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IGCSEs > Geography 🌍 || Every Theme 2 Case Study β–ͺ || > Flashcards

Geography 🌍 || Every Theme 2 Case Study β–ͺ || Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Nepal?

A

In South Asia, surrounded by China, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and India

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2
Q

When was the nepal earthquake?

A

April 25, 2015

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3
Q

What was the magnitude of the nepal earthquake?

A

7.8

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4
Q

Where did the nepal earthquake start?

A

In Gorkha, in the center-north of the country, nearest to the epicenter.

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5
Q

How did the nepal earthquake’s aftershocks follow?

A

On a southeast line from the epicentre

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6
Q

What does the collision of the Indian plate and Eurasian plate create?

A

The Himalayan mountain range.

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7
Q

How many deaths did the Nepal earthquake cause?

A

9000 deaths.

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8
Q

How many people were affected by the Nepal earthquake?

A

8 million

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9
Q

What was the economic cost of the Nepal earthquake?

A

$10B, it always was a poor country and tourism was affected.

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10
Q

What % of Nepal water systems were affected by the earthquake?

A

45% of water systems

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11
Q

How many landslides did the Nepal earthquake lead to?

A

2780

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12
Q

How many deaths was the everest landslide in the Nepal earthquake resposible for?

A

19 climbers died.

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13
Q

How much aid did India and China give nepal after the earthquake?

A

$1B commited

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14
Q

How did the UK help Nepal after the earthquake?

A

They offer over 100 search and rescue responders, medical experts, and disaster experts.

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15
Q

What temporary housing was provided to Nepal people after the Earthquake?

A

Tent city in Kathamandu.

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16
Q

What is Nepals capital city and how far was it from the Earthquake epicenter?

A

Kathamandu, 60km away.

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17
Q

How many tents were created in nepal to shelter homeless?

A

500,000

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18
Q

How many nepal schools were rebuilt or repaired after the earthquake?

A

7000

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19
Q

How many nepal schools were rebuilt or repaired after the earthquake?

A

7000

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20
Q

Which river did the nepal earthquake’s landslides block out?

A

The Gandaki River

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21
Q

Which plate margins created mount Sinabung?

A

A destructive collision plate boundary between the denser Indo-Australian plate and less dense Eurasian plate.

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22
Q

What type of volcano is mount Sinabung?

A

Stratovolcano

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23
Q

How tall is Sinabung?

A

2460m

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24
Q

Where is mount Sinabung?

A

In Indonesia, north Sumatra, near Berastagi. This is a part of the pacific ring of fire.

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25
Q

When did Mount Sinabung erupt for the first time?

A

For the first time in 2010

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26
Q

When was the major mount sinabung eruption?

A

1st Feb 2014

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27
Q

How many lives did Sinabung claim in 2014?

A

16.

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28
Q

How many people evacuated from the Sinabung eruptions as of 2014?

A

Over 25k

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29
Q

How large was the ash cloud created by the Sinabung eruptions?

A

4000m high

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30
Q

What health issues did Sinabung lead to?

A

Respiratory issues from the massive amount of ash.

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31
Q

Why was there economic loss from the Sinabung eruptions?

A
  • Farmers lose their crops; poor harvest; food shortage
  • Thick ash leads to houses collapsing
  • Tourism impact
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32
Q

How much were the crop losses of the Sinabung eruption?

A

50,000 pounds

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33
Q

How was biodiversity affected by the Sinabung eruption?

A
  • Lava flows into the river, affecting biodiversity and contaminating water
  • Wildlife poisoned and affected by ash and pyroclastic material
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34
Q

What were the short term responses to the Sinabung eruption?

A
  • 1000s of people evacuate to temporary camps and shelters
  • Masks issued by authorities for those who hadn’t evacuated
  • Places were turned into temporary camps and shelters
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35
Q

What was the difficulty of accommodating those who had fleed their home from the Sinabung eruption?

A

Necessities such as clean water were exhausted, international aid needed.

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36
Q

What crops that grow near Sinabung grow well due to fertile soil?

A

Potatoes, oranges, cabbages, carrots, chillies, coffee beans, (POCCCC)

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37
Q

What countries does the Nile flow through?

A

Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, DRotC, Sudan, Ethiopia, South Sudan

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38
Q

What are the two tributaries of the river Nile?

A

The blue and white nile.

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39
Q

Where is the confluence of the blue and white nile?

A

Khartoum, Sudan (capital)

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40
Q

When was the high Aswan Dam built?

A

Between 1958 and 70

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41
Q

What lake is behind the high Aswan dam?

A

Lake Nasser

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42
Q

How much of egypt’s electricity does the High Aswan dam produce?

A

Half.

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43
Q

Which part of the Nile is the best for agriculture?

