Geography π || Every Theme 2 Case Study βͺ || Flashcards
Where is Nepal?
In South Asia, surrounded by China, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and India
When was the nepal earthquake?
April 25, 2015
What was the magnitude of the nepal earthquake?
7.8
Where did the nepal earthquake start?
In Gorkha, in the center-north of the country, nearest to the epicenter.
How did the nepal earthquakeβs aftershocks follow?
On a southeast line from the epicentre
What does the collision of the Indian plate and Eurasian plate create?
The Himalayan mountain range.
How many deaths did the Nepal earthquake cause?
9000 deaths.
How many people were affected by the Nepal earthquake?
8 million
What was the economic cost of the Nepal earthquake?
$10B, it always was a poor country and tourism was affected.
What % of Nepal water systems were affected by the earthquake?
45% of water systems
How many landslides did the Nepal earthquake lead to?
2780
How many deaths was the everest landslide in the Nepal earthquake resposible for?
19 climbers died.
How much aid did India and China give nepal after the earthquake?
$1B commited
How did the UK help Nepal after the earthquake?
They offer over 100 search and rescue responders, medical experts, and disaster experts.
What temporary housing was provided to Nepal people after the Earthquake?
Tent city in Kathamandu.
What is Nepals capital city and how far was it from the Earthquake epicenter?
Kathamandu, 60km away.
How many tents were created in nepal to shelter homeless?
500,000
How many nepal schools were rebuilt or repaired after the earthquake?
7000
How many nepal schools were rebuilt or repaired after the earthquake?
7000
Which river did the nepal earthquakeβs landslides block out?
The Gandaki River
Which plate margins created mount Sinabung?
A destructive collision plate boundary between the denser Indo-Australian plate and less dense Eurasian plate.
What type of volcano is mount Sinabung?
Stratovolcano
How tall is Sinabung?
2460m
Where is mount Sinabung?
In Indonesia, north Sumatra, near Berastagi. This is a part of the pacific ring of fire.
When did Mount Sinabung erupt for the first time?
For the first time in 2010
When was the major mount sinabung eruption?
1st Feb 2014
How many lives did Sinabung claim in 2014?
16.
How many people evacuated from the Sinabung eruptions as of 2014?
Over 25k
How large was the ash cloud created by the Sinabung eruptions?
4000m high
What health issues did Sinabung lead to?
Respiratory issues from the massive amount of ash.
Why was there economic loss from the Sinabung eruptions?
- Farmers lose their crops; poor harvest; food shortage
- Thick ash leads to houses collapsing
- Tourism impact
How much were the crop losses of the Sinabung eruption?
50,000 pounds
How was biodiversity affected by the Sinabung eruption?
- Lava flows into the river, affecting biodiversity and contaminating water
- Wildlife poisoned and affected by ash and pyroclastic material
What were the short term responses to the Sinabung eruption?
- 1000s of people evacuate to temporary camps and shelters
- Masks issued by authorities for those who hadnβt evacuated
- Places were turned into temporary camps and shelters
What was the difficulty of accommodating those who had fleed their home from the Sinabung eruption?
Necessities such as clean water were exhausted, international aid needed.
What crops that grow near Sinabung grow well due to fertile soil?
Potatoes, oranges, cabbages, carrots, chillies, coffee beans, (POCCCC)
What countries does the Nile flow through?
Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, DRotC, Sudan, Ethiopia, South Sudan
What are the two tributaries of the river Nile?
The blue and white nile.
Where is the confluence of the blue and white nile?
Khartoum, Sudan (capital)
When was the high Aswan Dam built?
Between 1958 and 70
What lake is behind the high Aswan dam?
Lake Nasser
How much of egyptβs electricity does the High Aswan dam produce?
Half.
Which part of the Nile is the best for agriculture?
The Nile Delta
What does the agricultural production in the Nile Delta provide?
Wheat, rice, alfalfa - 60% of the food supply
What fraction of Egyptβs population is on the Nile Delta?
2/3
What percent of the water that reaches Egypt is in the blue Nile?
60%
How has the High Aswan Dam impacted farmers downstream on the Nile?
Less soil and nutrients reach the farms and farmers have to add topsoil and fertiliser.
How many cruise ships use the Nile?
over 200.
How did the high Aswan dam impact tourism?
Tourists can now only cruise between Luxor and Aswan.
When were the 2020 Sudan Floods?
September.
What caused the 2020 Sudan floods?
Torrential Monsoon rains.
How much did the River Nile rise from the 2020 Sudan floods?
17.5 m
How many deaths were caused by the 2020 Sudan floods?
100 deaths
How many homes were flooded in the 2020 Sudan floods?
Over 100,000
How many people were affected by the river Nile floods?
At least 500k
How did the Sudan floods impact the health crisis?
Water became dirty, heightening the crisis.
How many hectares of cropland were flooded by the Sudan floods?
2.2 million
How much livestock were lost by the Sudan flood?
108,000
Which crops were badly hit by the Sudan flood?
Bananas and mangos
How much money was needed for humanitarian relief in Sudan?
$1.6B
How did the floods impact habitats?
The contaminated water destroyed habitats.
What was the response to the Sudan floods?
- A state of emergency
- Tents in Khartoum
- Sandbags and water pumping
Which historic site was threatened by the Sudan flood?
Pyramids of Meroe
How much did the Sudan economic minister dedicate to the floods?
$6.15M
How much of the needed aid did Sudan get?
54%
How did Sudan and South Sudan try to prevent future floods?
- Agree for cooperation
- Establish measures
- Rehabilitate irrigation systems
- Says that renaissance Dam may help.
How many more people are Nile countries expected to have in 1950?
114M
How densely packed is Egypt?
