History β³ | Germany Depth: Weimar? More like Whymar π» | 6.1b Flashcards
When were the reparations for Germany announced?
In the 1921 reparations commision
How did the reparations commision increase tensions between France and Germany?
- Germany couldnβt pay the money
- Franceβs security laid in the ToV being upheld but if Germany wouldnβt pay this would be a threat to their security
France needed the money to rebuild their economy
When were the Wiesbaden Accords?
Oct 1921
What were the Wiesbaden accords?
An agreement between Germany and France to renegotiate the harsh reparations. France would take raw materials rather than cash.
Who was the French prime minister in 1922?
Raymond Poincare
How did the French prime minister heighten the reaction to Germany wanting to suspend reparation payments?
The prime minister in 1922 was very nationalistic.
Why did the French occupy the Ruhr valley?
Germany asked for reparation payments to be suspended for four years, and the French felt this would jeapordise the ToV.
When was the Ruhr occupation?
Jan 1923
Which countries occupied the Ruhr?
The French and Belgians with support of Italy
How did the German government respond to the Ruhr occupation?
The German Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno said that the occupation went against the ToV, and workers striked so they wouldnβt be forced to work.
How did France try to maintain Ruhr industry during the strikes?
They encouraged the unemployed in France and Belgium to work in the Ruhr valley
How did France try to stop resistance in the Ruhr valley?
They tried to arrest German police and strike leaders
What form of resistance was used by workers in the Ruhr valley?
Passive resistance
How did the Weimar republic encourage the Ruhr valley workers to continue striking?
As there wasnβt any industrial output from the Ruhr, the government had to pay workers with printed money
How did German hyperinflation begin?
With the government printing money for Ruhr workers, the value of money decreased at a fast rate.
In Jan 1914, how much was Β£1 worth in German marks?
20 marks
In Jan 1922, how much was Β£1 worth in German marks?
760 marks
In Nov 1922, how much was Β£1 worth in German marks?
50,000 marks
In Nov 1923 how much was Β£1 worth in German marks?
16,000,000,000 marks
(16 billion marks!)
In Jan 1922, how many tonnes of coal production in the Ruhr was there?
90 million tonnes of coal production
In Feb 1923, how many tonnes of coal production in the Ruhr was there?
2.5 million tonnes of coal production
What would people use to fuel fires during German hyperinflation?
Bank notes! It was so worthless!
Who was Gustav Stresemann?
The chancellor of Weimar Germany in 1923 and DVP founder. Next, he was foreign minister.
The DVP was a right wing party
When did Gustav Stresemann become chancellor?
Aug 1923
How did Stresemannβs opinion towards the Weimar republic change?
Originally, he opposed the republic, even supporting Freikorps. But as he noticed the extremist uprisings he realised the alternatives were not that great.
What were Stresemannβs successful economic reforms?
- Calling off the Ruhr strikes
- Replacing the mark with the Retenmark and Reichsmark
- Appointing Hjalmar Schacht
- The Dawes plan
What was the retenmark?
When was it introduced?
A temporary form of currency introduced to replace the worthless German mark
It was introduced in 1923
What was the reichsmark?
When was it introduced?
The permanent new German currency to replace the mark, with equal value to the retenmark
It was introduced in 1924
Who was Hjalmar Schacht?
Possibly the most important historical figure you will ever know
Amazin, incredible, wonderful expert financer for the Reichsbank. ~~This man singlehandedly fixed every problem ever~~
Then again, he also paid a role in convincing Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor
Harry Patch is a close second.
When was the Dawes plan proposed?
Apr 1924
When was the Dawes plan accepted?
Sept 1924
What did the Dawes plan say about reparations?
The reparations stayed the same at 50 billion marks, but
- For the first 5 years, Germany only had to pay 1 billion marks a year
- Afterwards, they had to pay 2.5 billion marks a year
What loans were offered during the Dawes plan?
The US loaned 800 million marks to Germany
What was the young plan?
Another restructuring of German reparations, this time reducing the amount that had to be paid.
When was the Young plan proposed?
Aug 1929
When was the Young Plan accepted?
Jan 1930
What did the Young Plan say about reparations?
The total amount was reduced by 20%.
- Germany had to pay 2 billion marks per year
- 2/3rds of the money Germany had to pay could be postponed each year
- Payments would end in 1988
What loans were offered to Germany during the Young Plan?
The US banks would continue to loan Germany money, coordinated by JP morgan banks.
For how long was Stresemann chancellor?
Like, the dates.
Aug 13 - Nov 23 1923
After Stresemann stopped being chancellor, what position did he take?
Foreign minister
For how long was Stresemann foreign minister?
Like, the dates
Aug 1923 - Oct 1929
What were Stresemannβs economic failures?
- Unemployment didnβt fall below 1.3 million
- Uneven economic growth
- Trade deficit
- Professional middle class was bankrupted by inflation
- Agriculultural depression
In which year was there a decline in the German economy?
1926
When was the global grain surplus that put many Weimar farmers in debt?
1925-26
What were Stresemannβs political achievements?
- No coups and assasinations from 1924-29
- Swing in support for more centrist parties
- The Grand Coalition under Hermann Muller
When was the Grand Coalition under Hermann Muller?
1928
How much Reichstag support did the Grand Coalition under Hermann Muller have?
60%
What were Stresemannβs political failures?
- Many of the coalitions formed found cooperation difficult
- There were disputes over minor things like the countryβs flag
- It was assumed that Ebert would be reelected, but he unexpectedly died.
When did Ebert die?
