History β³ | Zero extent π | 2.2 Flashcards
What was the Affair over the Γ land islands?
Finland owned the Aland islands, but there was a 95% Swedish population and they were claiming ownership of the island, and it was causing conflict.
When was the dispute over the Γ land islands referred to the council of the League of Nations?
in June 1920
How did the League of Nations investigate the Aland islands issue?
They ordered an investigation that scrutinized the claims and counter claims.
What was the League of Nationβs conclusion over what to do with the Aland islands?
The conclusion was that Finland should keep the islands while recommending giving autonomy to the swedes as they were 95% of the population and should keep tradition.
Why were the Γ land islands not given to Sweden?
They wanted to avoid other Swedish communities in Finland making similar claims or other minority groups in Europe doing the same.
Where are the Γ land islands located?
Between Sweden and Finland in the ocean.
Define minority.
A recognisable group of people whose religion, language, culture, or ethnicity is different from that of most people (majority) in a country or region.
Define autonomy.
The independence of an individual, or a group or a region to make decisions for itself without always asking permission.
The conference of Ambassadors were based in __
Based in Paris, formed at the⦠Paris peace conference.
The conference of Ambassadors acts as __
a diplomatic body representing the great powers
What does the conference of ambassadors supervise?
They supervise the completion of issues not resolved by the treaties.
Who was marking the border between Albania and __ after WW1?
Italian German Tellini and 4 assistants began marking border between Albania and Greece (who had been fighting over it after WW1).
When was the Corfu incident?
1923
What happened to the people marking the border between Albania and Greece?
The 4 + Tellini were murdered, and Greek authorities were unable to arrest anyone for the murders
Because Greek authorities were unable to arrest anyone for the murders, __
Italian leader Benito βIl Duceβ Mussolini ordered the forceful occupation of the island corfu, to force compensation for Telliniβs death.
When Greece appealed to the Council about The island of Corfu, what did Italy argue?
They argued that their occupation of the island was not an act of war.
Where is Corfu?
Between Albania and Greece. It is an island.
Who represented Britain in the council during the Corfu incident?
Robert Cecil, a noble noble noble noble noble man whoβs last name rhymes with βBasilβ.
What did Robert Cecil argue in the Corfu incident?
He disputed what Italy said about not committing an act of war, aiming to take a hard line against Italians, imposing Sanctions, and putting some British navy off the coast of Corfu.
How did the British government step into the Corfu incident?
They worried that upsetting the Italian government would damage their trade relations with Italy. Instead of taking a hard line against Italy, the council decided to send a commission to the Albanian-Greek border.
What was the conclusion of the investigation of the murder of Tellini?
It was concluded there was no evidence Greece had failed to investigate the murder.
When did the conference of ambassadors consider the report of the murder of Tellini?
On 25 Sept 1923, the conference of ambassadors met to discuss the report.
What was the result of the Corfu incident?
Greece was made to pay 50 million lire due to Italian pressure and 2 days later Italians evacuated Corfu.
When was the Great Greco-Bulgarian Border incident?
1925
What was the starting event that sparked the Greco-Bulgarian issue?
On the border between Greece and Bulgaria, soldiers play a game of cards which results in a murder of 2 people, others fleeing
How did Greece react to the murders of the card game?
They ordered attack on Bulgaria
Why did Greece order an attack on Bulgaria?
News reached the Greek government that Bulgarians have βlaunched an invasionβ, but it was a lot more exaggerated than what really happened.
After hearing that Greece would declare war on Bulgaria, the _ informed _
The Bulgarian Foreign Minister informed the president of the Council of the League of Nations and wanted help.
How did the League stop further conflict at the Greco-Bulgarian border?
President of council telegraphs both sides to end military action, council meets and instructs both sides to withdraw from border.
Was the ending of military action at the Greco-Bulgarian border followed through with? How?
British, French and Italian officials were sent to the site to confirm that the instructions had been obeyed.
After stopping further conflict at the Greco-Bulgarian border, the League ordered a _
A commission who visits area for 3 days to assess the situation
What was the result of the commission at the Greco-Bulgarian border?
