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IGCSEs > History ⏳ | German Depth: Nazi Control πŸ₯‚ | 6.3a > Flashcards

History ⏳ | German Depth: Nazi Control πŸ₯‚ | 6.3a Flashcards

1
Q

Define Aktion T-4

A

A euthanasia program in WW2 that involved the killing of mentally handicapped, mentally ill, and terminally ill people by doctors administering lethal injections.

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2
Q

Who was Clemens August Graf von Galen?

man has a long name

A

The Roman Catholic Bishop of MΓΌnster, who gave a sermon that condemned the Aktion T-4 programme.

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3
Q

Internally, what were the nazi leaders discussing should be done against Clemens August Graf von Galen?

A
  • Originally, Hitler wanted Galen arrested
  • Goebbels warned he was too popular a figure to persecute
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4
Q

What did the nazis do to Clemens August Graf von Galen?

A

They sent him to a concentration camp, but he survived

This made him an inspiration to some

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5
Q

When was Von Galen sent to a concentration camp?

A

1944

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6
Q

Who was Dietrich Bonhoffer?

A

A protestant pastor who was a vocal critic of nazism that helped many Jews escape Germany.

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7
Q

When was Dietrich Bonhoffer arrested?

A

1943

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8
Q

When was Dietrich Bonhoffer executed?

A

Apr 1945

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9
Q

Where was Dietrich Bonhoffer executed?

A

The FlossenbΓΌrg concentration camp

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10
Q

Who were the White Rose Group?

A

A group of young nazi resistors who would try to spread messages against nazis.

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11
Q

By whom were the White rose Group inspired?

A

Von Galen

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12
Q

When was the White Rose Group founded?

A

1942

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13
Q

Who founded the White Rose Group?

A

Hans Scholl annd Sophie Scholl, two siblings

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14
Q

Which university did the White Rose Group Scholls attend?

A

The Munich university

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15
Q

How did the white rose group spread anti-nazi messages?

A
  • They distributed leaflets of Munich university’s campus attacking the nazis
  • These leaflets were smuggled and reprinted out of Germany and dropped by allied planes over cities
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16
Q

When were the White Rose group leaders arrested?

A

Feb 1943

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17
Q

Apart from being arrested, what was done to the White rose group?

A

They were also tortured and beheaded! 😊

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18
Q

What group did the SPD create to resist the nazis?

A

They set up an exile group called SOPADE.

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19
Q

Where was SOPADE based?

A

In prague, until Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia. They relocated to Paris.

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20
Q

What were the SOPADE reports?

A

Reports created by the SPD while in exile about the situation in Germany, with an anti-nazi stance.

The reports were shown to the outside

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21
Q

What was the goal of SOPADE?

A

To give information to the outside world about what was happening in Germany.

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22
Q

What was the Red Orchestra?

A

A spy network that sent information to the USSR

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23
Q

How did the nazis respond to the red orchestra?

A

They were tortured and killed by the Gestapo

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24
Q

Who were the Kreisau Circle?

A

A small groups of conservatives who formed an opposition discussion group about how to run Germany after Hitler was gone

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25
Q

How did the nazis respond to the Kreisau circle?

A

Following the army bomb plot, the Gestapo executed many of the members.

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26
Q

When was the Kreisau Circle executed?

A

1944

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27
Q

Define Concentration Camp

A

Prisons for political opponents up to 1939 and in the Second World War when Jews were sent to as well. The idea was that opponents would be β€˜purified’ by hard labour.

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28
Q

What was Operation Valkyrie?

A

An assasination attempt by the German army against Hitler.

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29
Q

Who was the man chosen to plant to bomb in Operation Valkyrie?

A

Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg

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30
Q

Why did Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg turn against Hitler?

A
  • He witnessed the savagery on the Russian front in 1942
  • He started to consider Hindenburg’s doubts about Hitler
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31
Q

When was Operation Valkyrie?

A

20 July 1944

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32
Q

How did Operation Valkyrie fail?

A

The briefcase bomb was moved just before it went off

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33
Q

What deaths and injuries were caused by operation valkyrie?

A
  • 4 people were killed
  • Hitler’s eardrum was perforated from the sound of the explosion
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34
Q

What was the second phase of Operation Valkyrie that didn’t go into effect?

A

There was a planned uprising in Berlin.

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35
Q

After Operation Valkyrie, what was done to conspirators in the uprising?

+How many conspirators were there?

A

5000 conspirators were executed.

