History β³ | German Depth: Nazi Control π₯ | 6.3a Flashcards
Define Aktion T-4
A euthanasia program in WW2 that involved the killing of mentally handicapped, mentally ill, and terminally ill people by doctors administering lethal injections.
Who was Clemens August Graf von Galen?
man has a long name
The Roman Catholic Bishop of MΓΌnster, who gave a sermon that condemned the Aktion T-4 programme.
Internally, what were the nazi leaders discussing should be done against Clemens August Graf von Galen?
- Originally, Hitler wanted Galen arrested
- Goebbels warned he was too popular a figure to persecute
What did the nazis do to Clemens August Graf von Galen?
They sent him to a concentration camp, but he survived
This made him an inspiration to some
When was Von Galen sent to a concentration camp?
1944
Who was Dietrich Bonhoffer?
A protestant pastor who was a vocal critic of nazism that helped many Jews escape Germany.
When was Dietrich Bonhoffer arrested?
1943
When was Dietrich Bonhoffer executed?
Apr 1945
Where was Dietrich Bonhoffer executed?
The FlossenbΓΌrg concentration camp
Who were the White Rose Group?
A group of young nazi resistors who would try to spread messages against nazis.
By whom were the White rose Group inspired?
Von Galen
When was the White Rose Group founded?
1942
Who founded the White Rose Group?
Hans Scholl annd Sophie Scholl, two siblings
Which university did the White Rose Group Scholls attend?
The Munich university
How did the white rose group spread anti-nazi messages?
- They distributed leaflets of Munich universityβs campus attacking the nazis
- These leaflets were smuggled and reprinted out of Germany and dropped by allied planes over cities
When were the White Rose group leaders arrested?
Feb 1943
Apart from being arrested, what was done to the White rose group?
They were also tortured and beheaded! π
What group did the SPD create to resist the nazis?
They set up an exile group called SOPADE.
Where was SOPADE based?
In prague, until Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia. They relocated to Paris.
What were the SOPADE reports?
Reports created by the SPD while in exile about the situation in Germany, with an anti-nazi stance.
The reports were shown to the outside
What was the goal of SOPADE?
To give information to the outside world about what was happening in Germany.
What was the Red Orchestra?
A spy network that sent information to the USSR
How did the nazis respond to the red orchestra?
They were tortured and killed by the Gestapo
Who were the Kreisau Circle?
A small groups of conservatives who formed an opposition discussion group about how to run Germany after Hitler was gone
How did the nazis respond to the Kreisau circle?
Following the army bomb plot, the Gestapo executed many of the members.
When was the Kreisau Circle executed?
1944
Define Concentration Camp
Prisons for political opponents up to 1939 and in the Second World War when Jews were sent to as well. The idea was that opponents would be βpurifiedβ by hard labour.
What was Operation Valkyrie?
An assasination attempt by the German army against Hitler.
Who was the man chosen to plant to bomb in Operation Valkyrie?
Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg
Why did Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg turn against Hitler?
- He witnessed the savagery on the Russian front in 1942
- He started to consider Hindenburgβs doubts about Hitler
When was Operation Valkyrie?
20 July 1944
How did Operation Valkyrie fail?
The briefcase bomb was moved just before it went off
What deaths and injuries were caused by operation valkyrie?
- 4 people were killed
- Hitlerβs eardrum was perforated from the sound of the explosion
What was the second phase of Operation Valkyrie that didnβt go into effect?
There was a planned uprising in Berlin.
After Operation Valkyrie, what was done to conspirators in the uprising?
+How many conspirators were there?
5000 conspirators were executed.
Define police state
A country in which the government controls peopleβs freedom by means of the police, especially secret police
What were the components of the nazi police state?
- Ordo & Kripo
- Gestapo
- SA
- SS
- Army
Who were the Ordo and Kripo?
The regular police in nazi Germany
Who were the Gestapo?
The secret police in nazi Germany who dealt with moral and political opposition
When did Himmler take over the SA?
1934
How did the SS change in the third Reich?
They took over many aspects of the nazi regime such as operating concentration camps
When did Himmler take charge of all police in Germany?
1936
What was the importance of Heinrich Himmler in nazi Germany?
He had charge of the police and SS in Germany, therefore having a lot of power
Who was Reinhard Heidrich?
- The deputy of Himmler
- Head of the SD
- A major architect of the holocaust
What was the SD?
The Nazi partyβs internal security police and main source of intelligence
What was the SSβs response to the assasination of Reinhard Heydrich?
They⦠murdered the whole town of Lidice in retailiation
how⦠reasonable
When was Heydrich assasinated?
1942
How did the Gestapo get information?
- They had a network of informers
- Neighbours snitch
What made work of the Gestapo overwhelming?
Neighbours often would snitch on each other just to settle peersonal rivalries.
What sort of behavior could send someone to a concentration if found out by the Gestapo?
βDeviant behaviourβ
Why did Goebbels heavily publicise Dachau?
He wanted to make sure that political opponents would know what could happen to them, creating fear.
Who was the head of the Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and propaganda?
Dr Joseph Goebbels
How did Goebbels control radio to fit nazi values?
He created the βpeopleβs recieverβ radio, which was mass-produced and allowed people to tune into nazi radio stations.
Why was the peopleβs reciever so popular?
Radio was previously an expensive technology, but the peopleβs reciever was made at a very cheap price.
By 1939, what % of Germans had a radio?
70%
The highest % in the world
How did Goebbels use art to promote nazi values?