They find that Greece stole Bulgarian cattle and crops as they left; Greece ordered to pay compensation.
How much did Greece have to pay Bulgaria for stealing cattle?
Greece ordered to pay 30 million Bulgarian levas to Bulgaria in compensation.
What made the Leagueβs intervention at the Greco-Bulgarian border a bit less impressive?
- It was not a time Greece and Bulgaria were in a position for a war
- They were both allied to a great power which may have increased the chances, or decreased the chances of leading to a war.
What is the case study that rhymes with βWill-Knee-Usβ?
Vilnius!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
When was the Vilnius situation?
1920
Where is the city of Vilnius located?
In between Poland and Lithuania border
What was the issue of the Vilnius incident?
After WW1, the city of Vilnius was recognized as part of Lithuania - But the border left unclear in the TOV.
What did Poland do after the unclear-ness of the border?
Poland contacts the Council for Assistance
Why was it difficult to decide which country Vilnius belonged to?
The population was a mixture of Poles Jews and Lithuanians. They were divided over which country they feel belonged to
What sparked the Vilnius issue?
A polish general marches into the city Vilnius with soldiers, Lithuania was not a league member but raised the issue with the assembly
What was the Leagueβs original intent of how to deal with the Polish general and how did it fail?
Their first intentions were to send international police force to the city, but Switzerland didnβt let them cross
What did the League do temporarily before deciding what to do with Vilnius?
Sends a commissions that draws up provisional border. Both sides sign it.
Who created the report over what to do with Vilnius?
Paul βHorridβ Hymans β Belgian representative.
What was recommended in the Hyman plan?
- Both Polish and Lithuaniaβs languages were given official status
- All minorities should have equal rights to religion, education, language, association
- Efforts be made to align the two countryβs foreign and economic policies
When did Vilnius become an official part of Poland?
In Mar 1923, Vilnius officially part of Poland
Define Wall street.
Name given to the US market for stocks and shares of companies.
When did the League decide they had given up on Vilnius?
In Jan 1922, League announces they have exhausted all options
Why did the Hyman plan fail?
It was rejected by both sides
What happened after the League gave up on Vilnius?
They allow the city to be occupied by Polish soldiers.
Define βdictatorshipβ
One person governs a country without holding elections, and without being restrained by a parliament, keeping themselves in power using the army and police.
What was the great depression?
The Great Depression was a series of connected economic changes that hits the worldβs countries from 1929 and lasted well into the 1930s.
How was the wall street doing in the first 9 years of the 1920s?
It was doing well; people bought lost of shares in the 1920s as investments made a good profit.
During the 1920s, the US economy _
grew quickly
Why did the great depression happen?
Production of goods and foods reached a point that the demand is satisfied completely. With overproduction and falling demand, the capitalist economies break down
What was black thursday?
People sell stocks on βblack thursdayβ; in a week prices drop suddenly. People lose their investments.
When did the wall street boom end?
Oct 1929
What were the 5 main consequences of the great Depression?
- Factories closed
- Farmers bankrupt
- Millions lost their jobs
- Banking system failed
- People lost their money
Did the Great depression spread outside of the US?
YES!! ππππππ!!! It Spread to EUROPE AND BEYOND!!!!!! ππππππΈππππββοΈπββοΈ WOOO!!!!!!!!!!
What were the 3 key consequences of the Depression on the League?
- The lack of military strength to confront aggressors
- Economic sanctions lost favour
- Some democracies became dictatorships
How did the depression lead to a lack of military strength for the League?
Governments under pressure to cut spending and balance budgets; had to help their citizens before they paid for soliders guns and planes.
How did the depression lead to economic sanctions losing favour in the League?
Stopping of trade as world markets for goods and foods have shrunk; Would cause deeper economic problems; make governments more unpopular if they did economic sanctions.
Was the League successful in the 1930s?
NO.
They were an utter disgrace and failure
By the end of the 1930s, the League could not _
Prevent a WW2. They failed their primary purpose.
After the German invasion of Poland, what was the next time the League met?