A

The Nile Delta

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44
Q

What does the agricultural production in the Nile Delta provide?

A

Wheat, rice, alfalfa - 60% of the food supply

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45
Q

What fraction of Egypt’s population is on the Nile Delta?

A

2/3

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46
Q

What percent of the water that reaches Egypt is in the blue Nile?

A

60%

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47
Q

How has the High Aswan Dam impacted farmers downstream on the Nile?

A

Less soil and nutrients reach the farms and farmers have to add topsoil and fertiliser.

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48
Q

How many cruise ships use the Nile?

A

over 200.

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49
Q

How did the high Aswan dam impact tourism?

A

Tourists can now only cruise between Luxor and Aswan.

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50
Q

When were the 2020 Sudan Floods?

A

September.

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51
Q

What caused the 2020 Sudan floods?

A

Torrential Monsoon rains.

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52
Q

How much did the River Nile rise from the 2020 Sudan floods?

A

17.5 m

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53
Q

How many deaths were caused by the 2020 Sudan floods?

A

100 deaths

54
Q

How many homes were flooded in the 2020 Sudan floods?

A

Over 100,000

55
Q

How many people were affected by the river Nile floods?

A

At least 500k

56
Q

How did the Sudan floods impact the health crisis?

A

Water became dirty, heightening the crisis.

57
Q

How many hectares of cropland were flooded by the Sudan floods?

A

2.2 million

58
Q

How much livestock were lost by the Sudan flood?

A

108,000

59
Q

Which crops were badly hit by the Sudan flood?

A

Bananas and mangos

60
Q

How much money was needed for humanitarian relief in Sudan?

A

$1.6B

61
Q

How did the floods impact habitats?

A

The contaminated water destroyed habitats.

62
Q

What was the response to the Sudan floods?

A
  • A state of emergency
  • Tents in Khartoum
  • Sandbags and water pumping
63
Q

Which historic site was threatened by the Sudan flood?

A

Pyramids of Meroe

64
Q

How much did the Sudan economic minister dedicate to the floods?

A

$6.15M

65
Q

How much of the needed aid did Sudan get?

A

54%

66
Q

How did Sudan and South Sudan try to prevent future floods?

A
  • Agree for cooperation
  • Establish measures
  • Rehabilitate irrigation systems
  • Says that renaissance Dam may help.
67
Q

How many more people are Nile countries expected to have in 1950?

A

114M

68
Q

How densely packed is Egypt?

A

98% of the population lives on 3% of the country

69
Q

How important could the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam be?

A

Very; by doubling power generation and being the largest hydropower plant in Africa.

70
Q

How has the Renaissance Dam sparked conflict?

A

There was an agreement where Egypt gets 66% of Nile water and Sudan gets 22%, so war is threatened for the creation of the Dam.

71
Q

How much money was needed for humanitarian relief in Sudan?

A

$1.6B

72
Q

Where is Borneo?

A

South East Asia

73
Q

What is the highly valued export in Borneo?

A

Timber

74
Q

What is Borneo the largest exporter of?

A

Palm oil

75
Q

Between 1985-2016, what % of deforestation in Borneo was caused by Palm oil?

A

42%

76
Q

What % of the world’s palm oil is produced in Indonesia and Malaysia?

A

85%

77
Q

What is palm oil used for?

A

Soap, lipstick, pizza, biodiesel

78
Q

What % of operational mines in Borneo lie in forests?

A

44%

79
Q

What type of mining is common in Borneo?

A

Tin Mining

80
Q

What is the world’s largest exporter of timber?

A

Borneo

81
Q

What % of the Malay Borneo rainforests are logged?

A

80%

82
Q

How has the Bakan Dam led to deforestation in Borneo?

A

The Dam needed a lot of land to go underwater in order to be built

83
Q

When is the Pan Borneo highway to be built?

A

To be completed in 2028

84
Q

What could the Pan Borneo highway do to tropical species and deforestation?

A
  • It could make tropical animal species vulnerable to hunters
  • It could open up resource extraction in the rainforests, allowing companies to enter
85
Q

Which part of Borneo does the Pan Borneo Highway cut through?

A

The heart of Borneo

86
Q

Where is the Thar desert?

A

Across northwest India, into Pakistan

87
Q

What record does the Thar desert hold?

A

Being the most densely populated desert in the world

88
Q

How has coal been harnessed in the Thar?

A

There are extensive deposits in the heart of the desert and a thermal energy plant has been constructed

89
Q

When was a wind farm constructed in the Thar?

A

2001

90
Q

How is the Thar great for energy?

A
  • Extensive coal deposit
  • Large oilfield
  • Wind farming possible
  • Great for solar generation
91
Q

What work do the majority of people in the Thar do?

