History β³ | German Depth: Nazi Control π₯ | 6.3a Flashcards
1
Q
Define Aktion T-4
A
A euthanasia program in WW2 that involved the killing of mentally handicapped, mentally ill, and terminally ill people by doctors administering lethal injections.
2
Q
Who was Clemens August Graf von Galen?
man has a long name
A
The Roman Catholic Bishop of MΓΌnster, who gave a sermon that condemned the Aktion T-4 programme.
3
Q
Internally, what were the nazi leaders discussing should be done against Clemens August Graf von Galen?
A
- Originally, Hitler wanted Galen arrested
- Goebbels warned he was too popular a figure to persecute
4
Q
What did the nazis do to Clemens August Graf von Galen?
A
They sent him to a concentration camp, but he survived
This made him an inspiration to some
5
Q
When was Von Galen sent to a concentration camp?
A
1944
6
Q
Who was Dietrich Bonhoffer?
A
A protestant pastor who was a vocal critic of nazism that helped many Jews escape Germany.
7
Q
When was Dietrich Bonhoffer arrested?
A
1943
8
Q
When was Dietrich Bonhoffer executed?
A
Apr 1945
9
Q
Where was Dietrich Bonhoffer executed?
A
The FlossenbΓΌrg concentration camp
10
Q
Who were the White Rose Group?
A
A group of young nazi resistors who would try to spread messages against nazis.
11
Q
By whom were the White rose Group inspired?
A
Von Galen
12
Q
When was the White Rose Group founded?
A
1942
13
Q
Who founded the White Rose Group?
A
Hans Scholl annd Sophie Scholl, two siblings
14
Q
Which university did the White Rose Group Scholls attend?
A
The Munich university
15
Q
How did the white rose group spread anti-nazi messages?
A
- They distributed leaflets of Munich universityβs campus attacking the nazis
- These leaflets were smuggled and reprinted out of Germany and dropped by allied planes over cities
16
Q
When were the White Rose group leaders arrested?
A
Feb 1943
17
Q
Apart from being arrested, what was done to the White rose group?
A
They were also tortured and beheaded! π
18
Q
What group did the SPD create to resist the nazis?
A
They set up an exile group called SOPADE.
19
Q
Where was SOPADE based?
A
In prague, until Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia. They relocated to Paris.
20
Q
What were the SOPADE reports?
A
Reports created by the SPD while in exile about the situation in Germany, with an anti-nazi stance.
The reports were shown to the outside
21
Q
What was the goal of SOPADE?
A
To give information to the outside world about what was happening in Germany.
22
Q
What was the Red Orchestra?
A
A spy network that sent information to the USSR
23
Q
How did the nazis respond to the red orchestra?
A
They were tortured and killed by the Gestapo
24
Q
Who were the Kreisau Circle?
A
A small groups of conservatives who formed an opposition discussion group about how to run Germany after Hitler was gone
25
How did the nazis respond to the Kreisau circle?
Following the army bomb plot, the Gestapo executed many of the members.
26
When was the Kreisau Circle executed?
1944
27
Define Concentration Camp
Prisons for political opponents up to 1939 and in the Second World War when Jews were sent to as well. The idea was that opponents would be 'purified' by hard labour.
28
What was Operation Valkyrie?
An assasination attempt by the German army against Hitler.
29
Who was the man chosen to plant to bomb in Operation Valkyrie?
*Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg*
30
Why did *Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg* turn against Hitler?
- He witnessed the savagery on the Russian front in 1942
- He started to consider Hindenburg's doubts about Hitler
31
When was Operation Valkyrie?
20 July 1944
32
How did Operation Valkyrie fail?
The briefcase bomb was moved just before it went off
33
What deaths and injuries were caused by operation valkyrie?
- 4 people were killed
- Hitler's eardrum was perforated from the sound of the explosion
34
What was the second phase of Operation Valkyrie that didn't go into effect?
There was a planned uprising in Berlin.
