History Ⳡ| The collapse of international peace 𧱠| 3.1 Flashcards
Opinions on if appeasement is justified not included
What were the two main wars in the 1930s?
- The war in Asia with the Japanese expansion, starting with the Manchurian invasion of 1931
- The war in Europe in September 1939
For what reasons did Germany, Japan, and Italy come closer together in the 1930s?
- All were angered by Paris Peace Conference treaties
- All has strong Nationalistic and Militaristic policies
- Expansion plans didnβt overlap
Where did Japan want to expand in the 1930s?
To parts of China such as Manchuria
Where did Italy want to expand in the 1930s?
In Africa (Abyssinia)
Why did Italy want to expand into Africa in the 1930s?
Because it was away from Europe, where Britain and France didnβt have too much hold
Define fascism
Extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy, belief in social hierarchy, a rule of elites, and the idea that the nationβs interests are more important than individuals
How was Italy led in the 1930s?
By Mussolini and Fascists, with public support
When did Italy originally join the allied powers?
1915
Why was Italy unsatisfied with the outcome of WW1?
- They didnβt recieve the Adriatic Port of Fiume
- They were not given enough German colonies
How could the Adriatic port of Fiume have helped Italy?
It gave access to the Adriatic sea, which would have been very helpful for trade
What did Mussolini want to achieve for Italy?
βA new Roman Empireβ:
More space for Italyβs growing population
How did Hitler and Mussolini react to the Abyssinian crisis?
After Britain and France were seen to be double sided in their own interests with the Hoare-Laval plan, they were exposed. Thus, Hitler and Mussolini were happy at the crisisβ outcome
What was the Rome-Berlin axis?
The coalition between fascist Germany and Italy
When did Italy withdraw from the League?
1937
Define pact
A treaty, a written agreement between two countries to act together in a particular way
What was βthe cominternβ
A soviet-led organisation that was designed to promote communist ideologies outside of the USSR
What was the anti-comintern pact?
A treaty for 5 years to agree not to sign contracts with the Soviets and stop the spread of communism
Who created the anti-comintern pact?
Germany and Japan
When was the anti-comintern pact created?
Nov 1936
When does Italy join the anti-comintern pact?
1937
What was the axis alliance?
The name of the alliance between Germany, Japan, and Italy after Italy joined the anti-comintern pact
Why was Japan keen to expand in the 1930s?
Japan wanted to expand as their population was growing at a rate too fast for their own resources having to sustain. They had to import a lot.
What % of Japanβs oil did they have to import from the US in the early 1930s?
55%
Who rules Japan in the 1930s?
A dictatorship led by the military but largely supported by the public
Why was Japan a threat to the great powers in the 1930s?
- They invaded Manchuria, providing the Leagueβs first threat from a major power
- They left the league and withdrew from the disarmament conference
When did Japan invade Manchuria?
1931
When did Japan leave the League?
1933
When did Japan withdraw from the disarmament conference?
1936
When did Japan sign the tripartite pact?
1940
What concept did Hitler use to justify Anschluss?
Self-determination
What was Hitlerβs foreign policy aims?
- To create a German Reich in which all German speakers live
- To destroy the ToV and restore German pride and power
- To seek Lebensraum in the east for German speakers
How did British opinion of the ToV evolve?
People were pleased with it in 1919, but after the Great Depression they began to feel bad for Germans
What was French opinion of the ToV?
Government and public believed the ToV wasnβt harsh enough, and thought it didnβt permanently weaken Germany
What did France do in the 1930s to oppose Germany?
- Building the very expensive yet feeble line of France (Maginot line)
- Worked with Britain for a peaceful revision of the ToV
What was the Stresa front?
The coalition of France, Britain, and Italy - to oppose Hitlerβs announced intention to rearm Germany
When was the Stresa front?
April 1935
What was the anglo-German naval treaty?
Treaty between Germany and Britain that gave Germanyβs navy a fixed ratio of total tonnacy of the british navy of 35%
According to the Anglo-German naval treaty, what % in total tonnage of the British navy could Germany have?
35%
When was the anglo-German naval treaty?
June 1935
When did Hitler renounce the anglo-German naval treaty?
April 1939
What was the pact of steel?
A military alliance between the military behemoths of Germany and Italy
When was the pact of steel signed?
May 1939
Why was it tough for France and Britain to rearm in the 1930s?
- Public opinion was against it
- It wasnβt a priority in the Great Depression
For what years did the policy of appeasement last?
1935-39
Which prime ministers supported appeasement?
British: Neville Chamberlain
French: Edourd Daladier
What is the German word for living space?
Lebensraum
What % of Saarlanders wanted to become part of France?
0.4%
sad
What % of Saarlanders wanted to become part of France?
0.4%
sad
What % of the Saarlanders wanted to become part of Germany?
90%
How did the Saarland end up a part of Germany?
After being under League control since 1919, it had a scheduled plebistice vote for the people of the Saarland if they wanted to rejoin Germany. This was in line with the ToV.
What strategy did Germany use to win the Saarland plebistice?
Nazi supporters created a fierce campaign for the Saar to rejoin Germany. There was intimidation and violence involved.
What resources did the Saarland have that helped Germany?
Coalifields, factories, and railways
What did the Saar plebistice show the world?
- The fact that the League hadnβt complained about the campaignβs violence demonstrated weakness
- The huge majority in favour of rejoining Germany told the world how Germany felt about the treaty, and how determined they were to tear it up
When was the Saar plebistice?
Jan 1935
When did the Saar officially rejoin Germany?
1 March 1935
Define appeasement
A policy of peacekeeping aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to other powers
When was the Spanish Civil War?
1936-39
What was the Spanish Civil war?
The war in Spain between Nationalists and Republicans.
Who led the nationalists in the Spanish civil War?
Franco
Who supported the nationalists in the Spanish Civil war?
Germany and Italy
What were the principles of the nationalists in the Spanish Civil war?
Fascism, dictatorship, right-wing
What were the principles of the republicans in the Spanish Civil war?
Communism, liberal democracy, left-wing
Who supported the republicans in the Spanish Civil war?
The Soviet Union
How many people died in the Spanish Civil war?
270,000
Who won the Spanish Civil war?
The nationalists
Which unit of airforce did Germany use in the Spanish Civil war?
The Luftwaffe
What dive-bombing strategy was developed in the Spanish Civil war?
Blitzkreig
What were the effects of the Spanish Civil war?
- Hitlerβs confidence was boosted by the success of the Nationalists
- Hitler and Mussolini became closer as they tested weapons together
What side did Britain and France take in the Spanish Civil war?
They decideed to not intervene as:
- They didnβt want to support communists or fascists
- They wanted to continue appeasement towards Germany
When did Germany remilitarise the Rhineland?
Mar 1936
How long were the French, British, and American troops stationed at the Rhineland?
15 years
What reaction did Britain and France have to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
none
How many divisions of German troops marched into the Rhineland during remiliarisation?
Two
Why didnβt Britain and France retaliate to the Rhineland remilitarisation?
- They recognised that the Rhineland was really a part of Germany, not wanting to risk peace
- Once German troops were in place Hitler suggested a nonaggression pact