After 1939 german invasion of poland they do not meet again till april 1946.
What happened to the League when it came to an end?
Assets are transferred to the UN, based in NYC
Before WW1, many _ were taking place
arms races
Define dreadnoughts
Named after HMS Dreadnought (a British battleship launched in 1906), a type of battleship that was so fast, heavily armed and armoured that no other battleship could match it
Define rearmament
Increasing the numbers of weapons and personnel in the navy, army, and air force.
Why did people think disarmament was important for world peace?
Dreadnoughts arms race between Germany and Britain before WW1.
When and where did the League organize to meet and discuss disarmament?
League organizes to meet in Geneva between 1932-34
What led to peopleβs high hopes of the Geneva conference being disappointed?
High hopes disappointed quickly with fears of individual countries and reculance to trust.
How did France, US, and Britain feel about disarming?
France was willing to disarm if Britain and US guarrantee to, but they were not willing.
What did Hitler want to do during the Disarmament talks?
He wanted to rearm Germany
What did Hitler do during the disarmament talks?
He violates the disarmament clauses of the treaty of versailles.
When did Hitler violate disarmament clauses of the TOV?
1935
What was Hitlerβs justification for violating disarmament clauses of the TOV?
Hitler argues France was not serious about disarmament and withdrew Germany
What events follow Germanyβs rearmament?
Italian and Japanese rearmament follows
What was the economic impact of the wall street crash on Japan?
After wall street crash the US introduces tariffs to protect industry from Japanβs competition, leads to bad economic situation.
Why did Japan want to expand their empire?
Due to the bad economic situation in the depression, Japan wanted to expand their territory for resources.
Before the invasion of Manchuria, what territory did Japan have?
Korea, they were influential on Manchuria.
What was Manchuria (before invasion)
A Chinese province.
What was Japanβs first step in taking over Manchuria?
Japan attacks China (Takes over Mukden).
What was Japanβs justification for taking over Mukden?
They did it in retaliation to railroad bombing at south Manchurian Railway (in Mukden), which may have been staged
Why is it that people think the destruction of Japanβs railways was staged?
It happened at a time where Japan wanted more land.
How could the Japanese army use the fact that their railways were damaged to begin invading?
Japanese imperial army had permission from Japanese govt to relatiate if China attacked Japanβs property
How do we know that the bombing at the south Manchurian railway was small?
Another train was able to safely go over it.
What did China do when Japan took over Mukden?
China appeals to League; They demand for Japanese troops to withdraw but Japan says they will be βwithdrawn when the time is rightβ
After the takeover of Mukden, what areas did Japan take over?
After the takeover of Mukden, Chinchow and Shanghai was taken over by the Japanese army.
What was the Lytton commission?
The investigation that China ordered after Japan was further taking over Manchuria to see what was happening in Manchuria.
When was the Lytton commision?
Dec 1931
Who led the Lytton commision?
Lord βLovableβ Lytton, luxurious alliteration
What was Japanβs zone of occupation in Manchuria called?
Manchuko, a puppet state.
By when did Lord Lytton get to Manchuria?
Feb 1932, when Japan had established themselves there.
How long did Lyttonβs investigation take?
Till SEPTEMBER 1932
what was the results of Lyttonβs investigation?
Most people in Manchuria see themselves as Chinese so it would be an independent part of the Chinese state. Original position of Manchuria was not satisfactory and needed a full discussion about its future.
Was Lyttonβs report agreed on by the council?
Yes.
When did Japan leave the League?
Japan leaves on March 1933 (EXACT)
Why was it bad that Japan left the League, for the League?
Japan was vital for East Asia power, and they left.
What was Britainβs bias during the Manchurian crisis?
Britain was biased and did not want to hurt relations with Japan.
When was the Italian invasion of Abyssinia?
1935-36
Why did Italy want abyssinia?
They wanted to create a great empire to be feared.
When and what was the first invasion of Abyssinia?
Failed invasion in 1896, ABYSSinians destroy the army
When were the second Abyssinia invasion plans created?