He created the βDegenerate Artβ exhibition which showed art which was βimmoralβ and βrepulsiveβ to nazi values.
aka modern art
When was the Degenerate Art Exhibition created?
1937
Which notable artists were featured in the Degenerate Art Exhibition?
Picasso, Matisse, and Van Gogh
By 1940, how many people had seen the Degenerate Art Exhibition?
Over 4 million
What were the nuremburg rallies?
Military gatherings with hundereds of thousands of nazis each summer that involved extravagant showcases of power.
How did the nuremburg rallies work as propaganda?
- People could gain a sense of belonging to a great movement
- People could see Germany as a great, powerful nation
- German order was emphasised
- People could be convinced that the nazis were universally supported
What things were shown off in nuremburg rallies?
- Marches of soldiers with flags
- Drumming bands
- Hitler speeches
- Flying displays
- Torchlit processions
How often were nuremburg rallies?
Summerly
What was created by Hitler to prevent nazi-critical journalists from publishing their work?
The Editorβs Law
When was the Editorβs Law created?
Oct 1933
What did the Editorβs law do?
It made newspaper editors responsible for everything that was published in the newspaper. If a journalist criticised the nazis, the editors were punished.
What was the effect of the Editorβs Law?
Editors were too afraid of punishments, so individual newspapers stopped publishing articles by critical journalists.
How did the nazis prevent anti-nazi rhethoric spreading?
They burned communists and Jewish books
When was the first nazi book burning?
6 May 1933
Why did nazis ban jazz?
- It was stereotypically played by Jews or blacks
- Jazz has notions of freedom
What derogatory term was used by nazis against music such as jazz and swing?
Negermusik
Why did the nazis persecute many groups in German society?
Limited to ideological reasons
- Jews, foreigners, and communists went against national interest
- Mentally and physically handicapped went against eugenics
- The 25-point program used many groups as a scapegoat for the ideology
Why did the nazis persecute many groups in German society?
Limited to political reasons
- Hitler was not winning a majority in elections, so he knew that by persecuting groups he could intimidate opposition
- Heβd also beβ¦ killing the opposition, thus reducing votes
Why were churches a challenge to nazism?
- The moral principals of christianity were opposing nazism
- Church leaders offered a rival to Hitler (Christianity was a long-stanting ideology)
Thus, simply shutting down churches was too much of a risk
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How did Von Papen try to neutralise the Catholic Church?
He signed a concordant with the catholic church guaranteeing its freedom, rights, and property protection.
What organisation did Hitler create to gain support of Protestants?
The βGerman Christiansβ
What were the βGerman Christiansβ?
An organisation aiming to blend Nazism and Christianity
Was the βGerman Christiansβ successful?
no.
how informative
When did Von Papen sign a concordant with the catholic church?
July 1933
When was the Confessing Church for non-nazi ministers set up?
1934
Who set up the confessing church for non-nazi ministers?
Dietrich Bonhoffer and Martin NiemΓΆller
How many German pastors did the confessing church for non-nazi ministers gain the support of?
Out of the total
7000 out of Germanyβs 17,000 pastors
How did the nazis respond to the confessing church for non-nazi ministers?
- Priests and pastors were arrested
- Church schools were closed
- Funds were confiscated
- NiemΓΆller was sent to a concentration camp
When was NiemΓΆller sent to a concentration camp?
1937
In 1933, how many Jews were in Germany?
503,000
What percent of the population were Jews in 1933?
Less than 1%
When did official action against Jews begin?
1937
Why did Hitler wait till 1937 to start taking action against Jews?
Hitlerβs impression was to revise the ToV, which meant making a good impression with foreign nations. Targetting Jews would be unpopular with other naitons.
Why was there a one-day boycott of Jewish shops in 1933?
Hitler did it just to please the SA, though it did not have much impact.
Define Nuremburg Laws
Two laws that said that deprived Jews of their citizenship.
What two laws made up the Nuremburg Laws?
- βLaw for the Protection of German Blood and German Honourβ
- βReich Citizenship Lawβ
According to the Nuremburg laws, what were Jews forbidden from doing?
- Marrying a German
- Having sexual relations with a German
According to the Nuremburg laws, what was a Jewish person defined as?
- Anyone with 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents
- Irrespective of if they were religious
When were the Berlin olympics (held in Germany)?
Summer 1936
What did Goebbels and Hitler use the Berlin Olympics for?
- To show the world how advanced Germany was
- They did this by putting aside anti-semetic propaganda
What two events took place in 1938 that saw a shift in German policy towards Jews?
- Invasion of Austria
- Kristallnacht
How were Jews mistreated during the invasion of Austria?
- Jews in Vienna were mistreated
- Adolf Eichmann deported 1000s of Jews
Adolf Eichmann was an assistant to Heydrich
Kristalnacht is also known as⦠___
The Night of the Broken glass
When was Kristallnacht?
9-10 Nov 1938
What was done on Kristallnacht?
The SS, dressed in plain clothes attacked Jewish homes and shops
What was the physical aftermath of Kristallnacht?
City centres were littered with broken glass and debris
How many people were killed in Kristallnacht?
At least 100
How did the nazis use Kristallnacht to their advantage?
- They blamed it on the Jews (wut)
- Businesses were ceased
- Persecution
- Jewish children were banned from schools and universities
How much were Jews fined due to Kristallnacht?
1 billion marks.
Define totalitarian state
A state where government has total power over all individuals and institutions
How many crimes were made punishable by death in nazi Germany?
Over 44 crimes