35
After Operation Valkyrie, what was done to conspirators in the uprising?
| +How many conspirators were there?
**5000** conspirators were executed.
36
Define police state
A country in which the government controls people's freedom by means of the police, especially secret police
37
What were the components of the nazi police state?
1. Ordo & Kripo
2. Gestapo
3. SA
4. SS
5. Army
38
Who were the *Ordo and Kripo*?
The regular police in nazi Germany
39
Who were the *Gestapo*?
The secret police in nazi Germany who dealt with moral and political opposition
40
When did Himmler take over the *SA?*
1934
41
How did the SS change in the third Reich?
They took over many aspects of the nazi regime such as operating concentration camps
42
When did Himmler take charge of all police in Germany?
1936
43
What was the importance of Heinrich Himmler in nazi Germany?
He had charge of the police and SS in Germany, therefore having a lot of power
44
Who was Reinhard Heidrich?
- The deputy of Himmler
- Head of the SD
- A major architect of the holocaust
45
What was the SD?
The Nazi party's internal security police and main source of intelligence
46
What was the SS's response to the assasination of Reinhard Heydrich?
They... murdered the whole town of Lidice in retailiation
| how... reasonable
47
When was Heydrich assasinated?
1942
48
How did the Gestapo get information?
- They had a network of informers
- Neighbours snitch
49
What made work of the Gestapo overwhelming?
Neighbours often would snitch on each other just to settle peersonal rivalries.
50
What sort of behavior could send someone to a concentration if found out by the Gestapo?
'Deviant behaviour'
51
Why did Goebbels heavily publicise Dachau?
He wanted to make sure that political opponents would know what could happen to them, creating fear.
52
Who was the head of the Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and propaganda?
Dr Joseph Goebbels
53
How did Goebbels control radio to fit nazi values?
He created the 'people's reciever' radio, which was mass-produced and allowed people to tune into nazi radio stations.
54
Why was the people's reciever so popular?
Radio was previously an expensive technology, but the people's reciever was made at a very cheap price.
55
By 1939, what % of Germans had a radio?
70%
| The highest % in the world
56
How did Goebbels use art to promote nazi values?
He created the 'Degenerate Art' exhibition which showed art which was 'immoral' and 'repulsive' to nazi values.
| aka modern art
57
When was the Degenerate Art Exhibition created?
1937
58
Which notable artists were featured in the Degenerate Art Exhibition?
Picasso, Matisse, and Van Gogh
59
By 1940, how many people had seen the Degenerate Art Exhibition?
Over **4 million**
60
What were the nuremburg rallies?
Military gatherings with hundereds of thousands of nazis each summer that involved extravagant showcases of power.
61
How did the nuremburg rallies work as propaganda?
- People could gain a sense of belonging to a great movement
- People could see Germany as a great, powerful nation
- German order was emphasised
- People could be convinced that the nazis were universally supported
62
What things were shown off in nuremburg rallies?
- Marches of soldiers with flags
- Drumming bands
- Hitler speeches
- Flying displays
- Torchlit processions
63
How often were nuremburg rallies?
Summerly
64
What was created by Hitler to prevent nazi-critical journalists from publishing their work?
The Editor's Law
65
When was the Editor's Law created?
Oct 1933
66
What did the Editor's law do?
It made newspaper *editors* responsible for everything that was published in the newspaper. If a *journalist* criticised the nazis, the *editors* were punished.
67
What was the effect of the Editor's Law?
Editors were too afraid of punishments, so individual newspapers stopped publishing articles by critical journalists.
68
How did the nazis prevent anti-nazi rhethoric spreading?
They burned communists and Jewish books
69
When was the first nazi book burning?
6 May 1933
70
Why did nazis ban jazz?
- It was stereotypically played by Jews or blacks
- Jazz has notions of freedom
71
What derogatory term was used by nazis against music such as jazz and swing?
