History β³ | To what extent was the League of Nations a success? π | 2.1 Flashcards
What vision did Wilson have of the League of Nations?
Wilson wanted a parliament for the whole world, for every country to regularly meet to vote and decide on things that universally affect all of them.
What vision did British Leaders have of the League of Nations?
They wanted the league of nations to be a simple organization that only would meet in emergencies.
What vision did France have of the League of Nations?
Wanted the League of Nations to be strong and have its own army.
Which country did not join the League of Nations?
The USA.
What is the main reason the US did not join the League of Nations?
It was not ratified by the congressmen thrice.
How did Americans with German Anscestry lead to the US not joining the League of Nations?
Millions of Americans with German anscestry were angry with the treaty of Versailles, which the League of Nations aimed to enforce (DEMOCRACY)
What was the military fear the US had about the League of Nations, causing them to not join?
After sending soldiers who died to help with WW1, they feared that they would have to send more to deal with conflicts from the League.
How did the League of Nations possibly hurting US trade lead to them not joining?
The League of Nations Sanctions could hurt US trade and buissnesses
Why did Americans not trust Britain and France in the League of Nations, causing them to not join?
People thought that the League of Nations would be dominated with Britain and France arguing over empires instead of focusing on international interests.
Which countries joined the League of Nations in 1919?
Britain, France, Japan, Italy
When did Germany join the League of Nations?
1926
When did the Soviet Union join the League of Nations?
1934
Which two countries remained for the entirety of the League of nations?
Britain and France.
When did Japan leave the League of Nations?
1933
When did Germany leave the League of Nations?
1933
When did Italy leave the league of nations?
1937
When did the Soviet Union leave the League of Nations?
1939
What were Britainβs priorities in the League of Nations?
selfish #hashtag #cancelBritain
Britainβs priorities were more intersted in rebuilding british trade and helping their own empire than helping the whole world.
What were Franceβs priorities in the League of Nations?
Franceβs priorities were to give the League of Nations a strong army, because they were scared that the League of Nations was too weak to protect France from Germany.
What were the original League of Nations countries?
Britain, France, Japan, Italy.
Japan had a permanent seat in the __ in the League of Nations
Japan had a permanent seat in the council in the League of Nations
Why did Japan leave the League of Nations?
They left the League because of the Manchurian crisis in 1933.
Why did Italy Leave the League of nations?
Italy left the League because of the Abyssinian crisis in 1937.
Why did Germany Leave the League of Nations?
Germany left the League in 1933 because Hitler thought that The league was a βclub for the WW1 winnersβ.
Why was the Soviet Union expelled from the League of Nations?
Soviet Union were expelled because they were seen as a threat to the capitalist countries after the bolshevik revolution. After invading Finland in 1939, they were expelled (the reason given).
Define covenant.
A set of rules setting out how members of an organization should behave
Define arbitration.
A method of resolving a dispute peacefully using an independent person or authority that is neutral who will listen to all the evidence like a judge and then issue a ruling.
Define sanctions.
Penalties or punishments imposed by an official body such as a court of law with intent to affect a countryβs decisions makes so they change a policy such as ending a war.
Define unanimous.
A decision that has the support of every representative who is voting in a decision making process.
Define humanitarian.
Taking action to promote the welfare of people.
Define socialist.
An economic system based on state-owned property and driven by needs
Define capitalist.
An economic system based on private property and driven by profits
Define civil war.
A war in one country between two or more sides within that country.
Define exploitation.
A process in which a person or group is treated unfairly at work.
What did articles 8 and 9 of the League covenant say?
To promote disarmament so countries only have enough military strength to maintain national security.
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What did article 10 of the League covenant state?
Each League of Nations member must support any other member that was attacked (collective security)
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What did article 11 of the League covenant state?
If expecting to be attacked, any member can consult the league of nations.
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What was the process in article 12 to 15 of the League covenant?
- Disputes settled by a process:
- Investigation of the issue
- Discussion in the League
- Putting the issue before an international court or going to arbitration
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What was the pledge in articles 12 to 15 of the league covenant?
Members all pledge to not declare war. This pledge breaks three months after the dispute in brought to the Leagueβs attention.
What did article 16 of the League covenant state?
Members agree to quickly take action against anyone going to war, as it would be seen as an act of war against all other members.
What would article 16 of the League covenant lead to?
- Economic sanctions like cutting of trade links
- Military action possibly
What were the three processes which the League could use to try stop wars?
Moral condemnation, economic sanctions, and military sanctions,
What did moral disapproval mean?
Council meets to condemn aggression so aggressor feels bad knowing it is public.
What did economic sanctions mean?
If moral disagreement fails, council would suppress military with a trade boycott or credit refusal.
What did military sanctions mean?
If economic sanctions fail, council may send military help to victim.
What did the council of the League do?
Took major decisions especially in crisis.
How often did the League council meet?
Met 4 times a year, more in crisis.
The council included ___
permanent and non permanent members.
What were the councilβs permanent members at the start?
Britain, France, Italy, Japan.
What did the secretariat of the League do?
It was the βpermanent civil serviceβ of the League, and carried out councilβs choices.
What tasks did the secretariat do?