A

Subsistence farming

92
Q

How do Thar farmers farm?

A

They graze animals on grassy areas, grow veggie and fruit trees, and use irrigation for commercial farming

93
Q

When was the Indra Ghandi canal built?

A

1958

94
Q

What does the Indra Ghandi canal allow for?

A

The growth of wheat and cotton

95
Q

Where in the Thar is there a lot of tourism?

A

Jaisalmer

96
Q

Where do most Thar tourists come from?

A

Pakistan

97
Q

In the summer what temperatures can the Thar reach?

A

Exceed 50 degrees C

98
Q

How does heat in the Thar affect agriculture?

A
  • Very hard for farmers to work outside
  • Livestock need shade to protect themselves from the sun
99
Q

What challenges of transport are there in the Thar?

A
  • Limited road network
  • High temperatures cause tarmac to melt
  • Many places only accessible by camel
100
Q

Where can water be found in the Thar?

A
  1. Man-made and natural ponds for drinking water.
  2. A few rivers and streams, but most intermittent and flow only after rainfall.
  3. Some water can be obtained from aquifers (underground water sources) using wells.
101
Q

When was the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean?

A

2004 December 26th

102
Q

What caused the 2004 Tsunami in the Indian Ocean?

A

A 9.0 magnitude earthquake caused by the tension along the subduction zone of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates.

103
Q

How high were the waves in the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami?

A

Up to 30m

104
Q

How many deaths did the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami lead to?

A

250,000 deaths

105
Q

How many fatalities were there in Indonesia in the 2004 Tsunami?

A

170,000 in Indonesia alone

106
Q

How many countries were affected by the waves of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami?

A

13 countries

107
Q

How many people were displaced by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami?

A

2 million people

108
Q

What were the short term responses to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami?

A
  • Search and rescue efforts in the local communities
  • International donations
109
Q

Where is Lyme Regis?

A

West Dorset, England along an extended stretch of land.

110
Q

What is the main attraction of Lyme Regis?

A

It is famous for it’s geology and full of fossils that emerge after landslides.

111
Q

In Lyme Regis, how is its geology capitalized on for tourism?

A
  • Fossil hunting tours
  • Museums such as the Lyme Regis museum
112
Q

How many people in Dorset work in the tourism sector?

A

37,500 people

113
Q

What is The Cobb?

A

An artificial harbor which creates a breakwater for Regis’s important port.

114
Q

How much does the population of Lyme Regis boom in summer?

A

From 4000 to 15,000 people

115
Q

Why is Lyme Regis prone to erosion in its natural state?

A
  • There are unstable limestone cliffs
  • It is exposed to high energy waves from the southwest atlantic ocean with a long fetch
  • Due to being in a bay, it has softer rock than a headland.
116
Q

How did Lyme Regis plan to manage the coastline?

A

With the 4 phase plan spanning many years in improvements with coastal defense : The Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme

117
Q

When was phase 1 of the Lyme Regis environmental improvement scheme?

A

The 1990s.

118
Q

What did phase 1 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme include?

A
  • A sea wall and promenade constructed to the east of the mouth of the river Lim.
  • An emergency project of 1.4M pounds that used hundreds of large nails to hold rocks of the cliffs together.
119
Q

When was the Lyme Regis emergency project of phase 1?

A

Winter 2003-2004.

120
Q

When was phase 2 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?

A

2005-2007

121
Q

How much money did phase 2 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme cost?

A

22M pounds in improvements

122
Q

What did phase 2 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme include?

A
  • New sea walls and promenades
  • A wide sand and shingle beach to absorb wave energy
  • Rock armor at The Cobb and the eastern end of the sea front extended.
123
Q

When was phase 3 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?

A

It was actually never undertaken due to not being worthwhile in costs.

124
Q

What were the original plans for phase 3 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?

A

TO prevent landslips and coastal erosion to the west of the Cobb.

125
Q

When was phase 4 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?

A

2013-2015

126
Q

How much did phase 4 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme cost?

A

20 million pounds

127
Q

What did phase 4 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme include?

A
  • A 390m sea wall constructed in front of the existing one
  • Nailing, piling, and drainage for additional cliff protection.
128
Q

What are the positive outcomes of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?

A
  • Increased tourists with thriving seafront businesses
  • Defenses stood up to the recent stormy winters.
129
Q

What are the negative outcomes of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?

A
  • Stabilising the cliffs prevents landslips that could help fossil hunting
  • Some people think the defenses have ruined the natural coastal landscape.
130
Q

How has building houses on Lyme Regis been a problem?

A

The weight of the houses has been greater than that what can be resisted, leading to landslides.

IGCSEs (68 decks)

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