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Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of the nervous system?

A

Neurobiology

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2
Q

What are the 3 steps of the nervous system carrying out a task?

A

Receive info and send this to the CNS, process info and determine a response, send instructions for response to effectors

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3
Q

2 major anatomical divisions of nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral

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4
Q

Divisions of PNS?

A

Afferent and efferent (sensory and motor)

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5
Q

Divisions of efferent/motor division?

A

Somatic and visceral

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6
Q

Divisions of visceral motor division?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

Another name for the visceral division of the efferent/motor division of the PNS?

A

Autonomic nervous system/ANS

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8
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle or gland that carries out a response

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9
Q

Components of central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

3 fundamental properties of all nerve cells?

A

Excitability, conductivity, and secretion

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11
Q

3 general classes of neurons?

A

Sensory/afferent, interneurons, and motor/efferent

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12
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Detect light, heat, pressure, chemicals, etc. And transmit this info to the CNS

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13
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Receive signals from other neurons and process, and store or retrieve info. Determines how out body responds to stimuli.

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14
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Send signals to muscle and gland cells

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15
Q

Main components of a neuron?

A

Dendrites, soma, axon, and axon terminals

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16
Q

Components of the soma?

A

Nucleus, neurofibrils, neuroplasm, nissl bodies (rough ER and ribosomes), mitochondria, dendritic branches, golgi apparatus

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17
Q

Components of an axon?

A

Axon hillock, initial segment, axoplasm, axolemma (membrane), collaterals, varicosities (beads on axon), myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q

What is at the end of an axon?

A

Terminal arborization (branches) ending in axon terminals

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19
Q

Shapes of neurons?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, axaxonic

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20
Q

Axons and dendrites in a multipolar neuron?

A

One axon, multiple dendrites

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21
Q

Axons and dendrites of a bipolar neuron?

A

One axon, one dendrite

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22
Q

Axons and dendrites of a unipolar neuron?

A

It’s just a single process leading away from the soma

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23
Q

Axons and dendrites of an anaxonic neuron?

A

No axon, multiple dendrites. Local communication

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24
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A

Transport of materials away from the soma, down the axon

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25
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A

Transport of materials toward the soma, up the axon

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26
Q

What proteins do anterograde and retrograde transport use?

A

Anterograde: kinesin
Retrograde: dynein

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27
Q

Types of axonal transport?

A

Fast and slow

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28
Q

What is fast axonal transport?

A

Either anterograde or retrograde. Moves materials to axon or returns them to the soma and reports on conditions at the axon terminal.

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29
Q

What process can be exploited to bring pathogens into the nervous system?

A

Retrograde fast axonal transport

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30
Q

What is slow axonal transport?

A

Only anterograde. Stop-and-go. Supplies new materials for regenerating nerons

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31
Q

Most common type of neuron?

A

Multipolar

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32
Q

How many neuroglia are there compared to neurons?

A

10 neuroglia for every 1 neuron

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33
Q

Types of neuroglia in CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes

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34
Q

Neuroglia in PNS?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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35
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Form myelin sheaths in CNS which speed signal conduction

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36
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line cavities of brain and spinal cord, secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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37
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Wander through CNS looking for debris and damage to clean

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38
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

A lot. Maintain blood brain barrier, form scar tissue (astrocytosis), form framework, regulate bloodflow and secrete nerve growth factors. And more

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39
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Form myelin sheath in PNS, assist in regeneration of damaged fibers

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40
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Surround neurosomas in ganglia of PNS, providing insulation around neurosoma and regulating chemical environment of neurons

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41
Q

Buildup of myelin sheath?

A

Plasma membrane and glial cells. 20% protein, 80% lipid

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42
Q

How does the myelin sheath work in PNS?

A

The Schwann cell spirals outward up to 100 times

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43
Q

What is the neurilemma?

A

Outermost coil of myelin sheath in PNS

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44
Q

How does the myelin sheath work in the CNS?

A

Spirals inward. Anchored to multiple nerve fibers

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45
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps between segments of myelin sheath

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46
Q

What are internodes?

A

Myelin-covered segments from one gap to the next

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47
Q

What is the trigger zone?

A

The initial segment and axon hillock. Important for initiating nerve signals

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48
Q

What are brain tumors?

A

Masses of rapidly dividing cells arising from meninges, metastasis from tumors in other organs, and glial cells that are mitotically active in life

49
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Disease of the myelin sheath where oligodendrocytes and myelin in CNS deteriorate and are replaced w/ hardened scar tissue

50
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Hereditary disease in infants where there’s an accumulation of GM2 in myelin sheath, missing the enzyme to decompose

51
Q

What are unmyelinated nerve fibers?

A

In the PNS, even unmyelinated nerve fibers can have a sheath, there’s just a gap

52
Q

What affects the conduction speed of nerve fibers?

A

The fiber’s diameter and the presence or absence of myelin

53
Q

Fastest kind of nerve fiber?

A

Large, myelinated

54
Q

Requirements for nerve regeneration?