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36
Q

Define police state

A

A country in which the government controls people’s freedom by means of the police, especially secret police

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37
Q

What were the components of the nazi police state?

A
  1. Ordo & Kripo
  2. Gestapo
  3. SA
  4. SS
  5. Army
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38
Q

Who were the Ordo and Kripo?

A

The regular police in nazi Germany

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39
Q

Who were the Gestapo?

A

The secret police in nazi Germany who dealt with moral and political opposition

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40
Q

When did Himmler take over the SA?

A

1934

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41
Q

How did the SS change in the third Reich?

A

They took over many aspects of the nazi regime such as operating concentration camps

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42
Q

When did Himmler take charge of all police in Germany?

A

1936

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43
Q

What was the importance of Heinrich Himmler in nazi Germany?

A

He had charge of the police and SS in Germany, therefore having a lot of power

44
Q

Who was Reinhard Heidrich?

A
  • The deputy of Himmler
  • Head of the SD
  • A major architect of the holocaust
45
Q

What was the SD?

A

The Nazi party’s internal security police and main source of intelligence

46
Q

What was the SS’s response to the assasination of Reinhard Heydrich?

A

They… murdered the whole town of Lidice in retailiation

how… reasonable

47
Q

When was Heydrich assasinated?

A

1942

48
Q

How did the Gestapo get information?

A
  • They had a network of informers
  • Neighbours snitch
49
Q

What made work of the Gestapo overwhelming?

A

Neighbours often would snitch on each other just to settle peersonal rivalries.

50
Q

What sort of behavior could send someone to a concentration if found out by the Gestapo?

A

β€˜Deviant behaviour’

51
Q

Why did Goebbels heavily publicise Dachau?

A

He wanted to make sure that political opponents would know what could happen to them, creating fear.

52
Q

Who was the head of the Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and propaganda?

A

Dr Joseph Goebbels

53
Q

How did Goebbels control radio to fit nazi values?

A

He created the β€˜people’s reciever’ radio, which was mass-produced and allowed people to tune into nazi radio stations.

54
Q

Why was the people’s reciever so popular?

A

Radio was previously an expensive technology, but the people’s reciever was made at a very cheap price.

55
Q

By 1939, what % of Germans had a radio?

A

70%

The highest % in the world

56
Q

How did Goebbels use art to promote nazi values?

A

He created the β€˜Degenerate Art’ exhibition which showed art which was β€˜immoral’ and β€˜repulsive’ to nazi values.

aka modern art

57
Q

When was the Degenerate Art Exhibition created?

A

1937

58
Q

Which notable artists were featured in the Degenerate Art Exhibition?

A

Picasso, Matisse, and Van Gogh

59
Q

By 1940, how many people had seen the Degenerate Art Exhibition?

A

Over 4 million

60
Q

What were the nuremburg rallies?

A

Military gatherings with hundereds of thousands of nazis each summer that involved extravagant showcases of power.

61
Q

How did the nuremburg rallies work as propaganda?

A
  • People could gain a sense of belonging to a great movement
  • People could see Germany as a great, powerful nation
  • German order was emphasised
  • People could be convinced that the nazis were universally supported
62
Q

What things were shown off in nuremburg rallies?

A
  • Marches of soldiers with flags
  • Drumming bands
  • Hitler speeches
  • Flying displays
  • Torchlit processions
63
Q

How often were nuremburg rallies?

A

Summerly

64
Q

What was created by Hitler to prevent nazi-critical journalists from publishing their work?

A

The Editor’s Law

65
Q

When was the Editor’s Law created?

A

Oct 1933

66
Q

What did the Editor’s law do?

A

It made newspaper editors responsible for everything that was published in the newspaper. If a journalist criticised the nazis, the editors were punished.

67
Q

What was the effect of the Editor’s Law?

A

Editors were too afraid of punishments, so individual newspapers stopped publishing articles by critical journalists.

68
Q

How did the nazis prevent anti-nazi rhethoric spreading?

A

They burned communists and Jewish books

69
Q

When was the first nazi book burning?

A

6 May 1933

70
Q

Why did nazis ban jazz?

A
  • It was stereotypically played by Jews or blacks
  • Jazz has notions of freedom
71
Q

What derogatory term was used by nazis against music such as jazz and swing?

A

Negermusik

72
Q

Why did the nazis persecute many groups in German society?

