Industrial and post industrial sport Flashcards
What was the impact of industrialisation on people during the first half of the 19th century?
HITFOR
Poor health and hygiene
Lack of income
Lack of time
Facility provision low
Overcrowding
Loss of rights
What improvements occurred to society in the second half of the 19th century?
IIPPB
Improved health
Increased wages
Patronage/businesses/factories (support from business to play sport)
Public provision from middle class development
Better transport + communication
What were the impacts of urbanisation and how were they resolved?
Lack of space - Purpose built facilities for sport
Large working class population - Allowed mass spectating for entertainment in sport
Loss of traditional sports - allowed new sports to emerge
Change in working conditions - long hours cut shorter and income raised to promote sport participation and attendance
What were the benefits for improved transport?
Movements of teams and spectators
Improved access to different areas of the country (travel further)
Cheaper train travel
Travel faster
What were the benefits of improved communication?
Greater volume of the country became literate
Fixtures were printed and known amongst population
Allowed sporting heros and role models to emerge
Why did the church promote sport?
Encouraged social control through civilised activities that wasnt drinking and gambling
Improved morality of the working classes
Promoted christian values via sportsmanship
Good way to increase church attendance
Muscular christianity
How did the church encourage sport?
Church organised teams and clubs
Church set up competitions
Provided facilities in church halls or playing fields
Developed YMCA to promote “Healthy body, healthy mind”
Who were the middle class?
Self made men who took advantage of new business opportunities in industrialised Britain
How did the middle class aid the development of sport?
Codified sport via the formation of NGBs
Set up competitions via NGBs
Public provision, aided by middle class philanthropists
Increased leisure time eg half day saturday
Move to professionalism eg broken time payments
What is codification?
The gradual organisation and defining of rules
How did ex public school boys spread sport around the British empire? Explain each role.
Teacher - developed teams and taught sporting values in schools
Factory owners - gave workers time off to compete nationally/internationally
Clergy - Develop church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad
Officers in the army - used sport with armed services
Diplomats - Travelled the world and took sport with them
NGBs - Codified sport and established national and international leagues and competitions
How was the hygiene of the working class improved and how did all of this impact sport and life?
Public washing facilities introduced (Wash Houses Act of 1846)
Plunge baths for recreational use
This increased social control too keep people away from bad habits.
This also improved work productivity and sport involvement as less illness and infection
Why were NGBs developed?
Sport was becoming more widespread
More teams and clubs were forming
More fixtures were being organised
Codified rules were required
Maintain control of sport for upper classes
Maintain amateur ideal
Threats of commercialisation and professionalism
What are the characteristics of rational recreation?
Respectability
Regular
Rules/codified
Referees/officials
Regional
Facilities
Skills and tactics based
6Rs
What is an amateur
A person who plays sport for the love of it with no financial gain
What is a professional?
A person who plays sport for financial gain
What is the amateur code?
Sport should be played for the sake of it
What is the professional code?
A code that emphasises winning
Values of amateurism
Manliness
Appreciating value of health and fitness
Appreciating value of rule regulated activity
High moral integrity
What are the characteristics of a gentleman amateur?
Respected member of society
Belonging to the social elite
Rejects training and used natural abilities
Range of sports
Play sport to high moral code, could be self officiated
What are the positive impacts of gentleman amateurism in the 19th century?
Amateurs held a higher status than professionals
Code of amateurism in place
Adhered to code of ethics
Belonging to social elite
Participation more important than winning
Variety of sports were played
Amateurs were the “ elite performers”
New middle classes admired cultural values of gentleman amateur
What were the characteristics of a working class professional?
Poor
Little free time
Committed to train
Low morality
Used gamesmanship and bribes
What was the positive impact of 19th century professionalism?
Allowed working class to increase their income by playing sport
What were the features of early 20th century amateurs?
High status
Controlled sport - excluded working class financially from amateur sport
Top performers
High moral
What are the features of the modern day amateur?
Lower status than professionals
High level performers may not be pro (gymnasts)
Performance at top level now equal to all
Some amateurs receive finance by national lottery for training expenses
What are the positives of modern day amateurism?
Code of amateurism still present (Fair play and sportsmanship)
Still viewed positively via fair play awards, shaking hands the Olympic ideal
Some sports have maintained amateur status
What factors are responsible for the growth of professional sport and their increased status?
All classes can now compete
People respected for their talents when reaching the top
High rewards via media and sponsors
Pros have more time to train
Celebrity status, media and sport investement create larger financial reward to support performers
Positive role models motivate others to achieve
More spectators to watch higher sporting quality
More money is invested into sport from commercialisation
What acronym can be used to describe the changes in society across 1780-1900
Provision
Public schools
Urbanisation
Development of middle class
Development of NGBs
Improve comms+ transport
Considering changing role of women
sTatus of amateur + pro
PPUDDINCT