A

Neurosoma is intact, and some neurilemma remains. Only possible in PNS

55
Q

What is nerve growth factor?

A

A protein secreted by a gland, muscle, or glial cells and picked up by axon terminals of neurons. Can indicate where damaged tissue is

56
Q

What is electrophysiology?

A

Study of cellular mechanisms for producing electrical potential currents

57
Q

What is electrical potential?

A

Difference in concentration of charged particles between 2 points

58
Q

What is a current?

A

A flow of charged particles from 1 point to another

59
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

Charge difference across plasma membrane. -70 mV

60
Q

How are electrical currents made?

A

Flow of K+ and Na+ ions through gated channels in plasma membrane

61
Q

3 types of channels?

A

Ligand-gated, voltage-gated, and mechanically-gated

62
Q

What is the charge of ECF?

A

Negative

63
Q

What is the charge of the ICF?

A

Positive

64
Q

What is the plasma membrane most permeable to?

A

Potassium

65
Q

What ion is inside the membrane?

A

K+ / potassium

66
Q

What ion is outside the membrane?

A

Na+ / sodium

67
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

A

Bring 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell

68
Q

How much ATP does the sodium-potassium pump need?

A

70% of the nervous system’s requirements

69
Q

What are leaks?

A

K+ wants to exit the cell and Na+ wants to enter bc of their concentration gradients leading them that way

70
Q

What are local potentials?

A

Short-range change in voltage

71
Q

4 characteristics of local potentials?

A

Graded, decremental (get weaker when they go further), reversible, and can be excitatory or inhibitory

72
Q

Characteristics of action potentials?

A

All-or-none, nondecremental, and irreversible

73
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

A period of resistance to stimulation

74
Q

What is absolute refractory period?

A

No stimulus will trigger AP. Lasts while Na+ gates are open to inactivated

75
Q

What is relative refractory period?

A

Only really strong stimulus will trigger AP. Lasts until hyperpolarization ends

76
Q

What is continuous conduction?

A

In non-myelinated fibers, nerve signal is like a wave of dominos

77
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

In myelinated fibers, signal jumps from node to node

78
Q

What is a presynaptic cell?

A

A neuron that sends a signal

79
Q

What is a postsynaptic cell?

A

A neuron that receives a signal

80
Q

Types of presynaptic neurons?

A

Axodendritic, axosomatic, and axoaxonic

81
Q

What are electrical synapses?

A

Neurons touch each other for quick transmission

82
Q

What are chemical synapses?

A

Neurons send signals across a gap through neurotransmitters. Most common type of synapse

83
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Molecules that are released when a signal reaches a synaptic knob that binds to a receptor on another cell

84
Q

Main categories of neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine, amino acids, monoamines, neuropeptides, and purines

85
Q

Types of synapses?

A

Excitatory cholingeric, inhibitory GABA-ergic, and excitatory adrenergic

86
Q

What neurotransmitter does cholingeric use?

A

ACh

87
Q

What neurotransmitter does GABA-ergic use?

A

GABA

88
Q

What neurotransmitter does adrenergic use?

A

Norepinephrine

89
Q

Slowest synapse type?

A

Adrenergic

90
Q

How does stimulation end?

A

Presynaptic cell stops releasing neurotransmitter, ACh is broken down by AChE

91
Q

What are neuromodulators?

A

Chemicals secreted by neurons that have long term effects on groups of neurons

92
Q

What is summation?

A

Adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect. In trigger zone

93
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

1 synapse generates EPSPs in a compounding way

94
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

EPSPs add up to threshold at axon hillock

95
Q

What is presynaptic facilitation?

A

One neuron enhances effects of another

96
Q

What is presynaptic inhibition?

A

One neuron suppresses effects of another

97
Q

What is neural coding?

A

The way the nervous system converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials

98
Q

What is the labeled line code?

A

Most important mechanism for transmitting information, nerve fiber specifically recognizes a certain stimulus type

99
Q

What is recruitment?

A

Bringing additional neurons into play as the stimulus becomes stronger

100
Q

What is a neural circuit?

A

Pathways among neurons

101
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

Few seconds to a few hours

102
Q

What is immediate memory?

A

Few seconds

103
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Up to a lifetime

104
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Events and facts you can put into words

105
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Reflexes or unconscious memories, like emotional or procedural memories

106
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Evaluating consequences, making judgments, forming plans

107
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Reading and speech

108
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Hearing and smell

109
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Vision

110
Q

What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?

A

Processing info from sense organs and controlling body movement

111
Q

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral cortex. Gray matter

112
Q

What is the inner layer of the cerebrum?

A

White matter

113
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Emotion, behavior, and memory

114
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Receive information from sensory receptors and relay it to the proper region of the cerebrum

115
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Recognize and analyze hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. Coordinates nervous and endocrine systems

116
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Receive information about muscle and joint position and sensory inputs, and coordinate the actions of muscles

117
Q

Regions of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

118
Q

What keeps the body functioning when unconscious?

A

Brainstem

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