1932, with Mussolini
Where was Abyssinia located?
Close to the Italian Somaliland, In Africa.
Who was the Italian dictator during the invasion of Abyssinia?
Benito βIl Duceβ Mussolini
Who was Mussolini?
A far-right fascist Italian dictator
What was Mussoliniβs goal?
Create a new Roman empire to make Italy βgreat, respected, and fearedβ
What is the BEST imaginable name for a border zone between Somaliland and Abyssinia?
The Wal-Wal
What was the skirmish at the wal-wal?
There was a fight, 30 Italians dying and over 90 Abyssinians dying.
What did Mussolini demand after the Wal-wal skirmish?
Compensation.
During the wal-wal skirmish, great powers _
Started to get involved, without reference to the league or its procedures.
What were the Great powersβ motives for getting involved in the Abyssinian crisis without reference to the League?
They were anxious to build a buffer against Hitlerβs Germany. Britain and France wanted to build friendly relationships with Mussolini to counter the threat.
When Italy began invading Abyssinia, what did the League do?
Condemn it and impose sanctions.
Why did League sanctions to Italy fail?
- Oil and coal, which was essential to Italy was not prohibited trade
- The Suez Canal was kept open by Britain in fear of invasions on British colonies
What was the Hoare-Laval plan?
A secret deal France and Britain made with Italy.
How did Italy make further progress into Abyssinia?
They used prohibited mustard gas.
What were the terms of the Hoare-Laval plan?
- If italy stops the war, they receive 2/3rds of Abyssinia for stopping the war
- 3000 miles of Somaliland given to them to provide an outlet to the sea.
How did the Hoare-Laval plan reach the whole world?
The press reported it.
When did Italy make further progress into invading Abyssinia with a fresh attack?
January 1936, a new commander launched a fresh attack.
Define embargo.
A partial or complete end to trade with a country, an example of a trade sanction.
Define puppet state.
A state lacking all independence, being run by the government of another country. It pretends to be a real country but does with itβs told.
Define mustard gas.
A chemical weapon used in the first world war that caused large blisters on exposed skin and lungs.
When did Italy take the capital of Abyssinia?
Italians were left alone and took the capital on 5 May 1936.
What was the League considering when trying to stop the fresh attack on Abyssinia?
They considered imposing an embargo on oil.
Why couldnβt the embargo on oil to Italy go through?
France rejected the idea, with their motives.
Why did France reject the idea of imposing an oil embargo on Italy?
Europe was becoming more concerned about Hitlerβs actions, after he violated the TOV in march 1936 by remilitarizing the Rhineland.
What was the emperor of Abyssiniaβs reaction to the use of chemical weapons?
Emperor of Abyssinia makes a speech in Geneva giving an emotional speech about the chemical weapons.
When did Mussoliniβs Italy withdraw from the League?
December 1937
Why didnβt the League impose more sanction to Italy towards the end of the Abyssinian crisis?
The war was nearly over, so it was futile.
What were the arguments over how to ban weapons in the Disarmament conferences?
There was little agreement among the powers on whether weapons should be banned or restricted. There were arguments over whether planes and aerial bombardment should be banned.
Who was in the disarmament conference?
Brit, France, US, Japan. No Italy.
Who was the emperor of Abyssina during the Abyssian crisis?
Haile Selassie
When did Haile Selassie give his speech to the Assembly?
30 June 1936
Describe Haile Selassieβs reaction to the Italian invasion of Abyssinia
He travelled to Geneva and gave an emotional speech to the Assembly.
He was especially outraged about the use of chemical weapons, and he communicated this to the world
When was the Upper Silesia dispute?
1921
Who was the Upper Silesia dispute between?
Germany and Poland
What was the Upper Silesia crisis about?
There was rioting after Germany won the plebstice over whether they should belong to Germany or Poland.
How did the League respond to concerns over upper Silesia?
After a 6 week inquiry, the League decided to divide the region between Germany and Poland
How many people wanted to be part of Germany, and how many part of Poland in the Upper Silesia plebstice?
700,000 voted for Germany
500,000 voted for Poland
