Energy systems

Question 1

ATP Splitting

Answer 1

Phosphate is broken off ATP to form ADP + Pi using ATPase
Breaking bond releases heat and energy
Energy is used to move
Produces 2 seconds of energy as limited amount of ATP in body

Question 2

ATP-PC System
Process

Answer 2

High levels of ADP detected
Release of enzyme creatine kinase
Creatine kinase breaks down creatine phosphate, releasing energy
Energy is used to resynthesise ATP

Question 3

ATP - PC System characteristics and location

Answer 3

Lasts 2-10 seconds
Purpose is to resynthesise ATP
Fuel is creatine phosphate
Site of reaction is the sarcoplasm
Creatine phosphate resynthesised in presence of oxygen
1:1 ratio
No fatiguing by products
50% PC resynthesised after 30 seconds

Question 4

Anaerobic Glycolysis
Process

Answer 4

Glycogen from liver or muscles converted into Glucose 6 phosphate using enzyme Phosphofructokinase
Glucose-6-phosphate broken down into pyuvic acid or pyruate using enzyme Glycogen Phosphorylase
Pyurate converted into lactic acid using enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
Lactic Acid can also be converted back into Glycogen

Question 5

Anaerobic Glycolysis
Characteristics

Answer 5

No O2
Lasts 10s - 3mins
Occurs in sarcoplasm
Lactic acid can denature enzymes
Small amount of energy released under lack of O2
Used for sprint finishes
1:2 ratio

Question 6

Aerobic Glycolysis
Glycolysis stage

Answer 6

Glycogen is converted into Glucose-6-Phosphate using Phosphofructokinase
Glucose-6-Phosphate is converted into Pyruvic acid using Glycogen phosphorylase
Pyruvic acid is oxidised into 2 acetyl groups and carried into the kreb cycle in the matrix via Coenzyme A
Resynthesises net 2 molecules of ATP

Question 7

Aerobic Glycolysis
Kerbs stage

Answer 7

2 Acetyl groups diffuse into matrix
Combine with oxaloacetic acid to from citric acid
Hydrogen removed form citric acid, taken to ETC
Citric acid undergoes oxidative carboxylation releasing C and H
C forms CO2 and is expired
Net gain 2 ATP

Question 8

Aerobic glycolysis
Electron Transport Chain

Answer 8

Hydrogen carried to chain by hydrogen carriers
Occurs in cristae
Hydrogen splits into H+ and electron that is charged with potential energy
Hydrogen ions oxidised to form H2O
Electrons charged with potential energy are used to resynthesise ATP
Net gain 34 ATP

Question 9

Aerobic Glycolysis
Beta Oxidation

Answer 9

Stored fat is broken down into 3 FA 1 glycerol to be transported in blood
Undergo beta oxidation, converted into acetyl coenzyme A
Follows same process as glycogen
More ATP produced from 1 molecule of fatty acids than glycogen

Question 10

Aerobic glycolysis
Characteristics

Answer 10

Low intensity
High duration
Takes 3 mins for O2 to reach muscle
Preferred pathway
Complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose = 38 ATP

Question 11

What is the sarcoplasm

Answer 11

Fluid surrounding the nucleus of a muscle fibre and site of anaerobic respiration