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IGCSEs > Geography 🌎 | Settlement sites 🏘 | > Flashcards

Geography 🌎 | Settlement sites 🏘 | Flashcards

1
Q

What is a settlement?

A

A settlement is a place where people live.

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2
Q

Why did hunter gatherers who began farming start settlements?

A

Farms helped them have as much resources they want in one area, and stay there.

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3
Q

What are the factors of finding a place to settle?

A

Water supply, relief, soils, shelter, defence.

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4
Q

Why is water supply an important factor for finding a place to settle?

A

Water from springs rivers and wells were essential for human survival and farming.

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5
Q

Why were areas with too much water avoided when making settlements?

A

They had enough water to cause flooding.

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6
Q

Why is relief an important factor for finding a place to settle?

A

Flat or gently sloping land is much easier to build on and farm than steep hills.

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7
Q

Why is soil an important factor when finding a place to settle?

A

Fertile and well drained soil were important so large amounts of crops could be grown.

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8
Q

Why was shelter an important factor for finding a place to settle?

A

Areas like valleys, sheltered from wind and rain, were better than those exposed to the elements.

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9
Q

Why was defense an important factor for finding a place to settle?

A

Threats from enemies result in settlements that are easy to defend being built.

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10
Q

In some developed countries, what kind of village is there instead of a farming village?

A

A mining village, the role has changed.

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11
Q

Why are rural areas near towns and cities no longer the place where people work?

A

People commute to work instead of work in the village they live in.

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12
Q

Where did large urban towns and cities begin to develop?

A

They started as small settlements, in areas full of resources, where rivers and natural routeways met

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13
Q

What is a market town?

A

A town where goods produced in the surrounding area are sold.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of market towns?

A
  • Have many services
  • Good transport links, often the central hub
  • Have a marketplace
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15
Q

Where are market towns found?

A

Market towns are found in farming areas.

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16
Q

Why are market towns often built near bridges over rivers?

A

Mills to produce farm produce were built on the river

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17
Q

What is a port?

A

Where goods are imported and exported by ship.

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18
Q

Where is a port found?

A

Found where there are sheltered harbours such as on an estuary or the mouth or river of a bay

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of ports?

A
  • Flat land nearby water to build and store
  • Deep water for large ships
  • May be close to major industrial areas to import and export their goods
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20
Q

What is an industrial town?

A

Where people work in factories processing new materials or assembling products

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21
Q

Where may industrial towns be found?

A

On or near coalfields

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22
Q

What are characteristics some industrial towns have?

A
  • Have old factories near the centre of the urban area, near to railways and canals
  • May have old housing areas and factories built close to each other
  • May have new industrial estates on the outskirts, near main roads for transport
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23
Q

What is a tourist resort?

A

A place where people visit to enjoy a vacation

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24
Q

Where may tourist resorts be found?

A

On the coast with beaches or in scenic inland areas

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25
Q

What are characteristics of tourist resorts?

A
  • May be large historical cities
  • May be close to industrial areas with a large population and good rail and road links
  • Have hotels and entertainment of various types
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26
Q

What is Accra?

A

The capital city of Ghanna since 1877

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27
Q

How did Ghanna develop?

A

It developed as a fishing village, but soon became a major port as Europeans builds trading posts and forts.

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28
Q

Now, what is the role of Accra?

A

Accra is now the seat of government and an important financial, commercial, and administrative centre.

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29
Q

What factors can we use to describe settlements?

A

Area (size), Site, Population, Function, Situation (location in relation to surroundings

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30
Q

What is the function of a residential settlement?

A

To provide a place to live, not nesscasarily a place to work

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31
Q

What is the function of an administrative settlement?

A

Local authority offices run local services, including government offices and monarchies.

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32
Q

What is the function of a commercial settlement?

A

Shopping centres and recreational facilities, like sport centres and cinemas providing services to people.

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33
Q

What is the function of a services settlement?

A

Public services like schools, hospitals, and libraries. They provide jobs to residents.

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34
Q

What is the function of a tourism settlement?

A

Have facilities that attract others to visit the area. For example, coastal settlements become fishing villages and then holiday resorts.

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35
Q

What are the three settlement patterns?

A

Displaced, Linear, and Nuclear

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36
Q

Where do displaced settlements develop?

A

In rural areas.

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37
Q

How are dispersed settlements structured?

A

There is lots of space between land, depending on what is required to grow food. Roads are built to fit the houses, not the other way around. Not very organised or densely packed.

38
Q

How are linear settlements structured?

A

They follow roads, rivers, and valley due to good communication. Flat land is exploited for construction.

39
Q

Where are nuclear settlements found?

A

Around market towns, around crossroads.

40
Q

How are nuclear settlements structured?

A

They have a nucleus with the most densely packed houses.

41
Q

What are the levels of hierarchy in the settlement hierarchy?

A

Conurbation-city-Large town-small town-village-hamlet-isolated place

42
Q

Settlements closer to a conurbation increase in _

A

Size, population, range of services, and sphere of influence.

43
Q

Define sphere of influence.

A

Area served by a settlement or service.

44
Q

Define threshold population.

A

Minimum number of people needed to provide a large enough demand for a service.

45
Q

Define low order sevice.

A

A service used often, like a general store selling convenience goods

46
Q

Define medium order dervice.

A

A service used less often, but still important like banks.

47
Q

Define high order service.

A

A service not needed often like electronic, furniture, clothing. People are willing to travel further to buy niche items.