98% of the population lives on 3% of the country
How important could the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam be?
Very; by doubling power generation and being the largest hydropower plant in Africa.
How has the Renaissance Dam sparked conflict?
There was an agreement where Egypt gets 66% of Nile water and Sudan gets 22%, so war is threatened for the creation of the Dam.
How much money was needed for humanitarian relief in Sudan?
$1.6B
Where is Borneo?
South East Asia
What is the highly valued export in Borneo?
Timber
What is Borneo the largest exporter of?
Palm oil
Between 1985-2016, what % of deforestation in Borneo was caused by Palm oil?
42%
What % of the worldβs palm oil is produced in Indonesia and Malaysia?
85%
What is palm oil used for?
Soap, lipstick, pizza, biodiesel
What % of operational mines in Borneo lie in forests?
44%
What type of mining is common in Borneo?
Tin Mining
What is the worldβs largest exporter of timber?
Borneo
What % of the Malay Borneo rainforests are logged?
80%
How has the Bakan Dam led to deforestation in Borneo?
The Dam needed a lot of land to go underwater in order to be built
When is the Pan Borneo highway to be built?
To be completed in 2028
What could the Pan Borneo highway do to tropical species and deforestation?
- It could make tropical animal species vulnerable to hunters
- It could open up resource extraction in the rainforests, allowing companies to enter
Which part of Borneo does the Pan Borneo Highway cut through?
The heart of Borneo
Where is the Thar desert?
Across northwest India, into Pakistan
What record does the Thar desert hold?
Being the most densely populated desert in the world
How has coal been harnessed in the Thar?
There are extensive deposits in the heart of the desert and a thermal energy plant has been constructed
When was a wind farm constructed in the Thar?
2001
How is the Thar great for energy?
- Extensive coal deposit
- Large oilfield
- Wind farming possible
- Great for solar generation
What work do the majority of people in the Thar do?
Subsistence farming
How do Thar farmers farm?
They graze animals on grassy areas, grow veggie and fruit trees, and use irrigation for commercial farming
When was the Indra Ghandi canal built?
1958
What does the Indra Ghandi canal allow for?
The growth of wheat and cotton
Where in the Thar is there a lot of tourism?
Jaisalmer
Where do most Thar tourists come from?
Pakistan
In the summer what temperatures can the Thar reach?
Exceed 50 degrees C
How does heat in the Thar affect agriculture?
- Very hard for farmers to work outside
- Livestock need shade to protect themselves from the sun
What challenges of transport are there in the Thar?
- Limited road network
- High temperatures cause tarmac to melt
- Many places only accessible by camel
Where can water be found in the Thar?
- Man-made and natural ponds for drinking water.
- A few rivers and streams, but most intermittent and flow only after rainfall.
- Some water can be obtained from aquifers (underground water sources) using wells.
When was the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean?
2004 December 26th
What caused the 2004 Tsunami in the Indian Ocean?
A 9.0 magnitude earthquake caused by the tension along the subduction zone of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates.
How high were the waves in the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami?
Up to 30m
How many deaths did the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami lead to?
250,000 deaths
How many fatalities were there in Indonesia in the 2004 Tsunami?
170,000 in Indonesia alone
How many countries were affected by the waves of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami?
13 countries
How many people were displaced by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami?
2 million people
What were the short term responses to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami?
- Search and rescue efforts in the local communities
- International donations
Where is Lyme Regis?
West Dorset, England along an extended stretch of land.
What is the main attraction of Lyme Regis?
It is famous for itβs geology and full of fossils that emerge after landslides.
In Lyme Regis, how is its geology capitalized on for tourism?
- Fossil hunting tours
- Museums such as the Lyme Regis museum
How many people in Dorset work in the tourism sector?
37,500 people
What is The Cobb?
An artificial harbor which creates a breakwater for Regisβs important port.
How much does the population of Lyme Regis boom in summer?
From 4000 to 15,000 people
Why is Lyme Regis prone to erosion in its natural state?
- There are unstable limestone cliffs
- It is exposed to high energy waves from the southwest atlantic ocean with a long fetch
- Due to being in a bay, it has softer rock than a headland.
How did Lyme Regis plan to manage the coastline?
With the 4 phase plan spanning many years in improvements with coastal defense : The Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme
When was phase 1 of the Lyme Regis environmental improvement scheme?
The 1990s.
What did phase 1 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme include?
- A sea wall and promenade constructed to the east of the mouth of the river Lim.
- An emergency project of 1.4M pounds that used hundreds of large nails to hold rocks of the cliffs together.
When was the Lyme Regis emergency project of phase 1?
Winter 2003-2004.
When was phase 2 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?
2005-2007
How much money did phase 2 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme cost?
22M pounds in improvements
What did phase 2 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme include?
- New sea walls and promenades
- A wide sand and shingle beach to absorb wave energy
- Rock armor at The Cobb and the eastern end of the sea front extended.
When was phase 3 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?
It was actually never undertaken due to not being worthwhile in costs.
What were the original plans for phase 3 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?
TO prevent landslips and coastal erosion to the west of the Cobb.
When was phase 4 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?
2013-2015
How much did phase 4 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme cost?
20 million pounds
What did phase 4 of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme include?
- A 390m sea wall constructed in front of the existing one
- Nailing, piling, and drainage for additional cliff protection.
What are the positive outcomes of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?
- Increased tourists with thriving seafront businesses
- Defenses stood up to the recent stormy winters.
What are the negative outcomes of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme?
- Stabilising the cliffs prevents landslips that could help fossil hunting
- Some people think the defenses have ruined the natural coastal landscape.
How has building houses on Lyme Regis been a problem?
The weight of the houses has been greater than that what can be resisted, leading to landslides.
