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IGCSEs > Computers πŸ’» | Data representation | 1.1 > Flashcards

Computers πŸ’» | Data representation | 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What system does a computer use to store data?

A

Computers use binary - the digits 0 and 1 - to store data.

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2
Q

What is the smallest unit of data in computing?

A

A binary digit, or a bit, is the smallest unit of data in computing.

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3
Q

What is a bit represented as?

A

The digit 0 or 1.

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4
Q

What makes up a computer processor?

A

Billions of transistors, tiny switches activated by the electronic signals it receives.

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5
Q

What is a transistor?

A

A transistor is a tiny device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or a gate for electronic signals.

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6
Q

What do the 0 and 1 digits in binary represent?

A

They reflect the on and off states of a transistor.

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7
Q

What is a computer program?

A

Sets of instructions given for the computer to output.

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8
Q

What is the most basic low level type of code on a computer?

A

Machine code.

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9
Q

What is machine code?

A

Simple binary codes that activate the CPU.

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10
Q

Do humans write in machine code?

A

No, most humans write code in higher level languages that are more understandable, which are converted by a translator into binary instructions the processor can excecute.

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11
Q

What is encoding?

A

Encoding is when data on a computer is translated from one format to another. Everything on a computer looks like binary numbers in machine code to the processor. They are encoded into data formats to give them meaning.

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12
Q

Why are encoding formats standardized?

A

Encoding formats are standardized to help with compatibility across different platforms.

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13
Q

What is audio encoded as?

A

Audio is encoded as audio file formats, eg mp3, WAV, AAC.

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14
Q

What is video encoded as?

A

Video is encoded as video file formats, eg MPEG4, H264.

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15
Q

What is text encoded as?

A

Text is encoded in character sets, eg ASCII, Unicode.

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16
Q

What are images encoded as?

A

Images are encoded as file formats, eg BMP, JPEG, PNG.

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17
Q

What groups are bits organized into when representing larger amounts of data?

A

The bits can be organized into nibbles, byte, word, long words, and very long words.

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18
Q

How many bits are in a nibble?

A

4 bits.

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19
Q

How many bits are in a byte?

A

8 bits.

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20
Q

How many bits are in a word?

A

16 bits.

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21
Q

How many bits are in a long word?

A

32 bits.

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22
Q

How much data does a single computer memory cell hold?

A

A byte, or 8 bits.

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23
Q

How does a computer perform different jobs?

A

It executes the program instructions.

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24
Q

What is the CPU responsible for

A

~The CPU has many responsibilities! She is a full grown adult and has left school, so she has to pay taxes, manage money, and manage a family all on her own!~

~Life as a CPU is challenging, but worthwhile. Little transistors - I know it seems like a long way away, but YOU will some day work together to be a CPU. YES YOU WILL!!~

No, a CPU is responsible for performing both arithmetic calculation and logical operations.

~Welcome to Eran’s flashcard’s, where he adds completely unnecessary things to flashcards to make them more interesting.~

~i mean this should add some interest~

~im sure it’ll help u remember riggghhtt ahahahah~

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25
Q

What is a logical operation?

A

Less than or greater than, equal to, AND, OR, NOT…

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26
Q

What is an arithmetic calculation?

A

Plus, minus, multiplied, divide - mathematical ones.

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27
Q

What is a logic gate?

A

A model of a logical operation in a computer, constructed theoretically using transistors inside a processor chip. A CPU has millions of these to perform logical operations.

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28
Q

What are the 3 number systems?

A

Binary, denary, and hexadecimal.

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29
Q

What is the base of the denary number system?

A

10.

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30
Q

What are the digits used in the denary number system?

A

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

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31
Q

What is the base of the binary number system?

A

2.

32
Q

What are the digits used in the binary number system?

A

0 and 1

33
Q

What is the base of the hexadecimal number system?

A

16.

34
Q

What are the digits used in the hexadecimal number system?

A

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

35
Q

What do the Digits A - F represent in the hexadecimal number system?

A

10-15, but as digits.

36
Q

What is a memory dump?

A

A process in which the contents of the memory are displayed or stored, in the case of an application or system crash.

37
Q

What are the other names for a memory dump?

A

A core dump, Blue screen of death (BSOD), or β€œBlue screen of error” (never heard this. is the syllabus trying to be less violent and more formal??)

38
Q

What operating system are memory dumps more commonly found on?

A

Memory dump is a common problem found in various versions of the windows operating system.

39
Q

What is a blue screen memory dump?

A

A blue screen memory dump is an error screen that comes up just before the system just gets rebooted, as the operating system can no longer function due to a variety of reasons. The RAM is dumped onto a data file.

40
Q

How is a memory dump helpful?