Organize conference π₯, monitor budgets πΆ, circulate reports π
How many officials did the secretariat have?
700 officials from different countries
What is the Secretary general?
The chief of the secretariat.
Who was the first (wonderfule) secretary general?
Sir Eric Drummond
What did the Assembly of the league do?
Met once a year and vote on decisions like an international parliament.
For a decision in the assembly to be reached, it had to be __.
Unanimous.
Who was allowed to vote in the Assembly? How many votes?
Every member of the league, one vote each. New members and non permanent members were allowed.
How did words spoken in the assembly reach a global audience?
The world press reported it, which helped increase moral pressure (doubt).
How was being established by the treaty of Versailles a weakness for the league?
The League of Nations was supposed to enforce the Treaty of Versailles, but the treaty had many flaws. Some members (Italians, japans, and germans {a LOT}) did not like the treaty so the League wasnβt fully supported.
How was unanimous voting a weakness of the League?
β―Decisions required u n a n I m o u s votes. All members has biases / vetoes so it was hard to agree on things.
How was the lack of an army a weakness of the league?
Without an army of its own, did not have sufficient military potential from countries in the League. And, makes it hard to enforce military sanctions. Also, it didnt include all countries with sufficient economic and military potential.
How was low funding a weakness of the league?
The league of Nations ran on only $4 million per year from 1921-27, and with such little funding, it often relied on charities.
When was the international labour organization established?
1919
What was the purpose of the ILO?
Fight for social justice and make sure working conditions were safe healthy and fair.
What issues did the ILO deal with?
Issues such as hours of work, protection of women, of children, and of the elderly.
Define convention.
An agreement that does not have the force of law so its implementation depends on βtrustβ
How did the ILO make recommendations to national governments about labour matters?
In conventions, the ILO made reccomendations to governments about labour.
What was the process of the ILO creating conventions?
In the ILO annual conference, conventions were agreed on and then presented to national parliaments within one year.
How many ILO conventions were agreed on by 1939?
An international network of labour laws developed, 67 conventions agreed by 1939.
What was the ILO accomplishment in the Persian carpet industry?
An 8 hour work day for children in Persian carpet industry
What effect did the ILO have on work days?
It led to many countries have a 8 hour work day and 48 hour week
The ILO restricted ___ in paint.
Lead
How did the ILO impact ventilation?
They made rooms better ventilated.
The ILO campaigned to __
Increase rights of women in workplace, end child labour, and make ship owners liable for accidents involving seamen.
What happened to the ILO after the LON ended?
Becomes agency of the United nations in 1946.
When was the slavery commission established?
Early 1920s
What was the purpose of the slavery commission?
To eradicate slavery and slave trading and challenge forced prostitution.
A commitment was made that in __, slavery would be ended due to them being a member of the __.
A commitment was made that in Abyssinia, slavery would be ended due to them being a member of the League.
The slavery commission worked with Liberia to __
The slavery commission worked with Liberia to abolish forced labour and intertribal slavery.
What records did the slavery commission keep?
They kept records to control slavery, prostitution, and the trafficking of women & children
Partly due to pressure brought by the League of Nations, where was slavery abolished?
Afghanistan, Iraq, Nepal, Transjordan, Persia, Bahrain, and Abyssinia.
AINT PBA!!
Pears, bananas, apples
When was slavery abolished in Afghanistan?
1923
When was slavery abolished in Iraq?
1924
When was slavery abolished in Nepal?
1926
When was slavery abolished in Transjordan?
1929
When was slavery abolished in Persia?
1929
When was slavery abolished in Bahrain?
1937.
When was slavery abolished in Abyssinia?
1942
When was the Commission for Refugees established?
1921
Who led the commission for refugees?
Led by Fridtjof* βoverly complex first nameβ Nansen β an amazing, fantastic human being.
Complimenting historical figures as a study method is not going to work forever is it?
how on earth am i meant to pronounce the constanants d,t,and j together HUH
What was the purpose of the commission for refugees?
To look after interests of refugees: overseeing return to home countries and resettlement.
How many _ Prisoners of war did the commission for refugees help?
Helped 425,000 people who were ex prisoners of war in Russia after ww1.
After WW1, how many Russian prisoners of war were there?
2-3 million.
How did the commission for refugees help Turkey?
They set up camps in turkey in 1922 to help it deal with a refugee crisis.
Because of the tiny budget of the League, Nansen had to __
Use imaginative methods to help refugees and countries.
What was the Nansen passport?
Identification papers given to stateless people by the commission for refugees. So they have some sort of identification.
How does Nansen live on todayβ¦
He will always be in our hearts
But also the UN gives a Nansen refugee award to people who have done great work assisting refugees.
What organization replaced the LEAGUE OF DOOM?
The United Nations.
Define agency.
An organization which acts on behalf of others, within the League different agencies focused on specific issues under the authority of the council.
What is the United Nations?
An international membership organization for states founded in 1946 to promote development, peace, and human rights.
Define eradicate.
To abolish or get rid of
Define intertribal.
An activity that is carried out between tribes of people rather than in different countries.
Define trafficking.
The buying and selling of people or drugs
Define leprosy.
A contagious disease that affects the skin and the nervous system.
