Geography π | Population! π¨βπ©βπ§βπ¦ | Deck 2 Flashcards
What is βanti-natalistβ and βpro-natalistβ
Anti natalist is when procreation is discouraged, pro natalist is when it is encouraged.
What part of the world has the most countries with a declining population?
East Europe.
What is Brain drain?
Emigration of highly educated people who leave for better pay and opportunities.
What led to China getting overpopulated?
The Chinese government encouraged people to have large families, to gain military strength and for the people to help with agricultural (farming) production, which led to overpopulation.
When did China implement policies to increase population?
The 1940s.
How did the Chinese government first address the overpopulation (before the INFAMOUS policy)
They simply did standard things to encourage people to have fewer children.
What is the one child policy?
The policy in China that stated that couples in China could only have one child.
When was the one child policy implemented?
1979.
Along with the once child policy, what was the marriable age changed to?
22 for men and 20 for women!
What was the consequence of breaking the one child policy?
You would be fined for having more children, and giving them a good education and job opportunities was harder.
How did the one child policy lead to lots of kids in orphanages?
Baby girls were placed in orphanages.
How did the one child policy lead to a gender imbalance in China?
People would abort girls until they had a boy, since having a boy was preferable to many.
How would a second child during the one-child policyβs life be affected?
They would be undocumented, making it very hard to find work or education.
What happened to the elderly dependency rate in China after the one child policy?
It increased a lot, as only once child was had per generation, making it so that there are far more elderly people.
What were the exceptions of the one child policy?
Some people in rural areas were able to have two, as well as ethnic minorities. Rich people who could afford the fines for having more children also had more children.
Why were people in rural areas and ethnic minorities allowed more than one child during the one child policy?
Farmers in rural needed more workforce to help in farms, and many ethnic minorities worked in farming. The government also didnβt want ethnic minorities to die out.
How was the fertility rate affected throughout the one child policy?
It decreased from 5.8 to 1.7.
How many births were prevented due to the once child policy?
400 million.
When did the one child policy end?
2016, 2 child limit.
How many abortions were made in the one child policy?
300 million.
When was the two child policy lightened to a three child limit?
2021.
How many βmissing womenβ are there in China?
Over 50 million who were not born due to the one child policy.
Why did Chinaβs government introduce the 3 child limit?
They saw a dramatic DECREASE in birth rate after the 2 child policy through a census.
Why doesnβt China completely remove restrictions to the child limit?
In rural areas, people may still want to have many children, as the stigma has not changed as much there.
Define migration.
The relatively permanent movement of people across borders is referred to as migration, or emigration and immigration when boundaries are international.
Define Immigration.
Movement of people into a country from another.
Define Emigration.
Movement of people out of a country.
Define Forced migration.
When a migrant has to leave because of intolerable circumstances or genuine fear for their life.
Define International migration.
Movement of people across national frontiers for a minimum of 1 year.
Define rural-urban migration.
Movement of people between the countryside and city: Rural-urban in LEDCs, and urban-rural in MEDCs.
Define Voluntary migration.
Migrant has chosen to migrate - usually for economic reasons.
Define Temporary migration.
Migrant does not intend to remain in new location permanently.
Define Permanent migration.
Migrant doesnβt plan on returning to their own country.
Define internal migration.
Migrant has moved to a new location within country.
What is happening in Europe in terms of migration?
Europe is letting in many immigrants. Due to the Schengen area, once somebody enters Europe it makes it easy for them to get a visa to travel.
What is an asylum seeker?
Someone who leaves their country to another country in seek of asylum, fleeing it due to war or other factors that put their life at risk.
What is the EU proposed relocation target?
40,000 asylum seekers.
What is happening to Sri Lanka from 2009-2012?
The migration rate of Sri Lanka rose.
Define push factor.
A feature of a migrantβs home area that makes them want to move away.
Define pull factor.
A feature of a migrantβs new destination that makes them want to move there.
What is the most common type of pull factor in voluntary migration?