Feb 1925
What were Stresemannβs foreign policy triumphs?
- The Locarno Pact reassured France
- After the Locarno Pact allies withdrew from zone 1 of the Rhineland
- Germany joined the League in 1926
- The Treaty of Berlin continued good USSR relations
When was the Locarno Pact?
1925
What did the Locarno Pact agree on?
- Guaranteeing German Western Borders
- Withdrawing allied forces from Rhineland
- Mutually guaranteed peace in Western Europe
When did Allies wihdraw from zone 1 of the Rhineland?
Dec 1925
What did the Treaty of Berlin agree on?
- Renewing the Treaty of Rapallo
- Pledged Neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third pary
Note: The Treaty of Rapallo secretly agreed on Soviet-German military cooperation. German troops could train in Soviet territory to get around the ToV terms.
When was the Treaty of Berlin?
1926
When was the Treaty of Rapallo?
1922
What were the negative reactions to Stresemannβs foreign policy from 1924-29?
- Nationalists felt the actions showed an acceptance of the ToV
- Communists felt it was a plot against the government
From 1925-29, how much did German exports rise?
By 40%
By which year had German industry reached the same level of production as pre-war?
1928
Define carabet
A form of entertainment in nightclubs often geared towards an adult audience
In Weimar Germany too
What was the Weimar golden age?
The period of time in Germany where the economy of Germany boomed and cultural life flourished
When was the Weimar golden age?
1923-29
What changes were made to the lives of women in the Weimar republic?
- Women over 20 could vote
- Women could go out unaccompanied
- Women could drink, cut their hair short, and wear make-up
By 1933 how many women were teachers?
100,000
By 1933 how many women were doctors?
3000
What did opposition towards womenβs rights in the golden age say?
- Being unaccompanied risked public safety
- Women drinking and smoking was a health risk
- It was too unconventional; women supposed to be housewives
How did the Weimar golden age make it easier to build houses?
There was increased investment, tax breaks, land grands, and cheap loans used to build more houses.
How many houses were built between 1924-31 in Germany?
2 million
When was an unemployment insurance introduced in Weimar Germany?
1927
What was the unemployment insurance in the Weimar republic?
Workers and businesses would pay a small amount each month. If a worker lost their job, this money would be used to provide them with aid.
Which groups were given extra benefits during the Weimar golden age?
Single mothers, war veterans, disabled
Which groups were given extra benefits during the Weimar golden age?
Single mothers, war veterans, disabled
How much were wages increased in the Weimar republic?
By 1928, there was an increase in real wages of over 10%
Why did some groups disagree with the increased benefits given out in the Weimar golden age?
-The right-wing may have seen it as a push towards -gasp- equality
Why didnβt many of the middle classes beneit from increased wages?
During the golden age
They were bankrupted due to hyperinflation and unemployment remained high for lawyers, civil servants, and teachers
How did art change in the Weimar Golden Era?
- Germany was the forefront of new stylles and movements
- Artists depicted everyday life to comment on the society at the time.
What was Neue Sachlichkeit?
New Objectivity, where art showed everyday life and commented on society
Name
Two famous artists that were influential during the Weimar republic golden era.
George Grosz and Otto
Dix
Why was there pushback against the art developments in the Weimar Golden age?
- Rules of art were being broken
- Art that was previously sort after by the rich seemed less appealing due to highlighting the working class
How did cinema develop during the Weimar golden age?
- Berlin led world cinema
- Many films showed new, anti-war, feminist messages
Which two directors made more films than the rest of Europe during the Weimar golden era?
Fritz Lan and Ernst Lubitsch
Why were some people unhappy about the developments in Weimar cinema?
The feminist anti-military messages angered the right-wing, such as the Freikorps.
What was the new architectural school set up during the Weimar golden era?
Who created it?
The Bahaus School of design by Walter Gropius
What made the new architectural developments in the Weimar golden age significant?
Unlike the previous elaborate style, the new styles used very basic shapes and colors
Who was angered by the Bauhaus school?
The Nazis, who took it down once they got power.
Why did the Weimar golden age⦠start?
Culturally
Germany had just recovered well from an economic collapse. There was a feeling to make the most of the money the people had, and thus lavish spending started.
Why were Fascists angered by the golden age?
- Much anti-war art
- Social conventions destroyed: lack of leadership
- Worker benefits
- They were pushed out by the grand coalition
- Too much freedoms
Why was the center-right angered by the golden age?
- Anti-war art, not as nationalistic
- Drastic change of attitude towards women
Why were communists angered by the golden age?
- The new art was only available to the wealthy
- They were pushed out by the grand coaliton
- Unnecesary consumerism
When did Germany miss their payment of timber?
Dec 1922
When did Germany miss their payment of coal?
1923
When did Germany join the League of Nations?
1926
When was there a communist uprising in the Ruhr valley?
Yes, this happened though we didnβt learn about it
Textbook pg 187 has more info
1920
How did communists gather power in the Ruhr valley?
They created a large army
How many members did the Ruhr army have?
50,000
How was the Ruhr uprising stopped?
The Freikorps and the Army stopped them by force
How many workers were killed in the Ruhr uprising?
1000
How many soldiers and policemen were killed in the Ruhr uprising?
250
How did the communists βcontinue to cause troubleβ till 1923*
**Hey, itβs the words of the textbook*
Strikes and demonstrations
How many of the murderers of politicians between 1919-22 in the Weimar republic were convicted?
28 convictions
How many of the murderers of politicians between 1919-22 in the Weimar republic were given a death penalty?
One.
end of 6.1