48
Q

What are specialist goods

A

Like electrical items, with unique characteristics.

49
Q

What are convenience goods?

A

Goods bought every day like milk and news

50
Q

What are comparison goods?

A

Goods that people visit multiple shops to compare size and quality like shoes or furniture.

51
Q

Settlements closer to conurbations provide _

A

High order services

52
Q

Settlements closer to villages provide _

A

Low order services

53
Q

What does the sphere of influence depend on?

A

The size of the settlement, its population density, the wealth of people, the transport facilities, and competition from other settlements.

54
Q

How many people does a conurbation hold?

A

2 million +

55
Q

Why do geographers use land use models?

A

Geographers use models to help them understand reality. Land use models tell us where we may expect to find different land uses like high quality housing or industry, or help explain a pattern of growth in a city.

56
Q

What are the land use models?

A

The concentric model and the sector model.

57
Q

What is the concentric model?

A

A model that claims most towns and cities grow outwards from an old center, equally in all distances.

58
Q

Who made the concentric model?

A

Burgess.

59
Q

The concentric model only applies to _

A

MEDC cities

60
Q

What is the sector model?

A

A model that claims land uses developed in sectors along main transport routes.

61
Q

Why was the sector model created?

A

After the introduction of public transport, it was created to adjust.

62
Q

What is the inner city area of the concentric model called?

A

The β€œzone of transition” or β€œtwilight zone”

63
Q

What is in common with both the concentric and sector model?

A

They both have a central business district in the center, and more expensive residential areas further away.

64
Q

Who made the sector model?

A

Hoyt.

65
Q

To sector model only applies to _

A

MEDCs

66
Q

What is Urban land use model?

A

The land use model used for MEDCs.

67
Q

What is the difference between the models of MEDCs and LEDCs?

A

In LEDCs, (urban land use model), the higher cost housing is closer to the centre, not further.

68
Q

What is the most major influence on land use patterns?

A

Land values - how much land is worth.

69
Q

What are the factors that affect land use patterns?

A
  • Land values
  • Space
  • Age
  • Accessibility
  • Wealth of inhabitants
  • Planning policies (the following of planning regulation)
70
Q

What are the three main parts of an MEDC city?

A

The CBD, inner city, and suburbs

71
Q

What is the CBD?

A

The central business district, the main commercial and shopping area of a town or city.

72
Q

What are the characteristics of the CBD?

A

Densely packed shops and offices, well connected with public transport as a central point, have a river for cargo and transport, concentrated traffic.

73
Q

What is the land cost of the CBD like?

A

It is very costly, meaning there is little residential land.

74
Q

What are the buildings of a CBD like?

A

They are high rise, with multiple uses (mall+hotel+appartement+restaurant) to make use of the high cost land.

75
Q

Which zone of a city often has the oldest buildings?

A

The CBD, as the city developed around it.

76
Q

How has the housing of the inner city evolved?

A

Originally it used to be an area of nineteenth-century terraced housing for factory workers. Some of this housing has been now replaced with high rise flats.

77
Q

How are houses in the inner city built?

A

Close together with no front gardens and little access for cars. They have to be efficient with land.

78
Q

Where did the suburbs grow most rapidly?

A

The UK.

79
Q

Why did the suburbs grow rapidly in the UK?

A

Due to the growth of the rail network, allowing people to live away from work.

80
Q

What is the housing in the suburbs like?

A

The suburbs contain a mixture of housing which tends to be more spacious and modern than the housing found in the inner city.

81
Q

What are the two parts of the suburbs?

A

The inner suburbs and outer suburbs.

82
Q

Inner suburbs information

A

inner suburbs – β€˜inter-war’ housing (1920-1945)

83
Q

Outer suburb information

A

outer suburbs – post-war housing and council housing estates

84
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

The movement of people from the suburbs to the inner city.

85
Q

What issues do rural people face when migrating to urban areas?

A

When people leave from LEDCs with little money and education, they have nowhere to live but squatter settlements.

86
Q

What is the issue of traffic congestion in urban areas?

A

As population increases and people get wealthier, they get more cars - causing air pollution. And it reduces economic output as it takes time to go to work.

87
Q

What is the issue of demand for energy in urban areas?

A

Products that require energy become more affordable, and more CO2 emissions and air pollution as a result, as more power stations are built.

88
Q

What is the issue of squatter settlements in urban areas?

A

With the growth of urban areas, squatter settlements are built which are illegal and don’t have proper sanitation or refuse collection. Lots of rubbish is washed into waterways.

89
Q

How can the growth of squatter settlements be reduced in urban areas?

A
  • Urban planning, replacing squatter settlements with high rise blocks of flats
  • Family planning: Less children = less land
90
Q

How can traffic congestion in Urban Areas be reduced?

A
  • Investing in public transport
  • Widening roads (temporary)
  • Optimized traffic lights
  • Improving existing public transport and road traffic laws
  • Bus and cycling lanes
91
Q

How could air pollution be reduced in urban areas?

A
  • Encourage electric cars, bicycles walking
  • Public transport
  • Have better standards in industrial areas
  • Use less fossil fuels
  • Better vehicle emission measures
92
Q

How can water pollution and refuse collection be reduced in urban areas?

A
  • Minimising use of pesticides, bleach
  • Household chemical recycling
  • River cleaning volunteering
  • Recycling programs that properly dispose of waste
  • Recycle bins
  • More biodegradable items, or reusing of items that dont degrade

IGCSEs (68 decks)

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