Economic pull factors are often the primary reason, with the promise of working for better wages.
What have MEDCs done to fight against population problems in their country?
They have encouraged people to emigrate from other countries.
What issues have MEDCs been facing in their workforces, for the country as a whole?
- A workforce that does not want to work for long hours
- A workforce that does not want to carry out low pay work
- A workforce that lacks the skills the country needs (more vigorous work)
Define remitances.
When migrants send home part of their earnings in the form of either cash or goods to support their families.
What is a source and destination country?
Source - country migrant leaves from.
Destination - country migrant comes to.
What is formal work?
When a company hires someone under an established working agreement and pay, taxed and monitored by the government.
What is informal work?
When an employer hires someone, without an established working agreement, not taxed or monitored by the government.
Where is the largest international migration taking place in?
China
Define Asylum seeker.
A person who leaves their country of origin in fear of persecution. They have asked for permission to stay in another country and are waiting on a decision on this.
Define refugee.
A person who leaves their country of origin in fear of their lives. They run away often with no idea where they will end up often with no permission to stay in another country.
Define illegal migrant.
A person who enters a country to live and work in a different country for at least a year.
Define economic migrant.
A person who moves to live and work in a different country for at least a year.
Define internal migrant.
A person who moves to live or work in a different place within the same country.
What % of illegal immigrants to the US were from Mexico?
57%
What is the path Migrants take to got to the US called? Where?
Through southern Mexico, called the largest central american migrant caravan.
What is the journey from Mexico to the US like?
People have to go through arizonan, sonoran deserts; they die, and temperature is hot.
What are the push factors from Mexico?
Poor medical facilities
A lower life expectancy
Low pay jobs
What is Mexicoβs life expectancy?
72 years.
What is Mexicoβs GNP?
$3750
What are the pull factors from Mexico to the US?
Excellent medical facilities
Higher life expectancy
Well paid jobs
What is the life expectancy in the US?
76
What is the USβ GNP?
Around $25000
What are the negative impacts of migration on USA?
- Costs millions on border patrols
- Mexican workers keep wages low
- Remittances sent back to Mexico is money lost from the Economy.
How much remittances were sent from the US to Mexico in 2014?
$25B
What are the negative impacts of migration on Mexico?
- Demand to enter the US encourages Coyotes, criminal organizations that profit.
- Young migrate, villages like Santa Ines lose 2/3 of inhabitants.
- Hundreds die from heat of Arizona desert.
What are the positive impacts of migration USA?
- Benefits the US economy, migrants work at lower wages
- Mexican culture has enriched the US border with things
- Educated high skill Mexicans migrate to the US and bring expertise.
What are the positive impacts of migration on Mexico?
- Legal and illegal migrants send back $6B a year back
- Mexico average weekly salary is $60, 1 sixth of what Migrants make in the states.
What is Sri Lankaβs conurbation?
Colombo
What is a city in Sri Lanka?
Morotuwa
What is a large town in Sri Lanka?
Beruwala
What is a small town in Sri Lanka?
Hatton
Where are the larger settlements in Sri Lanka found?
To the west, due to Colomboβs sphere of influence, and access to port.
What are some other Sri Lankan Cities with a large SOI?
Jaffna, Kandy, Galle, COlombo.
What are services in Colombo that attract people?
Commercial services like one galle face provide specialist services
Tourism is found in hotels and restaurants
Pettah has many medium order services, as it is near the port.
Colombo is a major _
Major port
From what year onwards did Singapore implement pro-natalist policies?
1987
What is Singaporeβs fertility rate?
1.1
What percent of Singaporeβs population is foreign nationals?
36%
What strategies is Singaporeβs government using to increase population?
- Encouraging immigration
- Increasing maternity leave
- Increasing child benefits
- Sponsoring dating organizations
How much has Singapore increased maternity leave?
By 50% to 12 weeks.
How is the Singaporean government giving benefit to having children?
Government will pay money into a special bank account of up to nearly $1000 for six years.