A

A memory dump allows software developers and system administrators to diagnose or identify and resolve the problem that lead to the application / system failure.

41
Q

How is hexadecimal used in memory dumps?

A

The hexadecimal number system is used as a shortcut notation in computer memory dumps. Since computer memory is inherently binary, hexadecimal shortens it. Each nibble is printed as a hexadecimal digit.

42
Q

What is HTML?

A

HTML (Hypertext markup language) is a markup language used to write content on webpages. It uses and tags to write commands.

43
Q

How is color specified on websites?

A

The color is specified according to the intensity of the Red, Green, and Blue, each represented by 8 bits. 24 bits altogether to represent a web color. Each Parameter are represented as an integer from 0-255

44
Q

How does hexadecimal aid in web color?

A

The 24 bits that would otherwise be represented as integers from 0-255 are shortened to a 6 digit HEX(adecimal) code.

45
Q

Why are HTML color codes in Hexadecimal?

A

It uses fewer characters, making the file smaller and allowing the page to load faster over a slow network connection.

46
Q

What is a MAC adress?

A

MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unit number associated with network interface cards which identify as a particular machine/device. This allows all devices to uniquely identify themselves on a computer network such as internet.

47
Q

How many bits long is a MAC adress?

A

48 bits long. It can theoretically be assigned to 281 billion computers.

48
Q

How is a MAC address written?

A

As a sequence of 12 hexadecimal digits like:

MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS or mm-mm-mm-ss-ss-ss

The first 6 β€œMM” digits represent the identification number. The second 6 β€œSS” digits represent the serial number of the device.

49
Q

What is a URL?

A

A URL β€œUniform Resource Locator” is the address of a web page used to request a page from a web server in a browser.

50
Q

How is hexadecimal helpful in web adresses?

A

Web addresses are limited to only the ASCII character set. If the URL contains a character outside the ASCII character set, it is converted to an ASCII formal with a percentage (%) sign followed by 2 hexadecimal digits.

51
Q

How is a space represented in a web address?

A

With a β€œ+” or a β€œ%20”

52
Q

How is hexadecimal useful in machine code?

A

To address low level components we use addresses with hexadecimal values to shorten it.

53
Q

How is hexadecimal useful in debugging?

A

It is often used to refer to a certain error message.

54
Q

What are the advantages of hexadecimal?

A
  • It is more concise, which allows you to store more information with less space.
  • It is fast and simple to convert between hexadecimal and binary
  • It makes life easier for humans, as it allows for grouping of binary numbers, making it easier to understand. Also, less digits reduces the chances of error occurring.
55
Q

What is 8 bit overflow?

A

Processors use 8 bit registers, so if too many bits are added to the register (11111111+1), the CPU drops the overflow digit and thinks the answer is 0.

56
Q

What digit is a negative sign bit?

A

1

57
Q

What digit is a positive sign bit?

A

0

58
Q

All unsigned binary numbers are __

A

Positive

59
Q

What is twos complement?

A

A method of representing signed numbers.

Write positive number - flip the bits - add 1

60
Q

The twos complement of a positive number is __

A

The same as normal.

61
Q

What is a character set?

A

A complete set of the characters and their number codes that can be represented by a computer system.

62
Q

How are binary codes used to represent characters?

A

Each character must be stored as a unique number called a character code if a computer system is to be able to store and process it.

63
Q

What does ASCII stand for?

A

American Standard Code of Information Interchange

64
Q

What is ASCII?

A

A character encoding that uses numeric codes to represent characters.

65
Q

Standard ASCII uses __ bits to represent __ characters.

A

Standard ASCII uses 7 bits to represent 128 characters.

66
Q

Extended ASCII uses __ bits to represent __ characters.

A

Extended ASCII uses 8 bits to represent 256 characters.

67
Q

Standard ASCII is enough to represent __

A

All standard English letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols

68
Q

Extended ASCII is enough to represent __

A

Special characters and characters from other languages.

69
Q

In extended ASCII, all additional binary values start with a _

A

1

70
Q

What is unicode?

A

A universal character encoding standard that defines the way individual characters are represented in text files, web pages, and other types of documents.

71
Q

Unicode is enough to represent __

A

Characters from all languages around the world.

72
Q

Unicode can represent upto __ characters, using __ bytes each

A

Unicode can represent upto about 1,000,00 characters, using 4 bytes each

73
Q

What are the two kinds of unicode?

A

UTF-8 and UTF-16

74
Q

UTF-8 uses _ bytes to represent common english characters

A

one byte

75
Q

UTF-8 uses two bytes to represent __

A

European, Hebrew, and Arabic characters

76
Q

UTF-8 uses 3 bytes to represent _

A

Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Other Asian characters.

77
Q

UTF-8 uses 4 bytes to represent __

A

Additional unicode characters.

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