*Negermusik*
72
Why did the nazis persecute many groups in German society?
| Limited to ideological reasons
- Jews, foreigners, and communists went against national interest
- Mentally and physically handicapped went against eugenics
- The 25-point program used many groups as a scapegoat for the ideology
73
Why did the nazis persecute many groups in German society?
| Limited to political reasons
- Hitler was not winning a majority in elections, so he knew that by persecuting groups he could intimidate opposition
- He'd also be... killing the opposition, thus reducing votes
74
Why were churches a challenge to nazism?
- The moral principals of christianity were opposing nazism
- Church leaders offered a rival to Hitler (Christianity was a long-stanting ideology)
| Thus, simply shutting down churches was too much of a risk
74
**DELETE THIS FLASHCARD LATER**
*TO DELETE*
75
How did Von Papen try to neutralise the Catholic Church?
He signed a concordant with the catholic church guaranteeing its freedom, rights, and property protection.
76
What organisation did Hitler create to gain support of Protestants?
The "German Christians"
77
What were the "German Christians"?
An organisation aiming to blend Nazism and Christianity
78
Was the "German Christians" successful?
*no.*
| how informative
79
When did Von Papen sign a concordant with the catholic church?
July 1933
80
When was the Confessing Church for non-nazi ministers set up?
1934
81
Who set up the confessing church for non-nazi ministers?
Dietrich Bonhoffer and Martin NiemΓΆller
82
How many German pastors did the confessing church for non-nazi ministers gain the support of?
| Out of the total
**7000** out of Germany's 17,000 pastors
83
How did the nazis respond to the confessing church for non-nazi ministers?
- Priests and pastors were arrested
- Church schools were closed
- Funds were confiscated
- NiemΓΆller was sent to a concentration camp
84
When was NiemΓΆller sent to a concentration camp?
1937
85
In 1933, how many Jews were in Germany?
503,000
86
What percent of the population were Jews in 1933?
Less than 1%
87
When did official action against Jews begin?
1937
88
Why did Hitler wait till 1937 to start taking action against Jews?
Hitler's impression was to revise the ToV, which meant making a good impression with foreign nations. Targetting Jews would be unpopular with other naitons.
89
Why was there a one-day boycott of Jewish shops in 1933?
Hitler did it just to please the SA, though it did not have much impact.
90
Define Nuremburg Laws
Two laws that said that deprived Jews of their citizenship.
91
What two laws made up the Nuremburg Laws?
1. 'Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour'
2. 'Reich Citizenship Law'
92
According to the Nuremburg laws, what were Jews forbidden from doing?
- Marrying a German
- Having sexual relations with a German
93
According to the Nuremburg laws, what was a Jewish person defined as?
- Anyone with 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents
- Irrespective of if they were religious
94
When were the Berlin olympics (held in Germany)?
Summer 1936
95
What did Goebbels and Hitler use the Berlin Olympics for?
- To show the world how advanced Germany was
- They did this by putting aside anti-semetic propaganda
96
What two events took place in 1938 that saw a shift in German policy towards Jews?
- Invasion of Austria
- Kristallnacht
97
How were Jews mistreated during the invasion of Austria?
- Jews in Vienna were mistreated
- Adolf Eichmann deported 1000s of Jews
| Adolf Eichmann was an assistant to Heydrich
98
Kristalnacht is also known as... ___
`The Night of the Broken glass`
99
When was Kristallnacht?
9-10 Nov 1938
100
What was done on Kristallnacht?
The SS, dressed in plain clothes attacked Jewish homes and shops
101
What was the physical aftermath of Kristallnacht?
City centres were littered with broken glass and debris
102
How many people were killed in Kristallnacht?
At least **100**
103
How did the nazis use Kristallnacht to their advantage?
- They blamed it on the Jews (wut)
- Businesses were ceased
- Persecution
- Jewish children were banned from schools and universities
104
How much were Jews fined due to Kristallnacht?
1 billion marks.
105
Define totalitarian state
A state where government has total power over all individuals and institutions
106
How many crimes were made punishable by death in nazi Germany?
Over 44 crimes