Limited to ideological reasons

A
  • Jews, foreigners, and communists went against national interest
  • Mentally and physically handicapped went against eugenics
  • The 25-point program used many groups as a scapegoat for the ideology
73
Q

Why did the nazis persecute many groups in German society?

Limited to political reasons

A
  • Hitler was not winning a majority in elections, so he knew that by persecuting groups he could intimidate opposition
  • He’d also be… killing the opposition, thus reducing votes
74
Q

Why were churches a challenge to nazism?

A
  • The moral principals of christianity were opposing nazism
  • Church leaders offered a rival to Hitler (Christianity was a long-stanting ideology)

Thus, simply shutting down churches was too much of a risk

74
Q

DELETE THIS FLASHCARD LATER

A

TO DELETE

75
Q

How did Von Papen try to neutralise the Catholic Church?

A

He signed a concordant with the catholic church guaranteeing its freedom, rights, and property protection.

76
Q

What organisation did Hitler create to gain support of Protestants?

A

The β€œGerman Christians”

77
Q

What were the β€œGerman Christians”?

A

An organisation aiming to blend Nazism and Christianity

78
Q

Was the β€œGerman Christians” successful?

A

no.

how informative

79
Q

When did Von Papen sign a concordant with the catholic church?

A

July 1933

80
Q

When was the Confessing Church for non-nazi ministers set up?

A

1934

81
Q

Who set up the confessing church for non-nazi ministers?

A

Dietrich Bonhoffer and Martin NiemΓΆller

82
Q

How many German pastors did the confessing church for non-nazi ministers gain the support of?

Out of the total

A

7000 out of Germany’s 17,000 pastors

83
Q

How did the nazis respond to the confessing church for non-nazi ministers?

A
  • Priests and pastors were arrested
  • Church schools were closed
  • Funds were confiscated
  • NiemΓΆller was sent to a concentration camp
84
Q

When was NiemΓΆller sent to a concentration camp?

A

1937

85
Q

In 1933, how many Jews were in Germany?

A

503,000

86
Q

What percent of the population were Jews in 1933?

A

Less than 1%

87
Q

When did official action against Jews begin?

A

1937

88
Q

Why did Hitler wait till 1937 to start taking action against Jews?

A

Hitler’s impression was to revise the ToV, which meant making a good impression with foreign nations. Targetting Jews would be unpopular with other naitons.

89
Q

Why was there a one-day boycott of Jewish shops in 1933?

A

Hitler did it just to please the SA, though it did not have much impact.

90
Q

Define Nuremburg Laws

A

Two laws that said that deprived Jews of their citizenship.

91
Q

What two laws made up the Nuremburg Laws?

A
  1. β€˜Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour’
  2. β€˜Reich Citizenship Law’
92
Q

According to the Nuremburg laws, what were Jews forbidden from doing?

A
  • Marrying a German
  • Having sexual relations with a German
93
Q

According to the Nuremburg laws, what was a Jewish person defined as?

A
  • Anyone with 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents
  • Irrespective of if they were religious
94
Q

When were the Berlin olympics (held in Germany)?

A

Summer 1936

95
Q

What did Goebbels and Hitler use the Berlin Olympics for?

A
  • To show the world how advanced Germany was
  • They did this by putting aside anti-semetic propaganda
96
Q

What two events took place in 1938 that saw a shift in German policy towards Jews?

A
  • Invasion of Austria
  • Kristallnacht
97
Q

How were Jews mistreated during the invasion of Austria?

A
  • Jews in Vienna were mistreated
  • Adolf Eichmann deported 1000s of Jews

Adolf Eichmann was an assistant to Heydrich

98
Q

Kristalnacht is also known as… ___

A

The Night of the Broken glass

99
Q

When was Kristallnacht?

A

9-10 Nov 1938

100
Q

What was done on Kristallnacht?

A

The SS, dressed in plain clothes attacked Jewish homes and shops

101
Q

What was the physical aftermath of Kristallnacht?

A

City centres were littered with broken glass and debris

102
Q

How many people were killed in Kristallnacht?

A

At least 100

103
Q

How did the nazis use Kristallnacht to their advantage?

A
  • They blamed it on the Jews (wut)
  • Businesses were ceased
  • Persecution
  • Jewish children were banned from schools and universities
104
Q

How much were Jews fined due to Kristallnacht?

A

1 billion marks.

105
Q

Define totalitarian state

A

A state where government has total power over all individuals and institutions

106
Q

How many crimes were made punishable by death in nazi Germany?

A

Over 44 crimes

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