon standing

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35
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

A suspension of one liquid in another

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36
Q

What is an acid?

A

Something that releases H+

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37
Q

What is a base?

A

Something that accepts H+

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38
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of the molarity of H+

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39
Q

What multiple does one full number on the pH scale represent?

A

A tenfold change in H+ concentration. Ex: pH 4.0 is 10x more acidic than 5.0

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40
Q

What are buffers?

A

Solutions that resist changes in pH

41
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions of the body

42
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Energy-releasing decomposition reactions. Breaks covalent bonds and produces smaller molecules

43
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Energy-storing synthesis reactions. Requires energy input, used for production of protein or fat

44
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of compounds containing carbon

45
Q

4 categories of carbon compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

46
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A very large organic molecule with high molecular weight

47
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A macromolecule made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers)

48
Q

What is polymerization?

A

Joining monomers to form a polymer

49
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Removing water to bind monomers together to form a polymer

50
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Adding water to break polymers into monomers

51
Q

3 important monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

52
Q

3 important disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

53
Q

3 important polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen, amylose, cellulose

54
Q

What are carbs used for?

A

A quick source of energy

55
Q

Are carbs hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

56
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

57
Q

5 types of lipids in humans?

A

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids

58
Q

Is “good” cholesterol high or low density?

A

High density

59
Q

What are proteins?

A

A polymer of amino acids

60
Q

What is a peptide?

A

Any molecule composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

61
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

Bonds that join the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next, formed by dehydration synthesis

62
Q

Polypeptides have how many amino acids?

A

15+

63
Q

Proteins have how many amino acids?

A

50+

64
Q

What is conformation?

A

Unique, 3D shape of protein crucial to function

65
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Extreme conformational change that destroys function. Extreme heat or pH

66
Q

What is primary structure?

A

Protein’s sequence of amino acids which is encoded in the genes

67
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

Coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds

68
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion

69
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that function as biological catalusts

70
Q

What is substrate?

A

Substance enzyme acts upon

71
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy needed to get reaction started. Enzymes can lower this

72
Q

What are 3 components of nucleotides?

A

Nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group(s)

73
Q

BWhat are the types of nucleotides?

A

ATP, DNA, RNA

74
Q

What is glucose?

A

Blood sugar

75
Q

What is galactose?

A

Sugar made by breaking down milk

76
Q

What is fructose?

A

Fruit sugar

77
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Table sugar

78
Q

What is lactose?

A

The sugar in milk

79
Q

What is maltose?

A

Grain products

80
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Made by humans, used for energy storage between meals

81
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Starch, made by plants and helps us digest although we can’t digest it

82
Q

Where are glycolipids?

A

External surface of cell membrane

82
Q

Where are glycoproteins?

A

External surface of cell membrane, mucus of respiratory and digestive tracts

82
Q
A
83
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Type of carb, bound to protein, holds cells and tissues together and used for joint lubrication

84
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

It holds as much hydrogen as possible

85
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

Could hold more hydrogen

86
Q

What lipid is essential for the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

87
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Lipids that help w/ signaling info, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, and controlling blood vessels

88
Q

What are steroids?

A

A type of lipid which is important for nervous system function and structural integrity of cell membranes

89
Q

What are peptides?

A

Molecules made of amino acids and joined by peptide bonds

90
Q

What is conformation?

A

3D shape of protein crucial to function. Can change to help function

91
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Extreme conformational change that destroys the function of a protein

92
Q

Function of proteins?

A

Structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movements, cell adhesion

93
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that enable biochemical reactions to occur. Named for the substrate w/ -ase as a suffix

94
Q

How does enzyme action work?

A

The substrate approaches the active site of the enzyme, fits in, gets broken down, and leaves. Super duper fast

95
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

Sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group(s)

96
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

97
Q
A

‱ (40 decks)

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